Basic of Electrical Circuits: EHB 211E

Basic of Electrical Circuits
EHB 211E
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın
Istanbul Technical University

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
mustak.yalcin@itu.edu.tr
Lecture 5.
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) Basic of Electrical Circuits October, 2020 1 / 20
Contents I
Fundamental Loop Analysis
Mesh Equation
Fundamental Cut-set
Example
Fundamental Loop
Every link of GT and the unique tree path between its nodes constitute a
unique loop. This loop is called the Fundamental loop associated with the
link.
Consider a link l which connects nodes 1 and 2. There is a unique tree
path between 1 and 2. This path, together with the link l, constitutes a
loop. There cannot be any other loop.
Fundamental Loop Equation
The linear algebraic equations obtained by applying KVL to each
Fundamental loop constitute a set of ne − nn − 1 linearly independent
equations.
Reference direction for the loop which agrees with that of the link defining
the loop.
1
2 3
4
6 5
The links GL = {1, 4, 6} for the chosen tree GT = {2, 3, 5}. The
Fundamental loop sets are GL1 = {1, 2, 3} GL4 = {4, 5, 3}
GL6 = {6, 2, 3, 5}.
If we apply KVL to the Fundamental loops, we obtain:
V1 − V3 − V2 = 0
V4 − V5 − V3 = 0
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) V6 − V − V −
5 of Electrical
Basic 2 V 3 = 0
Circuits October, 2020 4 / 20
 
V1
  V4 
 

Vl  V6 
 
V =  −−  =  −−  

Vb  V2 
 
 V3 
V5
where Vl is link voltage vector, Vb is tree branch voltage vector. In matrix
form:  
V1
  V4 
 

1 0 0 | −1 −1 0  V6 
 
 0 1 0 | 0 −1 −1   −−  = 0
 
0 0 1 | −1 −1 −1   V2


 V3 
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) Basic of Electrical Circuits V5 October, 2020 5 / 20
 
1 0 0 | −1 −1 0
B =  0 1 0 | 0 −1 −1 
0 0 1 | −1 −1 −1
B is an nb − nn + 1 × nb matrix called the Fundamental loop matrix.
 
Vl
BV = I |F  −−  = 0
Vb
Vl = −FVb
The number of Fundamental loop equations is ne − nn + 1 (=number of

links).
Mesh Equation
Meshes are special case of the Fundamental loops i.e., there exists a tree
such that the meshes are Fundamental loops∗∗∗∗ .
2 c1 3
c3 c2
4
6 5
There are 3 meshes. Corresponding loop sets and mesh currents (loop
currents) GM1 = {1, 2, 3} and im1 : GM2 = {3, 4, 5} and im2 ;
GM3 = {2, 4, 6} and im3 .
Mesh Analysis
i1 = im1
i2 = −im3 − im1
i3 = −im2 + im1
i4 = −im3 − im1
i5 = im2
i6 = im3
 T
1 0 0 −1 −1 0
i = 0 1 0 0 1 −1  = BfT ic
0 0 1 −1 0 −1
where i = [i1 i5 i6 i2 i3 i4 ]T is branch current vector and
im = [im1 im2 im3 ]T is mesh current vector.
Fundamental Cut-set
Cut-set
is made up of links and of one tree branch, namely the tree branch which
defines the cut set. Every tree branch defines a unique Fundamental cut
set.
K2 1 K3
2 3
4
6 5
Cut sets of the tree of GT = {2, 3, 5} are GC 2 = {2, 1, 6}

GC 3 = {3, 1, 4, 5} GC 5 = {5, 4, 6}.
Fundamental Cut-set
K2 1 K3
2 3
4
6 5
If we apply KCL to the three cut sets, we obtain

i2 + i1 + i6 = 0
i3 + i1 + i4 + i6 = 0
i4 + i5 + i6 = 0
which are called Fundamental cut-set equations. Reference direction for
the cut set which agrees with that of the tree branch defining the cut set.
Fundamental Cut-set
 
i1
  i4 
 

il  i6 
 
i =  −−  =  −−  

ib  i2 
 
 i3 
i5
where il is link current vector and ib is tree branch current vector. In
matrix form:  
i1
  i4 
 

