Power System Analysis

Module 3
Symmetrical Components

Course Instructor

Dr. Jayasankar V N
Assistant Professor
Department of E&E
The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru

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 Introduction
• Unsymmetrical faults on transmission systems are studied by the
method of symmetrical components.
• Unsymmetrical faults:
– Single line to ground fault
– Line to line fault
– Line to line to ground fault
– Open conductors
• An unbalanced system of ‘n’ phasors can be resolved into ‘n’
systems of balanced phasors (symmetrical components of original
phasors).
• The ‘n’ phasors of each set of components are equal in length, and
the angle between adjacent phasors of the set are equal.

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 Symmetrical components
• Three-phase unbalanced phasors of a three-phase system can be
resolved into three balanced systems of phasors.
• The balanced sets of components are:
– Positive sequence components consisting of three phasors
equal in magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 in
phase, and having the same phase sequence as the original
phasors.
– Negative sequence components consisting of three phasors
equal in magnitude, displaced from each other by 120 in
phase, and having the phase sequence opposite to that of the
original phasors.
– Zero sequence components consisting of three phasors equal in
magnitude, and with zero displacements from each other.

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 Symmetrical components
If the phase sequence of the unbalanced phasors is ‘abc’,
The phase sequence of the positive sequence components is ‘abc’
The phase sequence of the negative sequence components is ‘acb’
va va1
vc1
va0
va2
vc1 vb1
vc v va1 va2
c0 vc2 vb2
vb vc2
vb1
vb0
vb2 vc0 vb0 va0
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4
 Symmetrical components
 The original unbalanced phasors is the sum of its components
   
Va  Va1  Va 2  Va 0
   
Vb  Vb1  Vb 2  Vb 0
   
Vc  Vc1  Vc 2  Vc 0
 The symmetrical phasors are displaced each other by 120
 It is convenient to represent the angle shift using the letter ‘a’
a  1120
a 2  1120 1120  1240
a 3  1120 1120 1120  10
1  a  a 2  1  1120  1240  0

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 Operator ‘a’

a  1120

a 2  1240

a 3  1360  1

 a  1120  180  1300  1 60

 a 2  1240  180  1420  160

 a 3  1

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 Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors
• Three-phase unbalanced phasors of a three-phase system can be
resolved into three balanced systems of phasors.
   
Va  Va1  Va 2  Va 0 va1
    vc1
Vb  Vb1  Vb 2  Vb 0
   
Vc  Vc1  Vc 2  Vc 0
   vb1
Vb1  Va1240  a Va1 2

   va2
Vc1  Va1120  aVa1 vb2
   
Vb 2  aVa 2 Vc 2  a Va 2
2
vc2
  
Vb 0  Va 0  Vc 0 vc0 vb0 va0
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 Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors
• The number of unknown quantities can be reduced by using the
operator function
   
Va  Va 0  Va1  Va 2
   
Vb  Va 0  a Va1  aVa 2
2

   
Vc  Va 0  aVa1  a Va 2
2

 
Va  1 1 1  Va 0 
    
V 
 b  1 a 2
a  Va1 

Vc  1 a a  Va 2 
2 
 

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 Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors
   
Va  Va1  Va 2  Va 0 (1)
   
Vb  a Va1  aVa 2  Va 0
2
(2)
    (3)
Vc  aVa1  a Va 2  Va 0
2

(1)  a  (2)  a 2  (3) 

     
  
Va  aVb  a Vc  Va1 1  a  a  Va 2 1  a  a  Va 0 1  a  a 2
2 3 3 2 4
  
     
 
Va  aVb  a Vc  Va1 3  Va 2 1  a  a  Va 0 1  a  a 2
2 2
 
 
 1   
Va1  Va  aVb  a Vc
2

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 Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors
   
Va  Va1  Va 2  Va 0 (1)
   
Vb  a Va1  aVa 2  Va 0
2
(2)
    (3)
Vc  aVa1  a Va 2  Va 0
2

(1)  a 2  (2)  a  (3) 

     
  
