CIRCUITS WITH INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES

3 nodes plus the reference. In

principle one needs 3 equations...
equations
but two nodes are connected to
the reference through
g voltage
g
sources. Hence those node
voltages are known!!!
Only
Only one KCL is necessary at V2
Hint: Each voltage source
connected
t d (M) to
t the
th reference
f
node saves one node equation
Workable Nodes = N-M-1

V2 V2 V3 V2 V1
+
+
=0
6k
12k
12k
V1 = 12[V ] THESE ARE THE REMAINING
V3 = 6[V ]

TWO NODE EQUATIONS

SOLVING THE EQUATIONS

2V2 + (V2 V3 ) + (V2 V1 ) = 0
One more example .

4V2 = 6[V ] V2 = 1.5[V ]

Problem 3.67 (6th Ed) Find V_0

V4

I S1
V1

R1

IS2

R2
V2

+ VO

V3

R3

R4
IS3

++

VS 1

IDENTIFY AND LABEL ALL NODES

R1 = 1k; R2 = 2k, R3 = 1k, R4 = 2k

Is1 =2mA, Is2 = 4mA, Is3 = 4mA,
Vs = 12 V

KNOWN NODE VOLTAGE

@V3 : V3 = VVS = 12[V ]
V V V
@V1 : I S1 + 1 2 + 1 = 0
R1
R4

2[mA] +

V1 V2 V1
+
=0
1k
2k

WRITE THE NODE EQUATIONS

V2 V1 V2 V3 V2 V4
@V2 : I S 3 +
+
+
=0
R1
R3
R2

NOW WE LOOK WHAT IS BEING

ASKED TO DECIDE THE SOLUTION
STRATEGY.

4[mA] +

V0 =V1 V2
ONLY V1 ,V2 ARE NEEDED FOR VO

V2 V1 V2 12 V2 V4
+
+
=0
1k
1k
2k

@V4 : I S1 I S 2 +

V4 V
V2
=0
R2

V4 V2
2[mA] 4[mA] +
=0
2k

TO SOLVE BY HAND ELIMINATE DENOMINATORS

*/2k
V1 V2 V1
2[mA] +
+
=0
1k
2k
V V V 12 V2 V4
4[mA] + 2 1 + 2
+
=0
1k
1k
2k

V4
V
V2
2[mA] 4[mA] +
=0
2k

3V1 2V2 = 4[V ]

*/2k

*/2k
/2k

Add 2+3
ALTERNATIVE: USE LINEAR ALGEBRA

3 2 0 V1 4
2 5 1 V = 32

2
0 1 1 V3 4

(1)

2V1 + 5V2 V4 = 32[V ]

V2 + V4 = 4[V ]

(2)

(3)

2V1 + 4V2 = 36[V ]

3V1 2V2 = 4[V ] * / 2 and add
4V1 = 40[V ] V1 = 10[V ]
4V2 = 56[V ] V2 = 14[V ]

FINALLY!!

V0 = V1 V2 = 4[V ]

What happens when sources are

connected between two non reference
nodes?

THE SUPERNODE TECHNIQUE

We will use this example to introduce the concept of a SUPERNODE
SUPERNODE

IS

Conventional node analysis

requires all currents at a node
@V 1
@V_1
@V_2

V
6mA + 1 + I S = 0
6k
V2
I S + 4mA +
=0
12k

Efficient solution:
solution enclose the
source, and all elements in
parallel inside a surface.
parallel,
surface

Apply KCL to the surface!!!

6mA +

V1 V2
+
+ 4mA = 0
6k 12k

The source current is interior

to the surface and is not required

We STILL need one more equation

2 eqs, 3 unknowns...Problem!!
The current through the source is not
related to the voltage of the source
1
2

V V = 6[V]

Math
h solution:
l i
add
dd one equation
i

V1 V2 = 6[V]

Only 2 eqs in two unknowns!!!