1 0 1 | 1 0 0   i6 

 1 1 1 | 0 1 0   −−  = 0
 
0 1 1 | 0 0 1   i2


 i3 
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın (İTÜ) Basic of Electrical Circuits i5 October, 2020 11 / 20
Fundamental Cut-set
 
il
Qi = E |I  −−  = 0
ib
Q is called the Fundamental cut-set matrix. Q is an nb − nn + 1 × nn − 1
ib = −Eil
Q has a rank nn − 1 it includes the unit matrix. Hence the linear algebraic
equations obtained by applying KCL to each Fundamental cut set
constitute a set of nn − 1 linearly independent equations.
Relation Between B and Q
F = −E T
Proof : Since they are the tree-branch voltages of the tree, the branch
voltages are given by
V = Q T Vn
BV = BQ T Vn = 0
BQ T Vn = 0
BQ T = 0
IE T + FI = 0
ET + F = 0
E T = −F
Example
1 2 1 2
3 3
5 5
6 6
4 4
7 7
8 8
9 9
Fundamental cut sets of the tree GT = {2, 3, 5, 7, 8} are GC 2 = {2, 1},

GC 3 = {3, 1, 4}, GC 5 = {5, 4, 6}, GC 7 = {7, 6, 9}, GC 8 = {8, 9}.
1 2 1 2
3 3
5 5
6 6
4 4
7 7
8 8
9 9
KCL equations based on Fundamental cut sets

i1
 

 i4 

  i6 
−1 0 0 0 | 1 0 0 0 0  
 1 −1 0
 i9 
0 | 0 1 0 0 0  
  −− 
 0 1 1 0 | 0 0 1 0 0  =0
  i2 
 0 0 −1 1 | 0 0 0 1 0  
 i3 
0 0 0 −1 | 0 0 0 0 1  

 i5 

 i7 
i8
Example
1 2 1 2
3 3
5 5
6 6
4 4
7 7
8 8
9 9
Fundamental Loop sets of the tree GT = {2, 3, 5, 7, 8} are GL1 = {1, 2, 3},
GL4 = {4, 3, 4}, GL6 = {6, 5, 6}, GL9 = {9, 7, 8}.
1 2 1 2
3 3
5 5
6 6
4 4
7 7
8 8
9 9
KVL equations based on the Fundamental loops

V1
 

 V4 



 V6 

1 0 0 0 | 1 −1 0 0 0 
 V9 

 0 1
 0 0 | 0 1 −1 0 0 
 −− 
=0
 0 0 1 0 | 0 0 −1 1 0 
 V2 

0 0 0 1 | 0 0 0 −1 1 
 V3 


 V5 

 V7 
V8
2
1 2
im1
1 4
3
5
im2 6
4 im3
5
7 8
im4
9 6
3
KVL equations for the nodes

V1 −1 1 0 0 0 0
   
 V2   0 −1 0 1 0 0  

 V3   −1
   Vn1
0 0 1 0 0 
    Vn2 
 V4   1 0 −1 0 0 0  
    Vn3 
 V5  =  0 0 −1 1 0 0  
    Vn4 
 V6   0 0 0 1 −1 0  
    Vn5 
 V7   0 0 −1 0 1 0 
    Vn6
 V8   0 0 0 0 1 −1 
V9 (İTÜ)
Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın
0 0 −1 0 0
Basic of Electrical Circuits
1 October, 2020 18 / 20
2
1 2
im1
1 4
3
5
im2 6
4 im3
5
7 8
im4
9 6
3
i1
 
KCL equations for the nodes  i2 
−1 0 −1 1

0 0 0 0 0  
 1 −1
 i3 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 
 
  i4 
 0 0 0 −1 −1 0 −1 0 −1   

 0
 i5 =0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0   
  i6 
 0 0 0 0 0 −1 1 1 0   
 i7 
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1 1  
 i8 
i9
2
1 2
im1
1 4
3
5
im2 6
4 im3
5
7 8
im4
9 6
Mesh equations 3
i1 −1 0 0 0
   

 i2  
  −1 0 0 0 
 i3   1 −1 0 0   
    im1
 i4   0 −1 0 0 
    im2 
 i5 = 0 1 −1 0   
    im3 
 i6   0 0 1 0 

   im4

 i7  
  0 0 1 −1 

 i8   0 0 0 1 
i9 0 0 0 1

Basic of Electrical Circuits: EHB 211E

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Basic of Electrical Circuits

Prof. Dr. Müştak E. Yalçın

Istanbul Technical University

The number of Fundamental loop equations is ne − nn + 1 (=number of

Cut sets of the tree of GT = {2, 3, 5} are GC 2 = {2, 1, 6}

If we apply KCL to the three cut sets, we obtain

Fundamental cut sets of the tree GT = {2, 3, 5, 7, 8} are GC 2 = {2, 1},

KCL equations based on Fundamental cut sets

KVL equations based on the Fundamental loops

KVL equations for the nodes

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