Va  a Vb  aVc  Va1 1  a  a  Va 2 1  a  a  Va 0 1  a 2  a
2 4 2 3 3
  
     
 
Va  aVb  a Vc  Va1 1  a  a  Va 2 3  Va 0 1  a  a 2
2 2
 
 
 1   
Va 2  Va  a Vb  aVc
2

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Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors
   
Va  Va1  Va 2  Va 0 (1)
   
Vb  a Va1  aVa 2  Va 0
2
(2)
    (3)
Vc  aVa1  a Va 2  Va 0
2

(1)  (2)  (3) 

     
  
Va  Vb  Vc  Va1 1  a  a  Va 2 1  a  a  Va 0 3
2 2

 
 1   
Va 0  Va  Vb  Vc
3

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Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors

 
 1   
Va 0  Va  Vb  Vc
3
 
 1   
Va1  Va  aVb  a Vc
2

3
 
 1   
Va 2  Va  a Vb  aVc
2

3
 
Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
   1 2 

Va1   3 1 a a  Vb 

Va 2  
1 a 2
a  Vc 

 

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 Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors
(Derivation using matrix)
   1 
Va  1 1 1  Va 0  Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
           
Vb   1 a a  Va1   Va1   1 a a  Vb 
2 2

 Va 2  1 a a 2  Vc 

Vc  1 a a  Va 2 
2
   
   
 a 4  a 2   a 2  a  a  a 2 
1 T
1 1 1 
1 a 2 a 
   4 2
1  2
    a 2
 1  a 
a  a  a 2  a  a  a 2   a  a 2   a  1 a 2  1 
a a 1 

1 a a 
2
 
a  a 2  a  a  a  a  a1  a  a1  a  a1  a  
2 2 T T


1
3a  a 
2 

a  a 2
 a2 1 1 a 


1 
a 1  a   1  a 1  a  1  a 
a  a 2  3a1  a   
 1 a a 2  1 a1  a  1 a  1  a 1  a 

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 Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors
(Derivation using matrix)

a1  a  a1  a  a1  a  

T
T
1 1 1  1 1 1 
 1 a 1 / a   1 a a 2 
1   1 1
 a 1  a  a 2
1  a  1  a
3a1  a    3 3
a1  a  1  a a 1  a 
2 1 1 / a a  1 a 2 a 
 1 
Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
     
Va1   1 a
2
a  Vb 

Va 2  1 a a 2  Vc 
   
 
Va 0  1 1 1  Va 
   1 2 

Va1   3 1 a a  Vb 
Va 2  
1 a 2
a 
 Vc 
   

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 Symmetrical components of unsymmetrical phasors
• Similarly,
 I a  1 1 1  I a0 
 I   1 a 2 a   I a1 
 b 
 I c  1 a a 2   I a 2 

I a0  1 1 1 I a 
 I   1 1 a a 2   I b 
 a1  3 
 I a 2  1 a 2 a   I c 

I a  Ib  Ic  I n
I n  3I a 0

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 Power Invariance in Symmetrical Component
Transformation
The sum of powers of the three symmetrical components is equal to
the three-phase power. S  VI *  V I *  V I *  V I *
a a b b c c

 I a* 
 *
S   Va Vb Vc  I b 
 I c* 
T
  *
1 1 1  Va 0   1 1 1  I a0 
   
 1 a 2 a  Va1   1 a
2
a   I a1  
1 a a 2  Va 2   1 a a 2   I a 2  
 
*
Va 0 
T
1 1 1
T
1 1 1
*
I a0 
  I 
 Va1  1 a 2
 a  1 a
2
a   a1  
Va 2  1 a a 2  1 a a 2   I a 2  
 
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 Power Invariance in Symmetrical Component
Transformation (cont.)
The sum of powers of the three symmetrical components is equal to
the three-phase power.
T *
Va 0  1 1 1  1 1 1  I a0 
S   Va1  1 a 2


a  1 a 2*
a *   I a1 
Va 2  1 a a 2  1 a * a 2   I a 2 
*

T T *
Va 0  1 0 0  I a 0 
T *
Va 0  1 1 1  1 1 1  I a0 
 Va1  1 a 2 a  1 a a 2   I a1   Va1  30 1 0  I a1 

