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1H
j L j1x10 j10
1
1F
1 j0.1
j C j10 x1
1
1 1 1
Zin 1 1.0101 j0.1 1.015 5.653o
j10 j0.1 1
2 0o
I 1.9704 5.653o
1.015 5.653 o
i(t) = 1.9704cos(10t+5.65˚) A
Using Fig. 10.51, design a problem to help other students better understand nodal
analysis.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
2
+ j4 Vo
o
40 V _ –j5
Solution
+ –j5 j4
o
40 V- _
4
2 cos(4t )
2 0
16 sin(4 t )
16 - 90 -j16
2H
jL j8
1 1
1 12 F
- j3
jC j (4)(1 12)
4 -j3 Vo j8 6
+
-j16 V 1 20 A
- j16 Vo Vo Vo
2
4 j3 1 6 j8
- j16 1 1
2 1 V
4 j3 4 j3 6 j8 o
Therefore,
v o ( t ) 3.835cos(4t – 35.02) V
Step 1. Convert the circuit into the frequency domain and solve for the node
voltage, V 1 , using analysis. The find the current I C = V 1 /[1+(1/(j4x0.25)] which
then produces V o = 1xI C . Finally, convert the capacitor voltage back into the time
domain.
Ix j1 –j1 Ω
V1
160º V 0.5I x Vo
Note that we represented 16sin(4t–10º) volts by 160º V. That will make our
calculations easier and all we have to do is to offset our answer by a –10º.
Our node equation is [(V 1 –16)/j] – (0.5I x ) + [(V 1 –0)/(1–j)] = 0. We have two
unknowns, therefore we need a constraint equation. I x = [(16–V 1 )/j] = j(V 1 –16).
Once we have V 1 , we can find I o = V 1 /(1–j) and V o = 1xI o .
j L j0.25 x 4 x10 j1000
3
0.25H
1
2 F
1 j125
j C 3
j4 x10 x 2 x10
6
Io 2000 Vo -j125
250o V + j1000
_ + 10I o
–
At node V o ,
Vo 25 Vo 0 Vo 10I o
0
2000 j1000 j125
Vo 25 j2Vo j16Vo j160I o 0
(1 j14)Vo j160I o 25
(1 j14)Vo j2 j0.08Vo 25
25 j2 25.084.57
Vo 1.7768 81.37
1 j14.08 14.11558.94
25 Vo 25 0.2666 j1.7567
Io 12.367 j0.8784 mA
2000 2000
12.3984.06
Let V o be the voltage across the current source. Using nodal analysis we get:
Vo 4Vx Vo 20
3 0 where Vx Vo
20 20 j10 20 j10
Vo 4Vo Vo
3 0 (1 j0.5 3)Vo 60 j30
20 20 j10 20 j10
60 j30 20(3)
Vo or Vx
2 j0.5 2 j0.5
29.11–166˚ V.
3.1885 j4.7805
V 124.08 154 o V
0.04 j0.0233
200,
100mH
jL j200x 0.1 j20
1 1
50F
j100
jC j200x 50x10 6
0.1 V o
40
V1 Io V2
+ -j100
615 o 20 Vo j20
-
At node 1,
V V1 V V2
615 o 0.1V1 1 1
20 j100 40
or 5.7955 j1.5529 (0.025 j 0.01)V1 0.025V2 (1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 V
0.1V1 2 0 3V1 (1 j2)V2 (2)
40 j20
From (1) and (2),
Using MATLAB,
V = inv(A)*B
V V2
Io 1 7.276 82.17 o
40
Thus,
i o ( t ) 7.276 cos( 200t 82.17 o ) A
10 cos(10 3 t )
10 0, 10 3
10 mH
jL j10
1 1
50 F
- j20
jC j (10 )(50 10 -6 )
3
20 V1 -j20 V2 j10
Io
+
+
100 V 20 4 Io 30 Vo
At node 1,
10 V1 V1 V1 V2
20 20 - j20
10 (2 j) V1 jV2 (1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 V V2 V1
( 4) 1 , where I o has been substituted.
- j20 20 30 j10 20
(-4 j) V1 (0.6 j0.8) V2
0.6 j0.8
V1 V2 (2)
-4 j
30 3 170
Vo V2 6.154 70.26
30 j10 3 j 0.6 j26.2
Therefore, v o ( t ) 6.154 cos(103 t + 70.26) V
50 mH
jL j2000x50 x10 3 j100, 2000
1 1
2F
j250
jC j2000 x 2x10 6
Consider the frequency-domain equivalent circuit below.
V1 -j250 V2
360o
2k j100 0.1V 1 4k
At node 1,
V1 V V V2
36 1 1
36 (0.0005 j0.006)V1 j0.004V2 (1)
2000 j100 j250
At node 2,
V1 V2 V
0.1V1 2 0 (0.1 j0.004)V1 (0.00025 j0.004)V2 (2)
j250 4000
Io –j5
2 2
V1 V2
+ j8
40o V _ 2I o
At node 1,
V1 4 V V2
2I o 1 0
2 2
V1 0.5V2 2I o 2
At node 2,
V2 V1 V2 4 V2 0
0
2 j5 j8
–0.5V 1 + (0.5 + j0.075)V 2 = j0.8
>> Y=[1,(-0.5+0.4i);-0.5,(0.5+0.075i)]
Y=
>> I=[(2+1.6i);0.8i]
I=
2.0000 + 1.6000i
0 + 0.8000i
>> V=inv(Y)*I
V=
4.8597 + 0.0543i
4.9955 + 0.9050i
= 199.586.89˚ mA.
Using Fig. 10.61, design a problem to help other students to better understand Nodal analysis.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Figure 10.61
Solution
20 sin(1000t )
20 0, 1000
10 mH
jL j10
1 1
50 F
- j20
jC j (10 )(50 10 -6 )
3
V1 10 V2
Io
At node 1,
V1 V1 V2
20 2 I o , where
20 10
V2
Io
j10
2V2 V1 V1 V2
20
j10 20 10
400 3V1 (2 j4) V2
(1)
At node 2,
2V2 V1 V2 V V
2 2
j10 10 - j20 j10
j2 V1 (-3 j2) V2
or V1 (1 j1.5) V2
(2)
400
V2
1 j0.5
V2 40
Io 35.74 - 116.6
j10 j (1 j0.5)
Nodal analysis is the best approach to use on this problem. We can make our work easier
by doing a source transformation on the right hand side of the circuit.
