PRELAB

LOUISE TANG SHI YUAN

CE210002
TS. WAN NUR HAFSHA BINTI WAN KHAIRUDDIN

a. In your own words, explain Ohm’s law.

Ohm’s Law states that the current (I) through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the potential difference or voltage (V) across the two points, and inversely
proportional to the resistance (R) between them.
V=IR

b. Show how a current (I) vs. voltage (V) graph can be used to determine the resistance
value.

The gradient of the straight-line graph is related to the resistance of the conductor as:
I 1
=
V R
This can be rearranged in terms of the constant resistance as:

V
R=
I
c. What are series and parallel circuits?

Series Circuit

Is formed when any number of devices are connected end-to-end so that there is only one
path for current to flow.

Resistances are additive

RT =R 1+ R 2+ R 3

The current flows throughout the circuit is same

I =IR 1+ IR 2+ IR 3

Different resistors have their individual voltage drop

VR 1≠ VR 2≠ VR 3

Total e.m.f equals to the sum of voltage drops across each resistor
E=VR1+VR 2+VR 3
Parallel Circuit

Is formed when two or more devices are arranged in a circuit side by side so
that current can flow through more than one path.

Total resistance:
1
RT =
1 1 1
+ +
R 1 R 2 R3

Different resistors have their own individual current

IR 1 ≠ IR 2≠ IR 3

Same voltage acts across all parts of the circuit

E=VR1=VR2=VR3

Supplied current equals to the sum of the different current flows through each resistor
I =IR 1+ IR 2+ IR 3

V V V
IT = + +
R 1 R 2 R3
 OHM’S LAW RESULT

Table 1
Voltage, V (V) Current, I (A)
0.5 0.00025
1.5 0.00075
3.0 0.0015
4.5 0.00225
6.0 0.003
7.5 0.00375
9.0 0.0045
 SERIES CIRCUIT RESULT

Table 2
Voltage, V (V) Current, I (A)
VA 10V
VB 8.24V
VC 4.48V
IA 0.8mA
IB 0.8mA
IC 0.8mA
 PRALLEL CIRCUIT RESULT

A B C

Table 3
Voltage, V (V) Current, I (A)
VAB 1.96V
VBC 2.24V
VA 8V
VB 6.04V
VC 3.8V
I1 1.96mA
I2 0.68mA
I3 1.28mA
 OHM’S LAW QUESTIONS

1. Based on your collected data in Table 1, draw the graph of Voltage vs Current.
Determine the slope of the graph.

2. What is the resistance value for R?

Our group use 2kΩ for the resistor
Calculation method
V3 = 3.0V
I3 = 0.0015 A V = IR
R =V / I
R = 3.0 / 0.0015 A
= 2kΩ

3. Write a short discussion based on the complete results obtained.

-From the result Table 2, we concluded that by using proteus simulation or the
calculation method, the current value, I are the same
-The calculation method for both is by using the Ohm’s Law formula V=IR

Voltage, V(V) Current, I(A) Current, I(A)

Calculation V=IR Measurement
0.5 0.00025 0.00025
1.5 0.00075 0.00075
3.0 0.0015 0.0015
4.5 0.00225 0.00225
6.0 0.003 0.003
7.5 0.00375 0.00375
9.0 0.0045 0.0045

Both measurement and calculation method have the same value of current. It shows that
the voltage across a resistor 2kΩ is directly proportional to the current flowing through
that resistor. So, this experiment proved by Ohm’s Law.
 SERIES CIRCUIT QUESTIONS

1. Referring to table 2, compare the total voltage drop across resistors with the supply
voltage. Next, compare the current values IA, IB and IC. Write down your answer
summarizing these two comparisons.

VS = VA
10V = 10V

VA = 10V
VAB = 1.76V
VAB = VA – VB
1.76V = 10V – VC
VB = 10V – 1.76V
VB = 8.24V

VB = 8.24V
VBC = 3.76V
VBC = VB – VC
3.76V = 8.24V – VC
VC = 8.24V – 3.76V
VC = 4.48V

V total voltage drop for each resistor = V Total = V Supply

VAB + VBC + VC = 10V

To calculate the total voltage drop, voltage applied to a series circuit is equal to the sum
of the individual voltage drops. The voltage drop across a resistor in series circuit is
directly proportional to the size of the resistor. So the theory about voltage drop is prove
in this experiment.

IA, IB, IC = I total

IA, IB, IC = 0.8mA
I total = 0.8mA
 The values of IA, IB, and IC are same because in series circuit the current flows through
each components is the same.

PARALLEL CIRCUIT QUESTIONS

1. Referring to Table 3, compare these two voltage values: VB and VB+VC. Then,
compare all current values.

Voltage / Current Measurement Value

VA 8V
VB 6.04 V
VC 3.8 V

-The voltage that across node B is higher than voltage that across from node B to node C,
because that voltage need across the resistor 3.3KΩ.
- The potential difference between node B and C is written as VBC and shown as an
arrow pointing towards B. This is the energy per coulomb in going from B to A, and
satisfies VBC = VB – VC
-The value of the current that across each resistor is different.
-I1 is the total of the current in the circuit

RT = 4.075KΩ

I1 = I2 + I3

8V
I1 = =1.96 mA
4.075 KΩ

6.04 V
I3 = =1.28 mA
4.7 KΩ

I2 = I1- I3
=1.96mA – 1.28mA
=0.68mA
 2. Discuss how do theorems of KVL and KCL assist you to verify the answer obtained
in this experiment.

I1 = I2 + I3

For the loop 1 and 2, we use KVL method:

(L1) = 8 – (IK)I1 – (4.7K)I3 = 0
8 = 1K I1 + 4.7K I3------(1)

(L2) 4.7K I3 – 8.9K I2 = 0 (2)

8 = 1K (I2+13) + 4.7K I3------(1)
8 = IK 12 + 1K 13 + 4.7K I3
8 = 5.7K I3 + 1K 12------(3)
(3)-(2)
8 = 5.7K I3 + 1K 12------(3)
0 = 4.7K I3 – 8.9K I2
I3 = 1.28mA I2 = 0.68mA

And for the current, we use KCL method:

I1 = I2 + I3
= 0.68mA + 1.28mA
= 1.96mA

For the voltage in each node:

VS = VA VA = 8V
VAB = VA – VB VBC = VB - VC
VB = VA – VAB VC = VB - VBC
= 8V – 1.96V = 6.04V – 2.24V
= 6.04V = 3.8V