Va 2  1 a a 2  1 a 2 a   I a 2  Va 2  0 0 1  I a 2 
T *
Va 0 0 0 I a0 
 3 0 Va1 0  I 
 a1 

S  3 Va 0 I a*0  Va1I a*1  Va 2 I a*2 
 0 0 Va 2   I a 2 

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 Problem 1
The phase voltages across a certain unbalanced 3-phase load are
given as ER  176  j132; E  128  j96; EB  160  j100
Y
Determine the positive, negative and zero sequence components of
the above voltages.
Solution
E R  176  j132  220  36.87
EY  128  j 96  160  143.13
E B  160  j100  188.68148

 ER 0  1 1 1   ER 
 E   1 1 a a 2   EY 
 R1  3 
 E R 2  1 a 2 a   EB 

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 Solution
 ER 0  1 1 1   ER  E R  176  j132  220  36.87
.  E   1 1 a a 2   E 
 R1  3   Y  EY  128  j 96  160  143.13
 E R 2  1 a 2 a   EB  E B  160  j100  188.68148

E R1  ER  aEY  a 2 E B 
1
3
ER1 
1
220  36.87  1120 160  143.13  1240 188.68148
3
ER1  167  12.24
EY 1  16712.24 120  167227.76
EB1  16712.24  120  167107.76

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 Solution
 ER 0  1 1 1   ER  E R  176  j132  220  36.87
.  E   1 1 a a 2   EY 
 R1  3  EY  128  j 96  160  143.13
 E R 2  1 a 2 a   EB  E B  160  j100  188.68148

ER 2 
1
3

ER  a 2 EY  aEB 
ER1 
1
220  36.87  1240 160  143.13  1120 188.68148
3
ER 2  73.58  47.09

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 Solution
 ER 0  1 1 1   ER  E R  176  j132  220  36.87
.  E   1 1 a a 2   EY 
 R1  3  EY  128  j 96  160  143.13
 E R 2  1 a 2 a   EB  E B  160  j100  188.68148

ER 0 
1
ER  EY  EB 
3
ER1  220  36.87  160  143.13  188.68148
1
3

ER 0  56.7  131.19  EY 0  EB 0

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 Problem 2
A single phase load of 100 kVA is connected across lines ‘bc’ of a 3-
phase supply of 3.3 kV. Determine symmetrical components of line
current.

Ia= 0
Ib
Ic

100 kVA load

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 Solution
Ia= 0
Ia  0 Ib
1001000 Ic
Ib   30.3 A
3.3 1000
Ib  Ic

Positive sequence component

100 kVA load
I a1 
1
3

I a  aIb  a 2 I c 
1

I a1  0  a  30.3  a 2  30.3
3

I a1   30.31120  1240  j17.5 A
1
3

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 Solution
Ia= 0
Negative sequence component
Ib

 
1 Ic
Ia2  I a  a 2 I b  aIc
3
Ia2
1

 0  a 2  30.3  a  30.3
3
 100 kVA load
  30.31240  1120   j17.5 A
1
Ia2
3
Zero sequence component

I a0 
1
I a  I b  I c 
3
 0  30.3  30.3  0
1
I a0
3

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 24

 Sequence Impedance
• The impedance of the network offered to the flow of positive
sequence currents is known as Positive sequence impedance

• The impedance of the network offered to the flow of negative

sequence currents is known as Negative sequence impedance

• The impedance of the network offered to the flow of zero

sequence currents is known as Zero sequence impedance

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 Sequence Impedance

• If Za, Zb and Zc are the impedances of the load between a-phase to

neutral, b-phase to neutral and c-phase to neutral respectively

Z 0  1 1 1  Z a 
 Z   1 1 a a 2   Z b 
 1 3 
 Z 2  1 a 2 a   Z c 
• The impedance offered to the currents of any sequence are the
same in three phases.
• The currents of a particular sequence will cause voltage drop of
the sequence and voltage of a particular sequence will cause
current of the sequence only.