–j2 18 j6
+
+ +
4030º V Vx 3 500º V
Vx 4030 Vx Vx 50
0
j2 3 18 j6
At node 1,
0 V1 0 V1 V2 V1
2030
- j2 10 j4
- (1 j2.5) V1 j2.5 V2 173.2 j100 (1)
At node 2,
V2 V2 V2 V1
2030
j2 - j5 j4
- j5.5 V2 j2.5 V1 173.2 j100 (2)
1 j2.5 j2.5
20 j5.5 20.74 - 15.38
j2.5 - j5.5
1
V1 28.93135.38 V
2
V2 49.18124.08 V
2 V1 j V2
I
+
-j20 V -j2 2I 4
At node 1,
- j20 V1 V V V2
5 1 1
2 - j2 j
- 5 j10 (0.5 j0.5) V1 j V2 (1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 V2
5 2I ,
j 4
V
where I 1
- j2
5
V2 V1 (2)
0.25 j
V1
I (0.590)(15.81313.5)
- j2
I 7.90643.49 A
V1 j4 V2
+ Vx –
At node 1,
V 0 V1 V2
2 1 0
5 j4 (1)
(0.2 j0.25)V1 j0.25V2 2
At node 2,
V2 V1 V2 0
345 0
j4 j3 (2)
j0.25V1 j0.08333V2 2.121 j2.121
In matrix form, (1) and (2) become
>> Y=[(0.2-0.25i),0.25i;0.25i,0.08333i]
Y=
>> I=[2;(2.121+2.121i)]
I=
2.0000
2.1210 + 2.1210i
>> V=inv(Y)*I
V=
5.2793 - 5.4190i
9.6145 - 9.1955i
j4 1
Io 2
+
10020 V V1 V2
3 -j2
At node 1,
10020 V1 V1 V1 V2
j4 3 2
V1
100 20 (3 j10) j2 V2
3
(1)
At node 2,
10020 V2 V1 V2 V2
1 2 - j2
100 20 -0.5 V1 (1.5 j0.5) V2
(2)
- 0.5 10020
2 -26.95 j364.5
1 j10 3 10020
1
V1 64.74 - 13.08
2
V2 81.17 - 6.35
V V2 1 2 - 28.5 j78.31
Io 1
2 2 0.3333 j 9
I o 9.25-162.12 A
V1 8 j6 V 4 j5
2
+ +
445 A 2 Vx 2 Vx -j -j2 Vo
At node 1,
V1 V1 V2
445
2 8 j6
200 45 (29 j3) V1 (4 j3) V2
(1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 V V2
2Vx 2 , where Vx V1
8 j6 - j 4 j5 j2
(104 j3) V1 (12 j41) V2
12 j41
V1 V
104 j3 2
(2)
- j2 - j2 - 6 j8
Vo V2 V2 V2
4 j5 j2 4 j3 25
10 233.13 200 45
Vo
25 14.2189.17
Vo 5.63189 V
j2
V1 V2 4
V3
+
2 Vo -j4 0.2 V o
Notice that Vo V1 .
At the supernode,
V3 V2 V2 V1 V1 V3
4 - j4 2 j2
0 (2 j2) V1 (1 j) V2 (-1 j2) V3 (1)
At node 3,
V1 V3 V3 V2
0.2V1
j2 4
(0.8 j2) V1 V2 (-1 j2) V3 0 (2)
1290
Vo
1.56239.81
Vo 7.68250.19 V
+
+ 1
V m 0 jL Vo
jC
L
1 C jL
Let Z jL ||
jC 1 1 2 LC
jL
jC
jL
Z 1 2 LC jL
Vo V Vm V
RZ m jL R (1 2 LC) jL m
R
1 2 LC
L Vm L
Vo 90 tan -1
R 2 (1 2 LC) 2 2 L2 R (1 2 LC)
If Vo A , then
L Vm
A
R 2 (1 2 LC) 2 2 L2
L
and 90 tan -1
R (1 2 LC)
1
Vo jC 1
(a)
Vi 1 1 2 LC jRC
R jL
jC
Vo 1
At 0 , 1
Vi 1
Vo
As , 0
Vi
1 Vo 1 -j L
At ,
LC Vi 1 R C
jRC
LC
Vo jL 2 LC
(b)
Vi 1 1 2 LC jRC
R jL
jC
Vo
At 0 , 0
Vi
Vo 1
As , 1
Vi 1
1 Vo 1 j L
At ,
LC Vi 1 R C
jRC
LC
R2 +
+ 1
Vs Vo
jC
jL
1
Let Z (R 2 jL) ||
jC
1
(R jL)
jC 2 R 2 jL
Z
1 1 jR 2 2 LC
R 2 jL
jC
R 2 jL
Vo Z 1 2 LC jR 2 C
Vs Z R 1 R 2 jL
R1
1 2 LC jR 2 C
Vo R 2 jL
Vs R 1 R 2 LCR 1 j (L R 1 R 2 C)
2
V Vs V
jCV 0
R 1
jL
j C
jRCV
V jRCV Vs
2LC 1
(1 2 LC )V s
V
1 2 LC jRC ( 2 2 LC )
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Solution
+ I1 j4 Vo
40 V o
_ –j5
I2
–
For mesh 1,
4 (2 j 5) I1 j 5 I1 (1)
For mesh 2,
1
0 j 5I 1 ( j 4 j 5) I 2
I1 I2 (2)
5
Substituting (2) into (1),
1 1
4 (2 j 5) I 2 j 5I 2
I2
5 0.1 j
2
10 cos(2t )
100
6 sin(2t )
6 - 90 -j6
2H
jL j4
1 1
0.25 F
- j2
jC j (2)(1 4)
Io
+ +
100 V I1 -j2 I2 6-90 V
For loop 1,
- 10 (4 j2) I 1 j2 I 2 0
5 (2 j) I 1 j I 2
(1)
For loop 2,
j2 I 1 ( j4 j2) I 2 (- j6) 0
I1 I 2 3
(2)
2 (1 j) , 1 5 j3 , 2 1 j3
1 2 4
I o I1 I 2 1 j 1.414245
2 (1 j )
Therefore,
i o ( t ) 1.4142cos(2t + 45) A
j L j10 x 0.4 j400
3
0.4 H
1
1 F
1 j1000
j C 3
j10 x10
6
2 k
–j1000
Io
100o + I1 + –j20
_ j400 _
I2
For loop 1,
10 (12000 j 400) I1 j 400 I 2 0 1 (200 j 40) I1 j 40 I 2 (1)
For loop 2,
j 20 ( j 400 j1000) I 2 j 400 I1 0 12 40 I1 60 I 2
(2)
In matrix form, (1) and (2) become
1 200 j 40 j 40 I1
12 40 60 I 2
Solving this leads to
I 1 =0.0025-j0.0075, I 2 = -0.035+j0.005
i o (t) = 39.5cos(103t–18.43°) mA
For mesh 1,
- 40 30 ( j10 j20) I 1 j20 I 2 0
4 30 - j I 1 j2 I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
50 0 (40 j20) I 2 j20 I 1 0
5 - j2 I 1 (4 j2) I 2 (2)
-2 4 j 4.472116.56
1
I1 4.69895.24 A
2
I2 992.837.71 mA
1 1
1H
jL j4,
j0.25
1F
jC j1x 4
The frequency-domain version of the circuit is shown below, where
V1 100 o , V2 20 30 o .
