EE-102

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Mechatronics Engineering

(5C)

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 RESISTIVE CIRCUITS

•MULTI NODE/LOOP CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

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 DEFINING THE REFERENCE NODE IS VITAL

 V12 



2V
4V



The Statement V1 = 4 V is meaningless,

UNTIL THE REFERENCE POINT IS DEFINED

BY CONVENTION THE GROUND SYMBOL

SPECIFIES THE REFERENCE POINT.

ALL NODE VOLTAGES ARE MEASURED WITH

RESPECT TO THAT REFERENCE POINT

V12  _____?
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THE STRATEGY FOR NODE ANALYSIS 1. IDENTIFY ALL NODES AND SELECT
VS Va Vb Vc A REFERENCE NODE

2. IDENTIFY KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES

3. AT EACH NODE WITH UNKNOWN

VOLTAGE WRITE A KCL EQUATION
(e.g.,SUM OF CURRENT LEAVING =0)
REFERENCE
4. REPLACE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF
@Va :  I1  I 2  I 3  0 NODE VOLTAGES
Va  Vs Va Va  Vb
  0 AND GET ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN
9k 6k 3k THE NODE VOLTAGES ...

@Vb :  I 3  I 4  I 5  0
SHORTCUT: SKIP WRITING
Vb  Va Vb Vb  Vc
  0 THESE EQUATIONS...
3k 4k 9k
AND PRACTICE WRITING
@Vc :  I 5  I 6  0
THESE DIRECTLY
Vc  Vb Vc
 0
9k 3k

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 EXAMPLE

WRITE THE KCL EQUATIONS

@ NODE 1 WE VISUALIZE THE CURRENTS

LEAVING AND WRITE THE KCL EQUATION

REPEAT THE PROCESS AT NODE 2 OR VISUALIZE CURRENTS GOING INTO NODE

v2  v1 v2  v1
 i2   0
R4 R3

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 6mA

I3
I1
I2

Node analysis
V
@ V1 : 1  2mA  6mA  0  V1  16V
2k
V V
@V :  6mA  2  2  0  V2  12V
2
6k 3k
IN MOST CASES THERE
ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT
WAYS OF SOLVING A I1  8mA
PROBLEM 3k
I2  (6mA)  2mA
3k  6k
6k
I3  (6mA)  4mA
3k  6k

CURRENTS COULD BE COMPUTED DIRECTLY 6

USING KCL AND CURRENT DIVIDER!!
 3 nodes plus the reference. In
principle one needs 3 equations...

…but two nodes are connected to

the reference through voltage
sources. Hence those node
voltages are known!!!

…Only one KCL is necessary

V2 V2  V3 V2  V1
  0
Hint: Each voltage source 6k 12 k 12 k
connected to the reference V1  12[V ] THESE ARE THE REMAINING
V3  6[V ]
node saves one node equation TWO NODE EQUATIONS

SOLVING THE EQUATIONS

2V2  (V2  V3 )  (V2  V1 )  0
4V2  6[V ]  V2  1.5[V ]
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THE SUPERNODE TECHNIQUE

SUPERNODE

IS

Conventional analysis
requires all currents at a node
V1
@V_1  6mA   IS  0
6k
V2
@V_2  I S  4mA  0
12k
2 eqs, 3 unknowns...Panic!!
The current through the source is not
related to the voltage of the source
Math solution: add one equation

V1  V2  6[V ] 8
ALGEBRAIC DETAILS

The Equations
V V
(1) 1  2  6mA  4mA  0
6k 12 k
(2) V1  V2  6[V ]
Solution
1. Eliminate denominato rs in Eq(1). Multiply by ...

2V1  V2  24[V ]
V1  V2  6[V ]
2. Add equations to eliminate V2
3V1  30[V ]  V1  10 [V ]
3. Use Eq(2) to compute V2
V2  V1  6[V ]  4[V ]