LEARNING EXAMPLE

CONVERT THIS Y INTO A DELTA?

SHOULD KEEP THESE TWO NODES!

IF WE CONVERT TO Y INTO A DELTA THERE ARE SERIES PARALLEL REDUCTIONS!

R1 =

Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
3 *12k *12k
=
= 36k
12k
12k
Rb

R2 =

Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
Rc

R3 =

Ra Rb + Rb Rc + Rc Ra
Ra
Y

36k
4mA

36k
36k

THE RESULTING
CIRCUIT IS A
CURRENT DIVIDER

12k
+

12k V

CIRCUIT AFTER PARALLEL RESISTOR

REDUCTION

36k ||12k = 9k

4mA

36k

IO

9k

VO

IO =

36k
8
4mA = mA
36k + 18k
3

8
VO = 9k I O = 9k mA = 24V
3

NOTICE THAT BY KEEPING

THE FRACTION WE PRESERVE
FULL NUMERICAL ACCURACY

NODAL AND LOOP ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

NODAL ANALYSIS
LOOP ANALYSIS

Develop
p systematic
y
techniques
q
to determine all the voltages
g
and currents in a circuit

NODE ANALYSIS
One of the systematic ways to
determine every
y voltage
g and
current in a circuit
The variables used to describe the circuit will be Node Voltages
-- The voltages of each node with respect to a pre-selected
reference node

A PROBLEM SOLVED BEFORE USING SERIES/

PARALLEL RESISTOR COMBINATIONS

COMPUTE ALL THE VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS IN THIS CIRCUIT

4k || 12k 12k
SECOND: BACKTRACK USING KVL, KCL OHMS

6k
I3

OHM' S : I 2 =

Va
6k

KCL : I1 I 2 I 3 = 0

OHM' S : Vb = 3k * I 3

OTHER OPTIONS...

6k || 6k
FIRST REDUCE TO A SINGLE LOOP CIRCUIT

KCL : I 5 + I 4 I 3 = 0
OHM' S : VC = 3k * I 5
I1 =

12
I3
4 + 12
Vb = 4k * I 4
I4 =

12V
12k

Va =

3
(12)
3+9

DEFINING THE REFERENCE NODE IS VITAL

+ V12

+
4V

2V
+

THE STATEMENT V1 = 4V IS MEANINGLESS

UNTIL THE REFERENCE POINT IS DEFINED
BY CONVENTION THE GROUND SYMBOL
SPECIFIES THE REFERENCE POINT.
ALL NODE VOLTAGES ARE MEASURED WITH
RESPECT TO THAT REFERENCE POINT

THE STRATEGY FOR NODE ANALYSIS

VS

Va

Vb

Vc

1. IDENTIFY ALL NODES AND SELECT

A REFERENCE NODE
2. IDENTIFY KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES
3. AT EACH NODE WITH UNKNOWN
VOLTAGE WRITE A KCL EQUATION
(
(e.g.,SUM
OF CURRENT LEAVING =0)
0)

@Va : I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 0
Va Vs Va Va Vb
+
+
=0
9k
6k
3k

@Vb : I 3 + I 4 + I 5 = 0

REFERENCE

4. REPLACE CURRENTS IN TERMS OF

NODE VOLTAGES
AND GET ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS IN
THE NODE VOLTAGES ...

Vb Va Vb Vb Vc
+
+
=0
3k
4k
9k

SHORTCUT: SKIP WRITING

THESE EQUATIONS...

@Vc : I 5 + I 6 = 0
Vc Vb Vc
+
=0
9k
3k

AND PRACTICE WRITING

THESE DIRECTLY

CIRCUITS WITH ONLY INDEPENDENT SOURCES

@ NODE 1

USING RESISTANCES i A +

v1 v1 v2
+
=0
R1
R2

@ NODE 2

THE MODEL FOR THE CIRCUIT IS A SYSTEM

OF ALGEBRAIC EQUATIONS

EXAMPLE
WRITE THE KCL EQUATIONS

@ NODE 1 WE VISUALIZE THE CURRENTS

LEAVING AND WRITE THE KCL EQUATION

REPEAT THE PROCESS AT NODE 2

i2 +

v2 v1 v2 v1
+
=0
R4
R3

LEARNING EXTENSION: FIND NODE VOLTAGES

V1 and V2
REARRANGE AND MULTIPLY BY 10k

2V1 V2 = 40[V ] * / 2 and add eqs.