1 j4 j4 1
-j0.25
+ +
V1 I1 1 I2
V2
- -
V1 100 o , V2 20 30 o
10 2 j3.75 1 j0.25 I1
17.32 j10 1 j0.25 2 j3.75 I 2
Using Fig. 10.77, design a problem to help other students better understand mesh analysis.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
By using mesh analysis, find I 1 and I 2 in the circuit depicted in Fig. 10.77.
Figure 10.77
Solution
For mesh 1,
(5 j5) I 1 (2 j) I 2 30 20 0
30 20 (5 j5) I 1 (2 j) I 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
(5 j3 j6) I 2 (2 j) I 1 0
0 - (2 j) I 1 (5 j3) I 2
(2)
37 j6 37.489.21
1 (30 20)(5.831 - 30.96) 175 - 10.96
2 (30 20)(2.356 26.56) 67.0846.56
1
I1 4.67–20.17 A
2
I2 1.7937.35 A
j40 j20
20
+
12090o
10
+
I1 j30 –j200 vo I 3`
_
I2 -
+ 800o
_
For mesh 1,
120 90o (20 j30) I1 j 30 I 2 0 j120 (20 j 30) I1 j 30 I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
j 30 I1 ( j 30 j 40 j 200) I 2 j 200 I 3 0 0 3I1 13I 2 20 I 3 (2)
For mesh 3,
80 j200I 2 (10 j180)I 3 0 8 j20I 2 (1 j18)I 3 (3)
2 j3 j3 0 I1 j12
3 13
20 I 2 0
0 j20 1 j18 I 3 8
>> Z=[(2+3i),-3i,0;-3,-13,20;0,20i,(1-18i)]
Z=
>> V=[12i;0;-8]
V=
0 +12.0000i
0
-8.0000
>> I=inv(Z)*V
I=
2.0557 + 3.5651i
0.4324 + 2.1946i
0.5894 + 1.9612i
v o = 56.26cos(100t + 33.93˚) V.
80 Io j60 20
+ +
100120 V I1 -j40 I2 -j40 I3 60-30 V
For loop 1,
- 100120 (80 j40) I1 j40 I 2 0
10 20 4 (2 j) I 1 j4 I 2 (1)
For loop 2,
j40 I 1 ( j60 j80) I 2 j40 I 3 0
0 2 I1 I 2 2 I 3 (2)
For loop 3,
60 - 30 (20 j40) I 3 j40 I 2 0
- 6 - 30 j4 I 2 2 (1 j2) I 3 (3)
From (2),
2 I 3 I 2 2 I1
8 j4 - j4
32 j20 37.7432
- 2 j4 1 j2
8 j4 10120
2 -4.928 j82.11 82.2593.44
- 2 j4 - 6 - 30
2
Io I2 2.17961.44 A
j4
Io
+
+
4-30 V 2 Vo I1
3 Vo I2 -j2
For mesh 1,
(2 j4) I 1 2 (4 - 30) 3 Vo 0
where Vo 2 (4 - 30 I 1 )
Hence,
(2 j4) I 1 8 - 30 6 (4 - 30 I 1 ) 0
4 - 30 (1 j) I 1
or I 1 2 2 15
3 Vo 3
Io (2)(4 - 30 I 1 )
- j2 - j2
I o j3 (4 - 30 2 2 15)
I o 8.48515 A
- j2 I o
Vo 5.657-75 V
3
5A
Chapter 10, Solution 33.
2 j
I
+
-j20 V I1 -j2 I2 2I I3 4
For mesh 1,
j20 (2 j2) I 1 j2 I 2 0
(1 j) I 1 j I 2 - j10 (1)
Also,
I 3 I 2 2 I 2 (I 1 I 2 )
I 3 2 I1 I 2 (3)
For mesh 4,
I4 5 (4)
1 2 10 j45
I I1 I 2
- 3 j5
7.90643.49 A
Io
5 I2 3A
20
8 -j2 I3
10
+
4090 V j15
I1
j4
For mesh 1,
- j40 (18 j2) I 1 (8 j2) I 2 (10 j4) I 3 0 (1)
Also,
I2 I3 3 (3)
8 1 -j3
10
+ I1 I2
20 V -j4 A
-j5
Also,
I 1 I 2 j4 (2)
For mesh 3,
(13 j) I 3 8 I 1 (1 j3) I 2 0 (3)
I 2 1.971–2.1 A
j4 -j3
+
I1 I2 +
490 A 2 Vo
120 V
2 2
I3
20 A
Clearly,
I 1 4 90 j4 and I 3 -2
For mesh 2,
(4 j3) I 2 2 I 1 2 I 3 12 0
(4 j3) I 2 j8 4 12 0
- 16 j8
I2 -3.52 j0.64
4 j3
Thus,
Vo 2 (I 1 I 2 ) (2)(3.52 j4.64) 7.04 j9.28
Vo 11.64852.82 V
I1
+ Ix
120 90 o V Z
- I2 Z=80-j35
Iz
- Iy
120 30 V
o
Z
+ I3
For mesh x,
ZI x ZI z j120 (1)
For mesh y,
For mesh z,
ZI x ZI y 3ZI z 0 (3)
- 0.2641 j2.366
I inv(A) * B - 2.181 - j0.954
- 0.815 j1.1066
Io
I1 I2
+
20 A 2
1090 V
j2 -j4
1 I3 40 A I4 1
Clearly,
I1 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
(2 j4) I 2 2 I 1 j4 I 4 10 90 0 (2)
3 j3 , 1 9 j11
- 1 - (9 j11) 1
Io -I2 (-10 j)
3 j3 3
I o 3.35174.3 A
For mesh 1,
(28 j15)I1 8I 2 j15I 3 1264 o (1)
For mesh 2,
Using MATLAB,
I = inv(A)*B
Let I o = I o1 + I o2 , where I o1 is due to the dc source and I o2 is due to the ac source. For I o1 ,
consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
Clearly,
4 2
I o1 +
8V
(a)
I o1 = 8/2 = 4 A
4 2
I o2
+
100 V
j4
(b)
If we transform the voltage source, we have the circuit in Fig. (c), where 4 || 2 4 3 .
