Basic Electrical and Electronics

Engineering (EEE1001)

Presented By
Dr. Maddela Chinna Obaiah
Assistant Professor (Sr)
School of Electrical Engineering
 Text Book:
 John Bird, ‘Electrical circuit theory and technology’ , Newnes
publications, 4th Edition, 2010.
 Reference Books
 Allan R. Hambley, ‘Electrical Engineering -Principles & Applicat ions ’
Pearson Education, First Impression, 6/e, 2013.
 Simon Haykin, ‘Communication Systems ’ , John Wiley & Sons, 5 th
Edition, 2009.
 Charles K Alexander, Mathew N O Sadiku, ‘Fundamentals of Electric
Circuits ’, Tata McGraw Hill, 2012.
 Batarseh, ‘Power Electronics Circuits’, Wiley, 2003.
 W. H. Hayt , J. E. Kemmerly and S. M. Durbin, ‘Engineering Circuit
Analysis’, 6/e, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2011.
 Fitzgerald, Higgabogan, Grabel, ‘Basic Electrical Engineering’, 5th
edn, McGraw Hill, 2009.
 S.L.Uppal, ‘Electrical Wiring Estimating and Costing’, Khanna
publishers, NewDelhi, 2008.
Recap

 Ohms Law
 KCL and KVL
 Series and Parallel connection of resistances
 Delta to Wye Transformation
 In Electric Circuit Analysis, there are two types of circuit
analysis based on a systematic application of Kirchhoff’s laws
(KCL and KVL).
 Mesh Current Analysis
 Nodal Voltage Analysis

 Node analysis and Mesh analysis are both circuit analysis

methods which are systematic and apply to most circuits.
 Analysis of circuits using node or loop analysis requires
solutions of systems of linear equations.
 These equations can usually be written by inspection of the
circuit.
Nodal Voltage Analysis
Steps to Determine Node Voltages:

 Select a node as the reference node.

 Assign voltages v1, v2, . . . , vn−1 to the remaining n − 1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
 Apply KCL to each of the n − 1 nonreference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
 Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
Reference Node

500W 500W

I1 V 1kW 500W I2
500W
–

The reference node is called the ground node.

Steps to Determine Node Voltages:

 Select a node as the reference node.

 Assign voltages v1, v2, . . . , vn−1 to the remaining n − 1 nodes.
The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node.
 Apply KCL to each of the n − 1 nonreference nodes. Use
Ohm’s law to express the branch currents in terms of node
voltages.
 Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the
unknown node voltages.
Node Voltages

500W 500W
V1 V2 V3

1 2 3
I1 1kW 500W I2
500W

V1, V2, and V3 are unknowns for which we solve using KCL.
Currents and Node Voltages

V1 500W V2 V1
V1
500
500W
V1  V2
500
KCL at Node 1

V1 500W V2

500W
I1 V1  V2 V1
I1  
500 500
KCL at Node 2

V1 500W V2 500W V3

1kW

V2  V1 V2 V2  V3
  0
500 1k 500
KCL at Node 3

V2 500W V3

V3  V2 V3
500W I2   I2
500 500

ECE201 Lect-9 12
System of Equations
 1 1  V2
 Node 1: V1     I1
 500 500  500

 Node 2: V1  1 1 1  V3
  V2      0
500  500 1k 500  500

Node 3: V2  1 1 
   V3     I2
500  500 500 
Equations
 These equations can be written by inspection.
 The left side of the equation:
 The node voltage is multiplied by the sum of conductances

of all resistors connected to the node.

 Other node voltages are multiplied by the conductance of

the resistor(s) connecting to the node and subtracted.

 The right side of the equation:
 The right side of the equation is the sum of currents

from sources entering the node.