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 Sequence Network
• The components of one phase sequence cause voltage drops of
like sequence only and are independent of currents of other
sequences.
• The single-phase equivalent circuit composed of the impedances
to current of any one sequence only is called the sequence
network for that particular sequence.
• Positive, negative and zero sequence networks can be formed an
interconnected in different ways to represent different unbalanced
fault conditions.

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 Sequence Network of Synchronous Machines
Positive sequence Network

• Synchronous machine is designed with

symmetrical windings.
• The induced emfs are positive
sequence only; no negative or zero
sequence emfs.
• The armature reaction field set up by
positive sequence currents rotate at
synchronous speed in the same Unloaded synchronous
direction as rotor. generator grounded
through a reactance
• The positive sequence network can be
represented as source emf in series
with positive sequence impedance Z1

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 28

 Sequence Network of Synchronous Machines
Positive sequence Network
• Synchronous machine is designed
with symmetrical windings.
• The induced emfs are positive
sequence only; no negative or zero
sequence emfs.
• The armature reaction field set up by
Positive sequence current path
positive sequence currents rotate at
synchronous speed in the same
direction as rotor.
• The positive sequence network can be
represented as source emf in series
with positive sequence impedance Z1
Positive sequence network

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 29

 Sequence Network of Synchronous Machines
Negative sequence Network
• Negative sequence networks contain no emfs but include the
impedances of the generator to negative sequence currents.
• The negative sequence mmf is opposite to the rotation of rotor
and field flux.

Negative sequence current path Negative sequence network

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 30

 Sequence Network of Synchronous Machines
Zero sequence Network
• Zero sequence networks contain no emfs but include the
impedances of the generator to zero sequence currents.
• The current flowing in the impedance Zn between neutral and
ground is 3Ia0.
• The zero sequence network, which is single phase circuit
assumed to carry only the zero sequence current of one phase
must therefore have an impedance of 3Zn +Zg0

Zero sequence current path Zero sequence network

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 31
 Sequence Network of Synchronous Machines
• Following equations can be deducted from the sequence
networks.

Va1  Ea  I a1Z1
Va 2   I a 2 Z 2

Va0  I a0 Z0  I a 0 3Z n  Z g 0 

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 32

 Sequence Network of Induction Machines
• Synchronous machines receive their excitation from a dc-source
which is constant, but Induction machines are excited from 3-
phase ac system.
• When a short-circuit occurs at induction motor terminals, the
current the motor supplies to the short circuit dies out in 1 or 2
cycles.
• Induction motors are often neglected in studying faults on a large
system.
• The subtransient period can be included if induction motors
constitute a large part of the system.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 33

 Sequence Network of Induction Machines
• Positive sequence current in IM produces a field rotating in the
same direction of rotor.
• Negative sequence current in IM produces a field rotating in the
opposite direction of rotor.
• If s1 is representing the slip for positive sequence current and s2
the slip for negative sequence current, s2  2  s1
Rr
Rt  Rs 
s
Xt  Xs  Xr
• The zero sequence currents flowing in a three phase armature
winding produce very little flux and the corresponding zero
sequence impedances are very small.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 34

 Sequence Network of Transmission Lines
• A fully transposed three-phase line is completely symmetrical and
therefore the per phase impedance offered by it is independent of
the phase sequence of a balanced set of currents.
• The impedances offered by it to positive and negative sequence
currents are identical.
• When only zero sequence currents flow in a transmission line, the
currents in each phase are identical in both magnitude and phase
angle.
• Part of these currents return via the ground, while the rest return
through the overhead ground wires.
• The ground wires being grounded at several towers, the return
currents in the ground wires are not necessarily uniform along the
entire length.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 35

 Sequence Network of Transmission Lines (cont.)
• The flow of zero sequence currents through the transmission lines,
ground wires and ground creates a magnetic field pattern which is
very different from that caused by the flow of positive or negative
sequence currents where the currents have a phase difference of
120º and the return current is zero.
• The zero sequence impedance of a transmission line also accounts
for the ground impedance.
• The zero sequence impedance of transmission lines usually ranges
from 2 to 3.5 times the positive sequence impedance.
• This ratio is on the higher side for double circuit lines without
ground wires.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 36