I o2
2.50 A 4 2 j4
(c)
By the current division principle,
43
Io2 (2.50)
4 3 j4
I o 2 0.25 j 0.75 0.79 - 71.56
Thus, I o 2 0.79 cos(4t 71.56) A
Therefore,
I o = I o1 + I o2 = [4 + 0.79cos(4t–71.56)] A
-j2
+
+
60o _ 2 V1
1
1/ 4F
1 j2
j C j2 x1/ 4
Thus,
v 1 (t) = 4.243cos(2t+45°) volts.
–j
+
+
40o _ 2 V2
1
1/ 4F
1 j1
j C j4 x1/ 4
or
Hence,
Using Fig. 10.87, design a problem to help other students to better understand the
superposition theorem.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the
same kind of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Io
j10 60
50 –j40
200 Vo + + 3045o V
_ _
Solution
Let I o I1 I 2
where I 1 and I 2 are due to 20<0o and 30<45o sources respectively. To get I 1 , we use the
circuit below.
I1
j10 60
50 –j40
o +
200 V
_
I1
Z2 Z1
–j2
I2
j10 60
50 –j40
+
3045o V
_
I2
Z2 Z1
0.545o
Chapter 10, Solution 43. Let I x I 1 I 2 , where I 1 is due to the voltage source and
I 2 is due to the current source.
2
5 cos(2t 10)
510
10 cos(2t 60)
10 - 60
4H jL j8
1 1 1
F
-j4
8 jC j (2)(1 / 8)
-j4 3 I1
+
j8 10-60 V
(a)
510 A j8
(b)
- j8 - j40 10
I2 (510)
3 j8 j4 3 j4
1
I x I1 I 2 (10 - 60 j4010)
3 j4
49.51 - 76.04
Ix 9.902 - 129.17
553.13
Let v x v1 v 2 , where v 1 and v 2 are due to the current source and voltage source
respectively.
For v 1 , 6 , 5 H
jL j30
20 j30
+
16 V1
Is -
16(20 j30)
Let Z 16 //(20 j30) 11.8 j3.497 12.3116.5 o
36 j30
V1 I s Z (1210 o )(12.3116.5 o ) 147.726.5 o
v1 147.7 cos(6 t 26.5 o ) V
For v 2 , 2 , 5 H
jL j10
20 j10
+
16 V2 +
Vs
- -
-
16 16(500 o )
V2 Vs 21.41 15.52 o
v 2 21.41sin(2t 15.52 o ) V
16 20 j10 36 j10
Thus,
v x [147.7cos(6t+26.5°)+21.41sin(2t–15.52°)] V
Let i i1 i2 , where i 1 and i 2 are due to 16cos(10t +30o) and 6sin4t sources respectively.
To find i 1 , consider the circuit below.
I1 20
+
_
16 30o V
jX
X L 10 x 300 x103 3
= 0.7913 21.47°
I2 20
+
_
60o V
jX
= 0.2995 176.57° or
Thus,
i(t) = i 1 (t) + i 2 (t) = [791.1cos(10t+21.47°) + 299.5sin(4t+176.57°)] mA.
Let v o v1 v 2 v 3 , where v1 , v 2 , and v 3 are respectively due to the 10-V dc source, the ac
current source, and the ac voltage source. For v1 consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
6 2H
+
+
1/12 F v1 10 V
(a)
The capacitor is open to dc, while the inductor is a short circuit. Hence,
v1 10 V
+
6 -j6 V2 40 A j4
(b)
24
V2 21.4526.56
1 j0.5
2H jL j6
1 1 1
F
- j4
12 jC j (3)(1 / 12)
6 j6
+
+
120 V -j4 V3
(c)
Therefore,
v o [10+21.45sin(2t+26.56)+10.73cos(3t–26.56)] V
Let i o i1 i 2 i 3 , where i1 , i 2 , and i 3 are respectively due to the 24-V dc source, the
ac voltage source, and the ac current source. For i1 , consider the circuit in Fig. (a).
24 V
1 1/6 F 2H
+
i1
2 4
(a)
1 -j6 j2
I2
+
10-30 V I1 2 I2 4
(b)
For mesh 1,
- 10 - 30 (3 j6) I 1 2 I 2 0
10 - 30 3 (1 2 j) I 1 2 I 2 (1)
For mesh 2,
0 -2 I 1 (6 j2) I 2
I 1 (3 j) I 2 (2)
10 - 30 13 j15 I 2
I 2 0.504 19.1
Hence, i 2 0.504 sin( t 19.1) A
1 -j2 j6
I3
2 20 A 4
(c)
2 (1 j2)
2 || (1 j2)
3 j2
I -j25 I O1
+
500 V
80 100
j80 60
(a)
i O2
80
100
60 +
24 V
(b)
24
i O2 0 .1 A
80 60 100
-j12.5
I2
I O3
80
j160
I3 100
20 A I1 60
(c)
`
For mesh 1,
I1 2
(1)
For mesh 2,
(80 j160 j12.5) I 2 j160 I 1 80 I 3 0
For mesh 3,
240 I 3 60 I 1 80 I 2 0
I O 3 - I 3 -1.17827.38
Hence, i O 3 -1.1782 sin( 4000t 7.38) A
Therefore,
i O {0.1 + 0.217 cos(2000t + 134.1) – 1.1782 sin(4000t + 7.38)} A
After transforming the current source, the circuit becomes that shown in the figure below.
