BENG 3013 Electric & Electronic Practices

Chapter II: DC Circuit KVL, KCL, Delta-to-Y, branch, mesh & node methods.

Todays topic
Ohms Law Types of circuit: series, parallel, seriesparallel

KVL & KCL Delta-to-Y transformation branch current, mesh current, node voltage

Example

D-to-Y and Y-to-D Conversion

The D-to-Y and Y-to-D conversion formulas allow a 3 terminal resistive network to be replaced with an equivalent network.

D-to-Y and Y-to-D Conversion

For the D-to-Y conversion, each resistor in the Y is equal to the product of the resistors in the two adjacent D branches divided by the sum of all three D resistors.

Ra Rc R1 Ra Rb Rc
Rb Rc R2 Ra Rb Rc
Ra Rb R3 Ra Rb Rc

RC
R1 RA R2 R3 RB

D-to-Y and Y-to-D Conversion

For the Y-to-D conversion, each resistor in the D is equal to the sum of all products of Y resistors, taken two at a time divided by the opposite Y resistor.

R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1 Ra R2
R1 R2 R2 R3 R3 R1 Rb R1 R1 R 2 R 2 R3 R3 R1 Rc R3

RC
R1 RA R2 R3 RB

Example:
Convert the Delta circuit to a Wye circuit?

100

Solution:
R1 = 25 R2 = 63.6 R3 = 140

220

560

Answer

Rtotal = 23.16k

KIRCHHOFFS LAW

From our consideration of series and parallel connections of resistors, we have observed certain conditions pertaining to each form of connection.

Through experimentation in 1857 the German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed 2 conclusions, known today as Kirchhoffs Laws.

Law 1: The sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop is equal to the sum of the voltage sources of that loop (Kirchhoffs Voltage Law).

Law 2: The current arriving at any junction point in a circuit is equal to the current leaving that junction (Kirchhoffs Current Law).

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL)

The sum of the voltage drops around a closed loop is equal to the sum of the voltage sources of that loop.

4V + 6V = 10V
Sum of voltage drop Voltage Source

We can also gather the numbers to the left:

4V + 6V - 10V = 0
Therefore we can re-phrase the KVL as: the sum of the voltages around any closed circuit path (loop) is zero.

KVL Example 1: Find v1?

If we take a clockwise loop:

-15V +v1 +10V = 0

v1 = 15V -10V = 5V

KVL Example 1: Find v1?

If we take a counter-clockwise loop:

-10V -v1 +15V = 0

v1 = -10V +15V = 5V

The direction of the loop is arbitrary! You can choose any direction, yet the answer is still the same!

KVL Example 2: Find v1?

KVL at Loop 1: -v1 + 10V + vX = 0 v1 = 10V + vX

KVL at Loop 2: -5V - vX + 15V = 0 vX = -5V + 15V

vX = 10V

v1 = 10V + vX v1 = 10V + 10V v1 = 20V

Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL)

The current arriving at any junction point in a circuit is equal to the current leaving that junction Once charge has entered into the node, it has no place to go except to leave (this is known as conservation of charge).
1.0mA 2.5mA

1.5mA

1.0 mA

1.5 mA

R 2.2 kW

Therefore;
the sum of the currents entering any node is zero, because charge cannot accumulate at a node.

i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0

alternately, the sum of the currents leaving any node is zero.

i1 + i2 + i3 + i4 = 0

or the sum of the currents entering any node is equal to the sum of the currents leaving the same node.
Currents directed into the node are taken with a positive sign (+). Currents directed out of the node are taken with a negative sign (-)

ia + ic = ib + id

KCL Example 1: Calculate the I value?

Solution: Sum of currents entering the node = 0 -1 - i + 2 = 0 i = 1A OR Sum of currents entering the node = sum of currents leaving the node 2=i+1 i = 1A

KCL Example 2: Find i1, i2 and i3?

KCL at Node A: 2A = i1 + i2

i2 = 2A - i1
KCL at Node B: i1 + 1A = 0 i1 = -1A i2 = 2A - i1 i2 = 2A - (-1A) i2 = 2A + 1A i2 = 3A

KCL at Node C: i2 = i3 + 1A i3 = i2 - 1A i3 = 3A - 1A i3 = 2A

Simultaneous Equations
Circuit analysis methods are require use of simultaneous equations.

To simplify solving simultaneous equations, they are usually set up in standard form. Standard form for 2 equations with 2 unknowns is:

a1,1 x1 a1,2 x2 b1 a2,1 x1 a2,2 x2 b2

coefficients variables constants

Well, for previous lessons, only one variable is unknown. What if there is 2 or even 3 unknown variables?

Simultaneous Equations
A circuit has the following equations. Set up the equations in standard form.

1000 I B I A 680 I B 6 0

10 270 I A 1000( I A I B ) 0

Rearrange so that variables and their coefficients are in order and put constants on the right.