Matrix Notation
 The three equations can be combined into a single
matrix/vector equation.
 1 1 1 

 500 500  0  V
500  1   I1 
 1 1 1 1 1 
      V2    0 
 500 500 1k 500 500     
 1 1 1  V3   I 2 
 0  
500 500 500 

• The equation can be written in matrix-vector form as

Av = i
• The solution to the equation can be written as
v = A-1 i
Solving the Equation with MATLAB
Assume: I1 = 3mA, I2 = 4mA
>> A = [1/500+1/500 -1/500 0;
-1/500 1/500+1/1000+1/500 -1/500;
0 -1/500 1/500+1/500];
>> i = [3e-3; 0; 4e-3];
>> v = inv(A)*i
v =
1.3333
1.1667
1.5833
Ans: V1 = 1.33V, V2=1.17V, V3=1.58V
Problem: Calculate the node voltages
in the circuit shown in Fig.
At node 1, applying KCL and
Ohm’s law gives

Multiplying each term in the last

equation by 4, we obtain

At node 2, we do the same thing and get

(1)
Multiplying each term by 12 results in

(2)
To use Cramer’s rule, we need to put Eqs. (1) and (2) in matrix form as
Problem: Using node voltage analysis in the circuit of Figure, find the voltage, v,
across the 4-siemens conductance.

Ans: V1 = - 1.3 V, V2 = 0.34 V, V3 = - 1.12 V

Problem: write three node equations for nodes A, B, and C, with node D as the
reference, and find the node voltages.

04/22/2024
Problem: Using node voltage analysis, find the power dissipated in 6Ω resistor.

Ans: i1 = -1.22 A, i2 = 2.38 A I3 = 3.77A

Problem: Using node voltage analysis in the circuit of figure, find the node
voltages.
 In general, if a circuit with independent current sources has N
nonreference nodes, the node-voltage equations can be written in terms of
the conductances as
Mesh Analysis

 Nodal analysis was developed by applying KCL at

each non-reference node.
 Loop analysis is developed by applying KVL around
loops in the circuit.
 Loop (mesh) analysis results in a system of linear
equations which must be solved for unknown
currents.
Steps of Mesh Analysis

1. Identify mesh (loops).

2. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, . . . , in to the n meshes.

3. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohm’s law
to express the voltages in terms of the mesh
currents.
4. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get
the mesh currents.
Identifying the Meshes

1kW 1kW

1kW
V1 + + V2
– Mesh 1 Mesh 2 –
Assigning Mesh Currents

1kW 1kW

1kW
V1 + + V2
– I1 I2 –
Voltages from Mesh Currents

+ VR –
+ VR – I2
R R

I1 I1

V R = I1 R VR = (I1 - I2 ) R
KVL Around Mesh 1

1kW 1kW

1kW
V1 + + V2
– I1 I2 –

-V1 + I1 1kW + (I1 - I2) 1kW = 0

I1 1kW + (I1 - I2) 1kW = V1
KVL Around Mesh 2

1kW 1kW

1kW
V1 + + V2
– I1 I2 –

(I2 - I1) 1kW + I2 1kW + V2 = 0

(I2 - I1) 1kW + I2 1kW = -V2
Matrix Notation
 The two equations can be combined into a single matrix/vector
equation.
1k  1k  1k   I 1   V1 
  1k     
 1k  1k  I 2   V2 
Solving the Equations
Let: V1 = 7V and V2 = 4V
Results:
I1 = 3.33 mA
I2 = -0.33 mA
Finally
Vout = (I1 - I2) 1k = 3.66V
Problem. Using the mesh current method, find the loop currents.

V1 = 12 V; V2 = 6 V;
R1 = 3 ; R2 = 8 ; R3 = 6 ; R4 = 4 .
From loop 1

From loop 2

From loop 3

Ans: I1 = 6.9 A
I2 = 6.3 A
I3 = 4.5 A
Problem. Apply mesh analysis to find i in Fig.
Problem. Use mesh and nodal analysis to find vab and io in the
circuit in Fig.

Ans: I1 = 2.66 A I2 = 2.66 A I3 = 1.78A Vab = 53.3 V

Problem: Determine current flowing through the resistances
2 ohm and 5 ohm using Mesh Analysis?
Problem: Use Mesh Analysis to find ix
 In general, if the circuit has N meshes, the mesh-current equations can
be expressed in terms of the resistances as