5 3 I
j
+
4030 V
-j5
40 30 40 30
I 4.47256.56
5 3 j j5 8 j4
i [4.472sin(200t+56.56)] A
Using Fig. 10.95, design a problem to help other students to better understand source
transformation.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Figure 10.95
Solution
After transforming the voltage source, we get the circuit in Fig. (a).
j40
+
0.250 20 -j50 80 Vo
(a)
- j100
Let Z 20 || - j 50
2 j5
- j25
and Vs (0.250) Z
2 j5
With these, the current source is transformed to obtain the circuit in Fig.(b).
Z j40
+
+
Vs 80 Vo
(b)
By voltage division,
80 80 - j25
Vo Vs
Z 80 j40 - j100 2 j5
80 j40
2 j5
8 (- j25)
Vo 3.615 - 40.6
36 j42
Therefore, v o 3.615 cos(105 t – 40.6) V
There are many ways to create this problem, here is one possible solution. Let V 1 =
40 30° V, X L = 10 Ω, X C = 20 Ω, R 1 = R 2 = 80 Ω, and V 2 = 50 V.
0.625.
V x = (4-60+1.25)/(–j0.1+j0.05+0.025) = (2–j3.4641+1.25)/(0.025–j0.05)
= 84.97 16.609° V.
Therefore,
Ix
2
4
I s = 6 – j12 6 590 A
j4 -j3
(a)
6 (2 j4)
Let Z s 6 || (2 j4) 2.4 j1.8
8 j4
Vs I s Z s (6 j12)(2.4 j1.8) 36 j18 18 (2 j)
With these, we transform the current source on the left hand side of the circuit to a voltage
source. We obtain the circuit in Fig. (b).
Zs -j2
Ix
4
+
Vs j5 A
-j3
(b)
With these, we transform the voltage source in Fig. (b) to a current source. We obtain the circuit
in Fig. (c).
Ix
4
Io Zo j5 A
-j3
(c)
I x 5 j1.5625 5.23817.35 A
We transform the voltage source to a current source to obtain the circuit in Fig. (a).
-j3 j4
+
50 A 4 j2 2 Vo -j2
(a)
j8
Let Z s 4 || j2 0.8 j1.6
4 j2
Vs (50) Z s (5)(0.8 j1.6) 4 j8
With these, the current source is transformed so that the circuit becomes that shown in
Fig. (b).
Zs -j3 j4
+
+
Vs 2 -j2 Vo
(b)
Let Z x Z s j3 0.8 j1.4
V 4 j8
Ix s 3.0769 j4.6154
Z s 0.8 j1.4
With these, we transform the voltage source in Fig. (b) to obtain the circuit in Fig. (c).
j4
+
Ix Zx 2 -j2 Vo
(c)
1.6 j2.8
Let Z y 2 || Z x 0.8571 j0.5714
2.8 j1.4
With these, we transform the current source to obtain the circuit in Fig. (d).
Zy j4
+
+
Vy -j2 Vo
(d)
50 x( j 30)
50 //( j 30) 13.24 j 22.059
50 j 30
We convert the current source to voltage source and obtain the circuit below.
13.24 – j22.059
40 j20
+ + -
V s =115.91 –j31.06V I
V 134.95-j74.912 V
- +
250.86 j105.97
or I 4.7817 j1.8055
53.24 j 2.059
j20 10
Z th
-j10
(a)
( j20)(- j10)
Z N Z th 10 j20 || (- j10) 10
j20 j10
10 j20 22.36-63.43
j20 10
+
+
5030 V -j10 V th
(b)
- j10
Vth (50 30) -5030 V
j20 j10
Vth - 50 30
IN 2.236273.4 A
Z th 22.36 - 63.43
-j5
Z th
8 j10
(c)
( j10)(8 j5)
Z N Z th j10 || (8 j5) 1026
j10 8 j5
-j5
Io
+
40 A 8 j10 V th
(d)
By current division,
8 32
Io (40)
8 j10 j5 8 j5
j320
Vth j10 I o 33.9258 V
8 j5
j4
6
Z th
-j2
(a)
( j4)(- j2)
Z N Z th 6 j4 || (- j2) 6 6 j4
j4 j2
= 7.211-33.69
j10
Z th
30 60 -j5
(b)
30 || 60 20
(- j5)(20 j10)
Z N Z th - j5 || (20 j10)
20 j5
= 5.423-77.47
To find Vth and I N , we transform the voltage source and combine the 30
and 60 resistors. The result is shown in Fig. (c).
j10 a
IN
445 A 20 -j5
(c) b
20 2
IN (445) (2 j)(445)
20 j10 5
= 3.57818.43 A
Using Fig. 10.100, design a problem to help other students to better understand Thevenin and
Norton equivalent circuits.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Find the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits for the circuit shown in
Fig. 10.100.
Figure 10.100
Solution
5 -j10 2
Z th
j20
(a)
( j20)(5 j10)
Z N Z th 2 j20 || (5 j10) 2
5 j10
18 j12 21.633-33.7
5 -j10 2
+
+
60120 V j20 V th
(b)
j20 j4
Vth (60 120) (60120)
5 j10 j20 1 j2
= 107.3146.56 V
Vth 107.3146.56
IN 4.961-179.7 A
Z th 21.633 - 33.7
8 Z eq
j10
-j6
(a)
( j10)(8 j 6)
Z eq j10 || (8 j 6) 5 (2 j )
8 j4
= 11.1826.56
Io +
8
545 A j10 V Thev
-j6
(b)
8 j6 4 j3
Io (545) (545)
8 j6 j10 4 j2
( j10)(4 j 3)(545)
VThev j10 I o
(2)(2 j )
= 55.971.56 V
–j2 Ω
10
+
Vo
0.2V o j40 Ω
Figure 10.102
For Prob. 10.59.