10 270I A 1000I A 1000I B 0 1000I B 1000I A 680I B 6 0 270I A 1000I A 1000I B 10 1000I A 1000I B 680I B 6
1270 I A 1000 I B 10 1000 I A 1680 I B 6

Solving Simultaneous Equations

Methods of solving simultaneous equations: 1. Algebraic Substitution The easiest way is by using a calculator of course! No need for pencils or papers!

2. Determinant Method
3. Using Calculator

But you lose marks as there is no proof of your solving methods!

Solving Simultaneous Equations

Solve for IA using substitution.

1270 I A 1000 I B 10

1000 I A 1680 I B 6
Solve for IB in the first equation: I B 1.270 I A 0.010
Substitute for IB into the second equation: 1000 I A 1680(1.270 I A 0.010) 6 Rearrange and solve for IA.

1134 I A 10.8

IA = 9.53 mA

Solving Simultaneous Equations

If you wanted to find IB in the previous example, you can substitute the result of IA back into one of the original equations and solve for IB. Thus,

1270 I A 1000 I B 10 1270(9.53 mA) 1000 I B 10 I B 2.10 mA

Solving Simultaneous Equations

or

Many scientific calculators allow you to enter a set of equations and solve them automatically. The calculator method will depend on your particular calculator, but you will always write the equations in standard form first and then input the number of equations, the coefficients, and the constants. Pressing the Solve key will show the values of the unknowns.

a1,1 x1 a1,2 x2 b1 a2,1 x1 a2,2 x2 b2

Loop current method

In the loop current method, you can solve for the currents in a circuit using simultaneous equations. Steps: 1. Assign a current in each nonredundant loop in an arbitrary direction. 2. Show polarities according to the assigned direction of current in each loop. 3. Apply KVL around each closed loop. 4. Solve the resulting equations for the loop currents.

Loop current method

4. Apply a resulting each to for the loop 3. Solve polarities in each nonredundant loop 2. Show thecurrentaccordingclosed assigned in 1. Assign KVL aroundequations the loop. Resistors currents of current this example. direction(see following slide). an arbitrary in kW inin each loop. are entered direction.

10 0.270 I A 1.0 I A I B 0 1.0 I B I A 0.68 I B 6.0 0

+ R1
VS1 10 V 270 W
Loop A

+ R3 + R2 +
680 W V S2 6.0 V 1.0 kW Loop B

Loop current method

Rearranging the loop equations into standard form:
(Continued)

1.270I A 1.0I B 10 1.0I A 1.68I B 6.0 I A 9.53 mA I B 2.10 mA + R1

VS1 10 V 270 W
Loop A

+ R3 + R2 +
680 W V S2 6.0 V 1.0 kW Loop B

Loop current method applied to circuits with more than two loops
The loop current method can be applied to more complicated circuits, such as the Wheatstone bridge. The steps are the same as shown previously.
Loop A
VS +15 V R2 680 W R1 680 W R3 Loop B 680 W R5 560 W

Loop C

R4 1.0 kW

The advantage to the loop method for the bridge is that it has only 3 unknowns.

Write the loop current equation for Loop A in the Wheatstone bridge:
15 0.68 I A I B 0.68 I A IC 0
R1 680 W R3 Loop B 680 W R5 560 W R2 680 W

Loop A
VS +15 V

Loop C

R4 1.0 kW

Node voltage method

In the node voltage method, you can solve for the unknown voltages in a circuit using KCL. Steps: 1. Determine the number of nodes. 2. Select one node as a reference. Assign voltage designations to each unknown node. 3. Assign currents into and out of each node except the reference node. 4. Apply KCL at each node where currents are assigned. 5. Express the current equations in terms of the voltages and solve for the unknown voltages using Ohms law.

Node voltage method

Solve the same problem as before using the node voltage method.
1. Apply KCL nodes. A is(for and out 4. Currentsin4terms of the the one unknown node. 3. B is selected assigned into this case). slide). 2. There areareat nodereference node.of node A. Write KCL as the A voltages (next
VS 1 VA I1 R1 VA I2 R2
R1
270 W

VS 2 VA I3 R3

I1 I 3 I 2
VS1 10 V

R3
R2 1.0 kW 680 W VS2 6.0 V

Node voltage method

VS 1 VA VS 2 VA VA + R1 R3 R2 10 VA 6.0 VA VA + 0.27 0.68 1.0 0.68 10 VA 0.27 6.0 VA 0.183VA

(Continued)

VA 7.45 V
VS1 10 V

R1
270 W

R3
R2 1.0 kW 680 W VS2 6.0 V

Key Terms
Branch One current path that connects two nodes. Determinant The solution of a matrix consisting of an array of coefficients and constants for a set of simultaneous equations. Loop A closed current path in a circuit. Matrix An array of numbers. Node The junction of two or more components.

Simultaneous A set of n equations containing n unknowns, equations where n is a number with a value of 2 or more.