 Sequence Network of Transformers
• The positive sequence series impedance of a transformer equals
its leakage impedance.
• Since a transformer is a static device, the leakage impedance does
not change with alteration of phase sequence of balanced applied
voltages.
• The transformer negative sequence impedance is also therefore
equal to its leakage reactance.
• Thus, for a transformer

Z1  Z 2  Z leakage

• When magnetising current is neglected, transformer primary

would carry current only if there is current flow on the secondary
side.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 37

 Sequence Network of Transformers (cont.)
• Zero sequence network of transformer
Case 1: Y-Y transformer bank with anyone neutral grounded
• If any one of the two neutrals of a Y–Y transformer is
ungrounded, zero sequence currents cannot flow in the
ungrounded star and consequently, these cannot flow in the
grounded star.
• Hence, an open circuit exists in the zero sequence network
between P and Q,

Symbol Connection diagram Zero sequence equivalent circuit

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 38

 Sequence Network of Transformers (cont.)
• Zero sequence network of transformer
Case 2: Y-Y transformer bank with both neutrals grounded
• When both the neutrals of a Y–Y transformer are grounded, a path
through the transformer exists for zero sequence currents in both
windings via the two grounded neutrals.
• Hence, in the zero sequence network P and Q are connected by the
zero sequence impedance of the transformer.

Symbol Connection diagram Zero sequence equivalent circuit

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 39

 Sequence Network of Transformers (cont.)
• Zero sequence network of transformer
Case 3: Y– transformer bank with grounded Y neutral
• If the neutral of star side is grounded, zero sequence currents can flow in star
because a path is available to ground and the balancing zero sequence currents
can flow in delta.
• No zero sequence currents can flow in the line on the delta side.
• The zero sequence network must therefore have a path from the line P on the star
side through the zero sequence impedance of the transformer to the reference
bus, while an open circuit must exist on the line Q side of delta.
• If the star neutral is grounded through Zn, an impedance 3Zn appears in series
with Z0 in the sequence network.

Symbol Connection diagram Zero sequence equivalent circuit

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 40
 Sequence Network of Transformers (cont.)
• Zero sequence network of transformer
Case 4: Y– transformer bank with ungrounded Star
• This is the special case of Case 3 where the neutral is grounded
through Zn = 
• Therefore no zero sequence current can flow in the transformer
windings.

Symbol Connection diagram Zero sequence equivalent circuit

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 41

 Sequence Network of Transformers (cont.)
• Zero sequence network of transformer
Case 5: – transformer bank
• Since a delta circuit provides no return path, the zero sequence
currents cannot flow in or out of – transformer; however, it can
circulate in the delta windings.
• Therefore, there is an open circuit between P and Q and Z0 is
connected to the reference bus on both ends to account for any
circulating zero sequence current in the two deltas.

Symbol Connection diagram Zero sequence equivalent circuit

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 42

 Sequence Network of Load
• Zero sequence currents can flow in the legs of a star connection
only if the star point is grounded which provides the necessary
return path for zero sequence currents.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 43

 Sequence Network of Load (cont.)
3. No zero sequence currents can flow in the lines connected to a
delta connection as no return path is available for these currents.

Zero sequence currents can, however, flow in the legs of a delta -

such currents are caused by the presence of zero sequence
voltages in the delta connection.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 44

Zero Sequence Network of a Power System

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 45

 Problem 1
A 30 MVA,13.8 kV three-phase generator has a subtransient
reactance of 15%. The generator supplies two motors over a
transmission line having transformers at both ends. The motors have
rated inputs of 20 MVA and 10 MVA, both 12.5 kV with 20%
subtransient reactance. The three-phase transformers are both rated
35 MVA,13.2 - 115 Y kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Series
reactance of the transmission line is 80 ohms. Draw the negative
sequence network for the system. Assume the negative sequence
reactance of each machine is equal to its subtransient reactance.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 46