Solution
Since there are no independent sources, we need to inject a current, best value is
to make it 1 amp, into the terminals on the right and then to determine the voltage
at the terminals.
–j2 Ω
10
V1
a
+
Vo
0.2V o j40 Ω 1A
Z eq = (–6+j38) Ω.
10 -j4
a
Z eq
j5 4
b
(a)
Z eq 4 || (- j 4 10 || j 5) 4 || (- j 4 2 j 4)
Z eq 4 || 2
= 1.333
10 V1 -j4 V2
+
+
200 V j5 40 A 4 V Thev
(b)
At node 1,
20 V1 V1 V1 V2
10 j5 - j4
(1 j0.5) V1 j2.5 V2 20 (1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 V2
4
- j4 4
V1 (1 j) V2 j16 (2)
Therefore,
VThev V2 9.61533.69 V
Z eq
c d
10 -j4
j5 4
(c)
j10
Z eq - j 4 || (4 10 || j 5) - j 4 || 4
2 j
- j4
Z eq - j 4 || (6 j 4) (6 j 4) (2.667 – j4)
6
To find VThev ,we will make use of the result in part (a).
V2 8 j5.333 (8 3 ) (3 j2)
V1 (1 j) V2 j16 j16 (8 3) (5 j)
VThev V1 V2 16 3 j8 9.61456.31 V
Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the circuit in Fig. 10.104.
V 1 and V 2 4
a
Ix
+
20 A o
-j3 1.5I x V oc I sc
Figure 10.104
For Prob. 10.61.
Solution
Step 1. First we solve for the open circuit voltage using the above circuit and
writing two node equations. Then we solve for the short circuit current which
only need one node equation. For being able to solve for V oc , we need to solve
these three equations,
I x = [V 2 /–j3].
(0.25+j0.33333)V 1 – 0.25V oc = 2
Now for I sc ,
= 2.6832 10.305° A
Finally,
= 10 143.13° Ω or = (–8+j6) Ω.
Io 4 Vx j2 Ix
1 2
+
-j4 -j8 1V
(a)
At node 1,
Vx Vx 1 Vx - Vx
3Io , where I o
4 - j4 j2 4
Vx 2 Vx 1 Vx
Thus,
- j4 4 j2
Vx 0.4 j0.8
At node 2,
1 1 Vx
I x 3Io
- j8 j2
3
I x (0.75 j0.5) Vx j
8
I x -0.1 j0.425
1
Z eq -0.5246 j 2.229 2.29 - 103.24
Ix
3 Io
Io 4 V1 j2 V2
1 2
+
+
120 V -j4 -j8 V Thev
(b)
At node 1,
12 V1 V V V2 12 V1
3Io 1 1 , where I o
4 - j4 j2 4
24 (2 j) V1 j2 V2 (1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 V2
3Io
j2 - j8
72 (6 j4) V1 j3 V2 (2)
-5 j6 , 2 - j24
2
Vth V2 3.073 - 219.8
Thus,
2 (2)(3.073 - 219.8)
Vo Vth
2 Z th 1.4754 j2.229
6.146 - 219.8
Vo 2.3 - 163.3
2.673 - 56.5
Therefore,
v o 2.3cos(t–163.3) V
4 cos(200t 30)
430, 200
10 H
jL j (200)(10) j2 k
1 1
5 F
- j k
jC j (200)(5 10 -6 )
-j k
ZN
j2 k 2 k
(a)
Z N - j 2 || j2 - j 1 j 1 k
-j k
430 A j2 k 2 k IN
(b)
j2 || 2 1 j
Therefore,
i N (t) = 5.657 cos(200t + 75) A
Z N 1 k
60 ZN 40
j80 -j30
(a)
(100)( j50)
Z N (60 40) || ( j80 j30) 100 || j50
100 j50
Z N 20 j40 44.7263.43
60 I1 40
IN
360 A Is
j80 I2 -j30
(b)
I s 360
For mesh 1,
100 I 1 60 I s 0
I 1 1.860
For mesh 2,
( j80 j30) I 2 j80 I s 0
I 2 4.860
I N = I 2 – I 1 = 360 A
Using Fig. 10.108, design a problem to help other students to better understand Norton’s
theorem.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Figure 10.108
Solution
5 cos(2 t )
50, 2
4H jL j (2)(4) j8
1 1 1
F
- j2
4 jC j (2)(1 / 4)
1 1 1
F
-j
2 jC j (2)(1 / 2)
2
ZN
-j2 -j
(a)
- j (2 j2) 1
Z N - j || (2 j2) (2 j10)
2 j3 13
50 V
2
+
-j2 IN -j
(b)
50
IN j5
-j
Io
IN ZN j8
(c)
10
0.5 H jL j (10)(0.5) j5
1 1
10 mF
- j10
jC j (10)(10 10 -3 )
+
10 Vo j5 2 Vo 1A
(a)
Vx Vx 10Vx
1 2 Vo , where Vo
j5 10 j10 10 j10
19 Vx V - 10 j10
1 x Vx
10 j10 j5 21 j2
Vx 14.142 135
Z N Z th 670129.56 m
1 21.0955.44
120 V
-j10
+
+ +
-j2 A 10 Vo I j5 2 Vo V th
(b)
Thus,
(10 j105) I -188 j20
188 j20
I
- 10 j105
Vth 29.79–3.6 V
10(13 j 5) 12(8 j 6)
Z N Z Th 10 //(13 j 5) 12 //( 8 j 6) 11.243 j1.079
23 j 5 20 j 6
10 (8 j6)
Va (6045 o ) 13.78 j21.44, Vb (6045 o ) 12.069 j26.08
23 j5 20 j6
Io 4
a
+ +
+ -j2 j10 Vo
6<0o V o /3 - 4I o
- -
b
j10( j2)
j10 //( j2) j2.5
j10 j2
Vo 4I o x ( j2.5) j10I o (1)
1
6 4I o Vo 0 (2)
3
6 j60
Io , VTh Vo j10I o 11.52 50.19 o
4 j10 / 3 4 j10 / 3
Io 4
a
+ -j2 j10 Vo
V o /3 - 4I o 1<0o
-
1 V
4I o Vo 0 Io o
3 12
Vo Vo
1 4I o
j2 j10
Combining the two equations leads to
1
Vo 1.2293 j1.4766
0.333 j0.4
V
Z Th o 1.2293 1.477
1
When Vs Vm and 1 RC ,
1
Vo - j RC Vm - j Vm Vm - 90
RC
Therefore,
v o ( t ) Vm sin(t 90) - V m cos(t)
Using Fig. 10.113, design a problem to help other students to better understand op amps in AC
circuits.
