Power System Analysis

Module 5
Unsymmetrical Fault Analysis in Power Systems
Dr. Jayasankar V N
Assistant Professor
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru
 Unsymmetrical Faults on Power System
• Consider a power system containing three synchronous machines as an example.
• Equations derived from this system are applicable to any balanced system.

• Single line diagram of balanced three-phase system

• Let ‘P’ be the point at which the fault occurs

• Let ‘Vf’ be the prefault voltage at ‘P’.
 Unsymmetrical Faults on Power System
• The impedance Z1 of the equivalent circuit is the impedance measured between ‘P’ and the
reference bus of the positive sequence network with all the internal emfs short circuited.

Positive sequence network Thevenin equivalent of the

positive sequence network during fault
 Unsymmetrical Faults on Power System
• Since no negative or zero sequence currents flowing before the fault occurs, the prefault voltage
between ‘P’ and the reference bus is zero.
• The impedances Z2 and Z0 measured between ‘P’ and the reference bus in their respective
networks.

Negative sequence network Thevenin equivalent of the

Negative sequence network during fault

Thevenin equivalent of the

Zero sequence network Negative sequence network during fault
 Unsymmetrical Faults on Power System
• If Ia is the current flowing from the system into the fault, its components Ia1, Ia2 and ia0 flow out
of their respective sequence networks.

Va1  V f  I a1Z1
Va 2   I a 2 Z 2
Va 0   I a 0 Z 0
 Single line to ground fault on a Power System
• Single line to ground fault on a power system is shown in the fig.
• Conditions under fault:
I b  0, I b  0,Va  0
I a0  1 1 1  I a 
 I   1 1 a a 2   I b 
 a1  3 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   I c 

I a0  1 1 1   I a 
 I   1 1 a a 2   0 
 a1  3   
 I a 2  1 a 2
a   0 
I a 0  I a1  I a 2  I a / 3
 Single line to ground fault on a Power System (cont.)
Va 0   0   Z 0 0 0  I a0 
V   V    0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   f  
Va 2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a 2 
Va 0   0   Z 0 0 0   I a1 
V   V    0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   f  
Va 2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a1 

Va  0  Va 0  Va1  Va 2   I a 0 Z 0Va  I a1Z 1 I a 2 Z 2 0

Vf
I a1 
Z 0 Z 1 Z 2
 Line to line fault on a Power System
• Line to line fault on a power system is shown in the fig.
• Conditions under fault:
Vb  Vc , I a  0, I b   I c

Vb  Va 0  a 2Va1  aVa 2
Vc  Va 0  aVa1  a 2Va 2

  
Vb  Vc  a 2  a Va1  a 2  a Va 2 
Va1  Va 2
 Line to line fault on a Power System (Cont.)
I a0  1 1 1  I a 
 I   1 1 a a 2   I b 
 a1  3 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   I c 

I a0  1 1 1  0 
 I   1 1 a a 2   I b 
 a1  3 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   I b 

I a1   I a 2

I a0  0
 Line to line fault on a Power System (Cont.)
Va 0   0   Z 0 0 0  I a0 
V   V    0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   f  
Va 2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a 2 

Va 0   0   Z 0 0 0  0 
V   V    0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   f  
Va 2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a1 

Va1  Va 2  V f  I a1Z1  I a1Z 2

I a1 Z1  Z 2   V f
Vf
I a1 
Z1  Z 2 
 Double line to ground fault on a Power System
• Double line to ground fault on a power system is shown in the fig.
• Conditions under fault:
Vb  Vc  0, I a  0
Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V   1 1 a a 2  Vb 
 a1  3 
Va 2  1 a 2 a  Vc 
Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
V   1 1 a a 2   0 
 a1  3 
Va 2  1 a 2 a   0 
Va 0  Va1  Va 2  Va / 3
 Double line to ground fault on a Power System (Cont.)
I a  0  I a 0  I a1  I a 2  0
Va 0 V
  I a1  a 2  0
Z0 Z2
Va1 Va1
  I a1  0
Z0 Z2

V f  I a1Z1 V f  I a1Z1
  I a1  0
Z0 Z2


V f  I a1Z1 Z 2

I a1Z 0 Z 2 V f  I a1Z1 Z 0
 0
Z0Z2 Z0 Z2 Z0Z2
 Double line to ground fault on a Power System (Cont.)
 Z1Z 2 Z 0 Z 2 Z1Z 0   Z2 Z0 

