Task:

Apply the principles of circuit theory to a circuit with constant sources to explain
the operation of that circuits as mentioned in the below task.
1. (a).

Fig.1
 Construct the above circuit on bread board or use simulation software to build the
circuit.
  Measure the value of the resistor using a multi meter or choose a resistor of a
known value of resistance.
 At different values of input resistance find voltage across resistor and current
flowing through the resistor as mentioned in below format. (Keep input voltage
same)

Ans: For each resistance input voltage is 100 V.

Resistance (in Ohms) Voltage in volts Current (in Ampere)
0.1 Ohm 50.0 V 500 Amps
1.1 Ohm 91.7 V 83.3 Amps
5 Ohm 98.0 V 19.6 Amps

 Plot a graph for the corresponding values collected in above format and explain how
Ohms law is applicable to above circuit.

Ans:
 Resistance(in Ohm's)
600

500

400

300

200

100

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

1. Ohm’s law defines that current is directly proportional to voltage and is inversely
proportional to resistance.

2. It states Voltage = Current x Resistance i.e. V=IR.

3. Therefore:

a. 500 x 0.1 = 50.0.

b. 83.3 x 1.1 = 91.7.

c. 19.6 x 5 = 98.0.

1. (b)
 Fig.2

 Take three resistors and measure the resistance of each using a multi meter.
 Now connect the resistors in series as shown above, using a bread board and or a
simulation software.
 Record the voltage across each resistor and record the reading in below table
format (Use Ohms law to calculate the current through each resistor).
 Resistors Voltage
1k Ohm 0.52 V
15k Ohm 7.83 V
7k ohm 3.65 V

a. Now According to Ohm’s law I = V/R

Therefore,
0.52 / 1000
 = 0.00052
i.e. 0.52 mA
As we applied resistors in series so we will get current as constant for all resistors.
b. 7.83 / 15000
= 0.000522
i.e. 0.52 mA.

c. 3.65 / 7000
= 0.0005357142857142857
i.e. 0.53mA.

Resistors Voltage Current

1k Ohm 0.52 V 0.52 mA
15k Ohm 7.83 V 0.52 mA
7k ohm 3.65 V 0.53 mA

Answer below question with explanation referencing the values obtained by performing
above practical.
 Are the values of voltage V1, V2 and V3 equal to each other, if not then why?
Ans:
 According to the Ohm’s law resistance applied in series changes the Voltage
whereas Current is constant.
 Series circuits are also known as Voltage dividers.
 (Anon., n.d.)

 Calculate total voltage V = V1+V2 + V3, Explain it has the value it does?

Given: V1 = 0.52
V2 = 7.83
V3 = 3.65

Solution:
V = V1 + V2 + V3.
V = 0.52 + 7.83 + 3.65
V = 12.
Therefore, the total voltage is 12 volts.

This is formula for input Voltage or total Voltage in circuit. As the input voltage is the total
voltage.
1. c)
 Fig 3

 Take two resistors and measure the resistance of each using a multi meter.
 Now connect the resistors in parallel as shown above, using a bread board and or
a simulation software.
  Record the voltage across each resistor and reading in below table format (Use
Ohms law to calculate the current through each resistor)
Ans:
1. I=V/R
Therefore, I1 = V1 / R1
= 11.0 / 3.5
= 3.14285
Therefore, I1 = 3.14 Amps

2. Now I2 = V2 / R2
= 11.0 / 1.5
= 7.33333
Therefore, I2 = 7.3 Amps.

 Calculate equivalent resistance of the circuit based on your measured value of

R1 and R2.
 Ans: 1 / RT = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2
= 1 / 3.5 + 1 / 1.5
= 1.02 Ohms

 Using Ohms law calculate the total currents in the circuits.

Resistors Voltage Current

R1 = 3.5 Ohm V1 = 11.0 V I1 = 3.14 Amps
R2 = 1.5 Ohm V2 = 11.0 V I2 = 7.3 Amps

 With reference to your experiment explain the relationship between voltages V1

& V2 and I1 and I2.

Ans: According to the Ohms law when the resistance in the circuit is applied in
parallel The Voltage across the circuit remains constant whereas the current across the
resistance changes.

V1, V2 and I1,I2 are related as Ohms law states I = V / R

2. (a) Construct the circuit as shown below

Fig. 4

 Set the variable supply to give constant voltage of 5 Volts.