Although there are many ways to work this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
The circuit in Fig. 10.113 is an integrator with a feedback resistor. Calculate v o (t) if v s =
2 cos 4 104t V.
Figure 10.113
Solution
Vo - Z f
Vs Zi
- j100
where Z i 50 k and Z f 100k || (- j2.5k ) k .
40 j
Vo - (- j2)
Thus,
Vs 40 j
If Vs 2 0 ,
j4 490
Vo 0.191.43
40 j 40.01 - 1.43
Therefore,
v o ( t ) 100 cos(4x104 t + 91.43) mV
v o (t) = 48cos(2t+29.53o) V
4 cos(10 4 t )
4 0, 10 4
1 1
1 nF - j100 k
jC j (10 )(10 -9 )
4
Vo 4
Io mA 35.78 - 26.56 A
100k (100)(1 j0.5)
Therefore,
i o ( t ) 35.78cos(104t–26.56) A
As a voltage follower, V2 Vo
1 1
C1 10 nF
-j20 k
jC1 j (5 10 )(10 10 -9 )
3
1 1
C 2 20 nF
-j10 k
jC 2 j (5 10 )(20 10 -9 )
3
-j20 k
I s 10 k 20 k V2 Io
+
V1 Vo
+
VS -j10 k
Z in
At node 1,
Vs V1 V1 Vo V1 Vo
10 - j20 20
2 Vs (3 j)V1 (1 j)Vo
(1)
At node 2,
V1 Vo Vo 0
20 - j10
V1 (1 j2)Vo
(2)
2 1
V1 (1 j2)Vo j Vs
3 3
Vs V1 (1 3)(1 j)
Is Vs
10k 10k
Is 1 j
Vs 30k
Vs 30k
Z in 15 (1 j) k
Is 1 j
Z in 21.21–45 k
1 1
Zi R1 , Zf R 2
jC1 jC 2
1
R2
V - Zf jC 2 C 1 j R 2 C 2
Av o 1
Vs Zi 1 C 2 1 jR 1C1
R1
jC1
C1
At 0 , Av –
C2
R2
As , Av –
R1
1 C 1 j R 2 C 2 R 1C1
At , A v – 1
R 1 C1 C2 1 j
1 C 1 j
At , A v – 1
R 2C2 C 2 1 j R 1C1 R 2 C 2
2 10 3
1 1
C1 C 2 1 nF
-j500 k
jC1 j (2 10 )(1 10 -9 )
3
-j500 k -j500 k V2
+
V1
40 k +
+
VS 100 k Vb
Vo
20 k
At node 1,
[(V 1 –10)/(–j500k)] + [(V 1 –V o )/105] + [(V 1 –V 2 )/(–j500k)] = 0
or (1+j0.4)V 1 – j0.2V 2 – V o = j2 (1)
At node 2,
[(V 2 –V 1 )/(–j500k)] + [(V 2 –0)/100k] + 0 = 0 or
–j0.2V 1 + (1+j0.2)V 2 = 0 or V 1 = [–(1+j0.2)/(–j0.2)]V 2
= (1–j5)V 2 (2)
At node b,
R3 V
Vb = Vo o V 2 (3)
R3 R4 3
(1+j0.4)(0.3333–j1.6667)V o – j0.06667V o – V o = j2
(1+j0.4)(0.3333–j1.6667) = (1.07721.8˚)(1.6997–78.69˚)
= 1.8306–56.89˚ = 1–j1.5334
Therefore,
V o = 290˚/(1.6001–90˚) = 1.2499180˚
Since V s = 10,
V o /V s = 0.12499180˚.
Let the voltage between the -jk capacitor and the 10k resistor be V 1.
230 o V1 V1 Vo V1 Vo
j4k 10k 20k (1)
230 o (1 j0.6)V1 j0.6Vo
= 1.7321+j1
Also,
V1 Vo V
o V1 (1 j5)Vo (2)
10k j2k
= 312.4–21.34˚ mV
= 78.168.57˚ µA
We can easily check this answer using MATLAM. Using equations (1) and (2) we can
identify the following matrix equations:
YV = I where
>> Y=[1-0.6i,0.6i;1,-1-0.5i]
Y=
1.0000 - 0.6000i 0 + 0.6000i
1.0000 -1.0000 - 5.0000i
>> I=[1.7321+1i;0]
I=
1.7321 + 1.0000i
0
>> V=inv(Y)*I
V=
0.8593 + 1.3410i
0.2909 - 0.1137i = V o = 312.3–21.35˚ mV. The answer checks.
R3
2 C2 R2
V1
R1
+
1 V1 +
VS + Vo
C1
At node 1,
Vs V1
jC V1
R1
Vs (1 jR 1C1 ) V1 (1)
At node 2,
0 V1 V1 Vo
jC 2 (V1 Vo )
R3 R2
R3
V1 (Vo V1 ) jC 2 R 3
R2
1
Vo 1 V1 (2)
(R 3 R 2 ) jC 2 R 3
Vo R 2 R 3 jC 2 R 2 R 3
Vs (1 jR 1C 1 ) ( R 3 jC 2 R 2 R 3 )
20 k
10 k V -j5 k V2
1
+
Vo
40 k
+
20 V -j10 k 10 k
20 k
At node 1,
2 V1 V V V2 V1 Vo
1 1
10 - j10 - j5 20
4 (3 j6) V1 j4 V2 Vo (1)
At node 2,
V1 V2 V2
j5 10
V1 (1 j0.5) V2 (2)
But
20 1
V2 Vo Vo (3)
20 40 3
From (2) and (3),
1
V1 (1 j0.5) Vo (4)
3
Substituting (3) and (4) into (1) gives
1 4 1
4 (3 j6) (1 j0.5) Vo j Vo Vo 1 j Vo
3 3 6
24
Vo 3.945 9.46
6 j
Therefore,
v o ( t ) 3.945sin(400t–9.46) V
20 k
-j10 k
40 k
10 k
V1
+
+ + +
V s = 0.50 -j5 k
Vo
- Zf
Since each stage is an inverter, we apply Vo V to each stage.