I a1    
 
Vf     0
 Z0Z2 Z0 Z2 Z0Z2   Z0 Z2 Z0Z2 
 Z0  Z2 Z0Z2   Z0  Z2 
I a1  Z1    V f  
 Z0Z2 Z0Z2   Z0Z2 
I a1 Z1 Z 0  Z 2   Z 0 Z 2   V f Z 0  Z 2 
 Z0Z2 
I a1  Z1    V f
 Z0  Z2 
Vf
I a1 
 Z0Z2 
 Z1  
 Z0  Z2 
 Faults through impedance
• Most faults are the result of insulator flashovers.
• The impedance between the line and ground depends on the resistance of the arc, of the tower,
the tower footing etc.
• Tower footing resistance depends on soil conditions.
• The resistance of dry earth is 10 to 100 times the resistance of wet ground.
 Single line to ground fault on a Power System through an impedance
• Single line to ground fault on a power system is shown in the fig.
• Conditions under fault:
I b  0, I c  0,Va  I a Z f
I a0  1 1 1  I a 
 I   1 1 a a 2   I b 
 a1  3 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   I c 

I a0  1 1 1   I a 
 I   1 1 a a 2   0 
 a1  3   
 I a 2  1 a 2
a   0 
I a 0  I a1  I a 2  I a / 3
 Single line to ground fault on a Power System through an impedance
(cont.)
Va 0   0   Z 0 0 0  I a0 
V   V    0 Z1 0   I a1 
 a1   f  
Va 2   0   0 0 Z 2   I a 2 

Va  I a Z f  Va 0  Va1  Va 2
  I a 0 Z 0Va  I a1Z 1 I a 2 Z 2 I a Z f

 I a1Z 0V f  I a1Z 1 I a1Z 2 3I a1Z f

Vf
I a1 
Z 0 Z 1 Z 23Z f
 Line to line fault on a Power System through an impedance
• Line to line fault on a power system is shown in the fig.
• Conditions under fault:
I a  0, I b   I c ,Vb  Vc  I b Z f

I a0  1 1 1  I a 
 I   1 1 a a 2   I b 
 a1  3 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   I c 

I a0  1 1 1  0 
 I   1 1 a I a1   I a 2
 a1  3  a 2   I b 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   I b  I a0  0
Line to line fault on a Power System through an impedance (Cont.)
Vb  Va 0  a 2Va1  aVa 2
Vc  Va 0  aVa1  a 2Va 2
   
Vb  Vc  I b Z f  a 2  a Va1  a 2  a Va 2  I b Z f

a  aV  I Z  a  a I Z   I Z
2
f a1 1
2
a2 2 b f

 j 3 V  I Z   j 3I Z    j 3I Z
f a1 1 a1 2 a1 f

 V  I Z   I Z    I Z
f a1 1 a1 2 a1 f

I Z  Z  Z   V
a1 1 2 f f
Vf
I a1 
Z 1  Z2  Z f 
 Double line to ground fault on a Power System
through an impedance (Cont.)
• Double line to ground fault on a power system is shown in the fig.
• Conditions under fault:
Vb  Vc  I b  I c Z f , I a  0
I a 0  1 / 3( I a  I b  I c )  1 / 3( I b  I c )
( I b  I c )  3I a 0
Vb  Vc  ( I b  I c )Z f  3I a 0 Z f

Va 0  1 1 1  Va  Va 0   Va  2Vb 

V   1 1 a V   1 V  (a  a 2 )V 
 a1  3  a 2  Vb   a1  3  a b

Va 2  1 a 2 a  Vc  Va 2  Va  (a  a 2 )Vb 

Va1  Va 2
 Double line to ground fault on a Power System
Va1  Va 2 through an impedance (Cont.)
Va 0  Va  2Vb   Va 0  Va1  Va 2  2Vb 
1 1
3 3
3Va 0  Va 0  2Va1  2Vb 
Va 0  Va1  Vb  3I a 0 Z f
Va 0  Va1  3I a 0 Z f
 I a 0 Z 0  V f  I a1Z1  3I a 0 Z f
 I a 0 Z 0  3Z f   V f  I a1Z1

V f  I a1Z1
I a0  
Z 0  3Z f 
 Double line to ground fault on a Power System
through an impedance (Cont.)
I a  0  I a 0  I a1  I a 2  0
V f  I a1Z1 Va 2
  I a1  0
Z 0  3Z f Z2
V f  I a1Z1 V f  I a1Z1
  I a1  0
Z 0  3Z f Z2


V  I Z Z
f a1 1 2

I a1 Z 0  3Z f Z 2

V f  I a1Z1 Z 0  3Z f 
0
Z  3Z Z
0 f 2 Z 0  3Z f Z 2 Z 0  3Z f Z 2

 V f  I a1Z1 Z 2  I a1 Z 0  3Z f Z 2  V f  I a1Z1 Z 0  3Z f   0 I a1 

Vf

 Z1 
Z 0  3Z f Z 2 
I a1 Z1Z 2  Z 0  3Z f Z 2  Z 0  3Z f Z1   V f Z 2  Z 0  3Z f  
 Z 2  Z 0  3Z f  