V1 + 2V2 = 0
5V1 = 80V V1 = 16V
NODE EQUATIONS

V1
V V
4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k
10k
V V
V
@V2 : 2 1 + 2 I O + 2 = 0
10k
10k

@V1 :

CONTROLLING VARIABLE (IN TERMS ON NODE

VOLTAGES)

IO =

V1
10k

REPLACE

V1
V V
4mA + 1 2 = 0
10k
10k
V2 V1
V
V
+2 1 + 2 =0
10k
10k 10k

V2 =

V1
V2 = 8V
2

CIRCUITS WITH INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES

Find V1, V2 and V3

3 nodes plus the reference. In

principle one needs 3 equations...
equations
but two nodes are connected to
the reference through
g voltage
g
sources. Hence those node
voltages are known!!!
Only
O l one KCL
C is
i necessary

V2 V2 V3 V2 V1
+
+
=0
6k
12k
12k
V1 = 12[V ] THESE ARE THE REMAINING
V3 = 6[V ]
Hint:
Hi
t Each
E h voltage
lt
source
connected to the reference
node saves one node equation

TWO NODE EQUATIONS

SOLVING
SO
G THE EQUATIONS
Q
O S
2V2 + (V2 V3 ) + (V2 V1 ) = 0
4V2 = 6[V ] V2 = 1.5[V ]

THE SUPERNODE TECHNIQUE

We will use this example to introduce the concept of a SUPERNODE
SUPERNODE

IS

Conventional node analysis

requires all currents at a node
@V 1
@V_1
@V_2

V
6mA + 1 + I S = 0
6k
V2
I S + 4mA +
=0
12k

Efficient solution:
solution enclose the
source, and all elements in
parallel inside a surface.
parallel,
surface

Apply KCL to the surface!!!

6mA +

V1 V2
+
+ 4mA = 0
6k 12k

The source current is interior

to the surface and is not required

We STILL need one more equation

2 eqs, 3 unknowns
The current through the source is not
related to the voltage of the source
1
2

V V = 6[V]

Math
h solution:
l i
add
dd one equation
i

V1 V2 = 6[V]

Only 2 eqs in two unknowns!!!

ALGEBRAIC DETAILS

The Equations
V1 V2
(1)
+
6mA + 4mA = 0
6k 12k
(2) V1 V2 = 6[V ]
Solution
1. Eliminate denominato rs in Eq(1). Multiply by ...

2V1 + V2 = 24[V ]
V1 V2 = 6[V ]
2. Add equations to eliminate V2
3V1 = 30[V ] V1 = 10[V ]

3. Use Eq(2) to compute V2

V2 = V1 6[V ] = 4[V ]

LEARNING EXTENSION
SUPERNODE

V1 = 6V
V4 = 4V

SOURCES CONNECTED TO THE

REFERENCE

CONSTRAINT EQUATION

V3 V2 = 12V

KCL @ SUPERNODE

V2 6 V2 V3 V3 (4)
+ +
+
= 0 * / 2k
2k
1k 2k
2k
V2 IS NOT NEEDED FOR I O 3V2 + 2V3 = 2V
V2 + V3 = 12V * / 3 and add
5V3 = 38V
V
OHM' S LAW I O = 3 = 3.8mA
2k

CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

PRESENT NO SIGNIFICANT ADDITIONAL
COMPLEXITY THE DEPENDENT SOURCES
COMPLEXITY.
ARE TREATED AS REGULAR SOURCES

WE MUST ADD ONE EQUATION FOR EACH

CONTROLLING VARIABLE

SUPER NODE WITH DEPENDENT SOURCE

Find Io

VOLTAGE SOURCE CONNECTED TO REFERENCE

V3 = 6V
SUPERNODE CONSTRAINT

V1 V2 = 2Vx

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODES

KCL AT SUPERNODE

Vx = V2 V1 = 3V2

* / 12k
2(V1 6) + V1 + 2V2 + V2 6 = 0
3V1 + 3V2 = 18 4V1 = 18