 Solution
• Base: 30 MVA,13.8 kV - generator side
X g  0.15 pu
2
30  13.2 
X T 1  0.1     0.0784pu
35  13.8 
• Base: 30 MVA,120 kV - transmission side
1202
X lineb   480ohms
30
80
X line   0.167 pu
480

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 47

 Solution
• Base: 30 MVA,13.8 kV - motor side
2
30  12.5 
X m1  0.2      0.246 pu
20  13.8 
2
30  12.5 
X m 2  0.2      0.492 pu
10  13.8 

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 48

 Problem 2
A 30 MVA,13.8 kV three-phase generator has a subtransient
reactance of 15%. The generator supplies two motors over a
transmission line having transformers at both ends. The motors have
rated inputs of 20 MVA and 10 MVA, both 12.5 kV with 20%
subtransient reactance. The three-phase transformers are both rated
35 MVA,13.2 - 115 Y kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Series
reactance of the transmission line is 80 ohms. Draw the zero
sequence network for the system. Assume zero-sequence reactance
for the generator and motor of 0.05 pu. Current-limiting reactors of
2.0 ohms each are in the neutral of the generator and the larger
motor. The zero-sequence reactance of the transmission line is 250
ohms.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 49

 Solution
• Zero sequence leakage reactance is assumed as equal to the
positive sequence reactance for the transformers .
• Base: 30 MVA,13.8 kV - generator side
X g 0  0.05 pu
2
30  13.2 
X T 1  0.1     0.0784pu
35  13.8 
• Current limiting reactor ,
13.82
X nb   6.35ohms
30
2
Xn   0.315 pu
6.35
3 X n  3  0.315 pu  0.945 pu

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 50

 Solution
• Base: 30 MVA,13.8 kV - motor side
2
30  12.5 
X m1  0.05     0.061pu
20  13.8 
2
30  12.5 
X m2  0.05     0.123pu
10  13.8 
• Current limiting reactor ,

2
Xn   0.315 pu
6.35
3 X n  3  0.315 pu  0.945 pu

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 51

 Solution
• Base: 30 MVA, 120 kV - transmission side
1202
X lineb   480ohms X line 
250
 0.52 pu
30 480

Single line diagram

Zero sequence network

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 52

 Problem 3
Draw the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance networks
for the power system of Fig. Choose a base of 50 MVA, 220 kV in
the 50 ohm transmission lines, and mark all reactances in pu. The
ratings of the generators and transformers are:
Generator 1: 25 MVA, 11 kV, X” = 20%
Generator 2: 25 MVA, 11 kV, X” = 20%
Three-phase transformer (each): 20 MVA, 11 Y /220 Y kV, X = 15%
The negative sequence reactance of each synchronous machine is
equal to its subtransient reactance. The zero sequence reactance of
each machine is 8%. Assume that the zero sequence reactances of
lines are 250% of their positive sequence reactances.

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 53

 Solution
• Base: 50 MVA,11 kV - generators
50
X g1  0.2   0.4 pu
25
50
X g2  0 .2   0.4 pu
25
50
X g 0  0.08   0.16 pu
25
50
X n  0.05   0.1 pu
25
3 X n  3  0.1 pu  0.3 pu

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 54

 Solution
• Base: 50 MVA,11 kV - transformers

50
X T 1  0.15   0.375 pu  X T 2  X T 0
20
• Base: 50 MVA,11 kV - transmission lines

50
X line1 
2202

50

 0.051pu  X line2

X line0  2.5  0.051pu  0.1275pu

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 55

 Solution

Positive sequence network

Negative sequence network

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 56

 Solution

Zero sequence network

The National Institute of Engineering Mysuru 57

 Phase Shift in Y-Δ Transformer Banks
• A phase shift occurs in the currents between one side of a Y-Δ
transformer and the other side.
• The single-phase equivalent circuit does not take into account the
phase shift.

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Phase Shift in Y-Δ Transformer Banks

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Phase Shift in Y-Δ Transformer Banks

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