 Accurately measure all the current and voltages in the circuit using digital multi-
meter.
 Record your measurement in the table given below.

Branch V (volts) I (Amps) R (KΩ)

Voltage/
Current
V1, I1 1.80 V 0.36 Amps 5
V2, I2 0.70 0.23 Amps 3
V3, I3 1.40 0.13 Amps 11
V4, I4 1.80 V 0.36 Amps 5
V5, I5 0.70 0.23 Amps 3

 Explain how Kirchhoff’s voltage law is applicable to two loops formed in the
given circuit.
Ans: circuit showing direction of the current
 Solving KVL:

5 – 5I1 – 11(I1 - I2) – 5I1 = 0

5 – 5I1 – 11I1 - 11I2 - 5I1 = 0
5 – 5I1 – 11I1 - 5I1 + 11I2 = 0
5 – 21I1 + 11I2 = 0
21I1 – 11I2 = 5 ……………………………………………………. (1)

-11(I2 – I1) – 3I2 – 3I2 = 0

-11I2 +11I1 – 3I2 – 3I2 = 0
-11I2 – 3I2 – 3I2 + 11I1 = 0
- 17I2 + 11I1 = 0 ………………………………………………….... (2)

MULTYPLING eqn(1) by 11 and eqn(2) by 21

Therefore,
231I1 + 121I2 = 55
+ -231I1 – 357I2 = 0
0 -236I2 = 55

I2 = 55 / -236
0.233 Amps

Substituting I2 = 0.233 Amps in eq1 we get

21I1 – 11 x 0.233 = 5
21I1 - 2.536 = 5
21I1 = 5 + 2.536
21I1 = 7.536
I1 = 7.536 / 21
I1 = 0.3588 mA

Now, I1 –I2 = 0.3588 – 0.233

I1 –I2 = 0.1258

 Explain how Kirchhoff’s current law is applicable to Nodes a, b, c & d

Ans:

I1 = I2 + I3
5 – Va / 10 = Va / 11 + Va / 6
5 – Va / 10 = 6Va / 66 + 11Va / 66
5 – Va / 10 = 17 Va / 66
5 – Va = 10 x 17 Va / 66
(5 – Va) x 6.6 = 17 Va
33 – 6.6Va = 17 Va
33 = 17 Va + 6.6 Va
33 = 23.6 Va
33 / 23.6 = Va
1.3983 = Va
V1 + Vs = Vs – Va
1.80 + 1.80 = 5 – 1.39
3.6 = 3.61

1. (b) Explain how superimposition theory can be used to solve below circuit.

Fig. 5
Ans: thenins theorem is used to change complex circuits into simple circuits.
Solution:
Step 1: In super position theorem first we replace all load resistors and voltage source by
short circuited lines
Step 2: calculating equivalent resistance by series parallel combination method
Rp = R1 x R2 / R1 + R2
= 200 / 30
=6.667 Ohms
Rp = 6.667 Ohms
Step 3: Now replace short circuited lines with Original voltage to find equivalent voltage
I = V/R
Therefore, 20 – 10 / 20 + 10 = 10 / 30 = 0.333 Amp
Voltage across AB
VAB = 20 – 20 x 0.33 /13.4 volt
VAB = 10 -10 x (-0.33)
= 13.3
Step 4: consider equivalent resistance in series with equivalent resistance across load
resistance
Is = Vs / Rs + Rl
= 13.33 / 6.667 + 0.40
= 0.284 Amp
1. (a) In the below circuit, a resistive voltage divider is used to supply power to an
automotive engine sensor, determine the voltage across the sensor for variety of
different sensor condition. Use Thevenin’s theorem to solve and explain the
circuit.

Fig. 6
Solution:
Vout = Vin x R2 + R3 / R1 + R2 + R3
= 12 x 1000 + 1000 / 1000 +1000 +1000
= 12 x 2000 / 3000
= 12 x 0.666
Vout = 8V
Voltage received by sensor is 8V

Given Current 0.002, 0.003, 0.004, 0.005 amps with respect to Sensor Resistance 10 ohm
V = 0.000 x 10
V=0
V = 0.001 x 10
V = 0.01
V=IxR
V = 0.002 x 10
V = 0.02
V = 0.003 x 10
V = 0.03
V = 0.004 x 10
V = 0.04
V = 0.005 x 10
V = 0.05
Sensor Current 0mA 1 mA 2 mA 3 mA 4 mA 5 mA
Sensor voltage 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05