Zi i
- 40
Vo V1 (1)
- j5
and
- 20 || (- j10)
V1 Vs (2)
10
When the circuit is simulated, we obtain the following from the output file.
V o = 11.27128.1o V.
The schematic is shown below. We insert PRINT to print V o in the output file. For AC
Sweep, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
simulation, we print out the output file which includes:
1000
The schematic is shown below. The frequency is f / 2 159.15
2
When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain from the output file
Thus,
v o = 6.611cos(1000t – 159.2o) V
The schematic is shown below. We set PRINT to print V o in the output file. In AC
Sweep box, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, and End Freq = 0.1592. After
simulation, we obtain the output file which includes:
FREQ VM($N_0003)
VP($N_0003)
1.592 E-01 1.664 E+00 –1.646
E+02
Namely, V o = 1.664–146.4o V
Using Fig. 10.127, design a problem to help other students to better understand performing AC
analysis with PSpice.
Although there are many ways to solve this problem, this is an example based on the same kind
of problem asked in the third edition.
Problem
Solution
The schematic is shown below. We let 1 rad/s so that L=1H and C=1F.
When the circuit is saved and simulated, we obtain from the output file
V o = 2.228–167.5° V.
FREQ VM($N_0002)
VP($N_0002)
1.592 E-01 6.000 E+01 3.000
E+01
FREQ VM($N_0003)
VP($N_0003)
1.592 E-01 2.367 E+02 -8.483
E+01
FREQ VM($N_0001)
VP($N_0001)
1.592 E-01 1.082 E+02 1.254
E+02
Therefore,
The schematic is shown below. We insert three PRINTs at nodes 1, 2, and 3. We set
Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.1592, End Freq = 0.1592 in the AC Sweep box. After
simulation, the output file includes:
FREQ VM($N_0004)
VP($N_0004)
1.592 E-01 1.591 E+01 1.696
E+02
FREQ VM($N_0001)
VP($N_0001)
1.592 E-01 5.172 E+00 -1.386
E+02
FREQ VM($N_0003)
VP($N_0003)
1.592 E-01 2.270 E+00 -1.524
E+02
Therefore,
The schematic is shown below. We insert IPRINT and PRINT to print I o and V o in the
output file. Since w = 4, f = w/2 = 0.6366, we set Total Pts = 1, Start Freq = 0.6366,
and End Freq = 0.6366 in the AC Sweep box. After simulation, the output file includes:
FREQ VM($N_0002)
VP($N_0002)
6.366 E-01 3.496 E+01 1.261
E+01
FREQ IM(V_PRINT2) IP
(V_PRINT2)
6.366 E-01 8.912 E-01
-8.870 E+01
At node 1,
0 Vin Vin V2
R1 R2
R
- Vin V2 2 Vin
R1
(1)
At node 3,
V2 Vin Vin V4
R3 1 jC
Vin V2
- Vin V4
jCR 3
(2)
Thus,
Vin V4 R2
I in V
R4 jCR 3 R 1 R 4 in
Vin jCR 1R 3 R 4
Z in jL eq
I in R2
R 1R 3 R 4C
where L eq
R2
1 R
Let Z 4 R ||
jC 1 jRC
1 1 jRC
Z3 R
jC jC
Z3 R1
Vi +
+ Vo
Z4 R2
Z4 R2
Vo Vi V
Z3 Z 4 R1 R 2 i
R
Vo 1 jC R2
Vi R 1 jRC R 1 R 2
1 jC jC
jRC R2
jRC (1 jRC) 2
R1 R 2
Vo jRC R2
Vi 1 R C j3RC R 1 R 2
2 2 2
Vo
For Vo and Vi to be in phase, must be purely real. This happens when
Vi
1 2 R 2 C 2 0
1
2f
RC
1
or f
2RC
At this frequency,
Vo 1 R2
Av
Vi 3 R 1 R 2
As in Section 10.9,
V2 Zp Ro
Vo Z s Z p j
R R o jL
C
V2 CR o
Vo C (R R o ) j ( 2 LC 1)
f o 180 kHz
(b) At oscillation,
V2 o CR o Ro
Vo o C (R R o ) R R o
Ro 1
R 4R o 40 k
R Ro 5
As in Section 10.9,
RL
V2 Zp L jR (2 LC 1)
Vo Z s Z p RL
Ro
L jR (2 LC 1)
V2 RL
Vo RL R o L jR o R (2 LC 1)
(a) At o ,
V2 o RL R
Vo o RL o R o L R R o
Hence,
R 1
R o 10R 100 k
R R o 11
1
(b) fo
2 (10 10 -6 )(2 10 -9 )
f o 1.125 MHz
1 1 ZT
jC2 jC1
1 1
ZT || jL
jC1 jC 2
-j -j
jL 1
LC 2
C1 C 2
ZT
-j -j j (C1 C 2 2 LC1C 2 )
jL
C1 C 2
If we select C1 C 2 20 nF
C1 C 2 C1
CT 10 nF
C1 C 2 2
1
Since f o ,
2 LC T
1 1
L 10.13 mH
(2f ) C T (4 )(2500 10 6 )(10 10 -9 )
2 2
1 1
Xc 159
C 2 ( 2 )(50 10 3 )(20 10 -9 )
Thus,
C1 C 2 20 nF, L 10.13 mH R f R i 20 k
ZT
L2 L1
1
Z T jL1 || jL 2
jC
j
jL1 jL 2
C 2 L1C (1 L 2 )
ZT
j j (2 C (L1 L 2 ) 1)
jL1 jL 2
C
+
Vo R jL
jL R jL
V2 V
V1 V2 (1)
R jL 1 jL
1 1
Vo V1 jL V1
R R jL
j2RL 2 L2
Vo V1 1
R (R jL)
(2)
Vo R 2 jRL j2RL 2 L2
V2 jRL
V2 1
Vo R 2 L2
2
3
jRL
V2 1
Vo 3 j (L R R L )
V2
(b) Since the ratio must be real,
Vo
o L R
0
R o L
R2
o L
o L
R
o 2 f o
L
R
fo
2 L
(c) When o
V2 1
Vo 3