ALGEBRAIC DETAILS for Solution

The Equations
V1 V2
(1)
+
6mA + 4mA = 0
6k 12k
(2) V1 V2 = 6[V ]
Solution
1. Eliminate denominato rs in Eq(1). Multiply by ...

2V1 + V2 = 24[V ]
V1 V2 = 6[V ]
2. Add equations to eliminate V2
3V1 = 30[V ] V1 = 10[V ]

3. Use Eq(2) to compute V2

V2 = V1 6[V ] = 4[V ]

LEARNING EXAMPLE

WRITE THE NODE EQUATIONS

@ v1

@ SUPERNODE
CONSTRAINT : v 2 v3 = v A
KCL (leaving supernode) :
THREE EQUATIONS IN THREE UNKNOWNS

SUPERNODE

LEARNING EXAMPLE

= V3 + 12

FIND I O

V2 = 6V ,V4 = 12V

KNOWN NODE VOLTAGES

SUPERNODE CONSTRAINT V1 V3 = 12

KCL @ SUPERNODE

LEARNING EXTENSION
SUPERNODE

V1 = 6V
V4 = 4V

SOURCES CONNECTED TO THE

REFERENCE

CONSTRAINT EQUATION

V3 V2 = 12V

KCL @ SUPERNODE

V2 6 V2 V3 V3 (4)
+ +
+
= 0 * / 2k
2k
1k 2k
2k
V2 IS NOT NEEDED FOR I O 3V2 + 2V3 = 2V
V2 + V3 = 12V * / 3 and add
5V3 = 38V
Home Work
V
Example:
l
3.6,
3 6 3.7
3 7
OHM' S LAW I O = 3 = 3.8mA
`E: 3.5, 3.6
2k
P: 3.26, 3.27, 3.34

CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT VOLTAGE SOURCES

CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

PRESENT NO SIGNIFICANT ADDITIONAL
COMPLEXITY. THE DEPENDENT SOURCES
ARE TREATED AS REGULAR SOURCES

WE MUST ADD ONE EQUATION FOR EACH

CONTROLLING VARIABLE

LEARNING EXAMPLE
FIND IO

VOLTAGE SOURCE CONNECTED TO REFERENCE

V1 = 3V

V V V
KCL@ V2 : 2 1 + 2 2 I x = 0
3k
6k
CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN
TERMS OF NODE VOLTAGES

Ix =

V2 V1 V2
V
+
2 2 = 0 * / 6k
3k
6k
6k
V2 2V1 = 0 V2 = 6V
IO =

V1 V2
= 1mA
3k

REPLACE

V2
6k

SUPER NODE WITH DEPENDENT SOURCE

VOLTAGE SOURCE CONNECTED TO REFERENCE

V3 = 6V
SUPERNODE CONSTRAINT

V1 V2 = 2Vx

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODES

KCL AT SUPERNODE

Vx = V2 V1 = 3V2

* / 12k
2(V1 6) + V1 + 2V2 + V2 6 = 0
3V1 + 3V2 = 18 4
4V
V1 = 18

CONSTRAINT DUE TO SOURCE

V2 V1 = 2kI x

CONTROLLING VARIABLE IN TERMS OF NODES

V1
2k
V
V
SUPERNODE
4mA + 1 + 2mA + 2 = 0
2k
2k
V1 + V2 = 4[V ] * / 2 and add
2V1 + V2 = 0
3V2 = 8[V ]

V1 = 2kI x V2 = 2V1
KCL AT

IO =
CURRENT CONTROLLED VOLTAGE SOURCE

V2 4
= mA
2k 3

Ix =

LEARNING EXAMPLE

FIND THE VOLTAGE Vo

@ V4 : V4 = 4V
AT SUPER NODE

V1 V2 = 2VX
V2 V2 V3 V1 V3 V1 4V

2
mA
+
+
+
+
=0
1k
1k
1k
1k
1k

1k @V : 2mA + V V + V V = 0
3

IDENTIFY NODES AND SUPER NODES

1k

CONTROLLING VARIABLE

1k

VX = V2

SOLVE EQUATIONS NOW

V1 = 3VX
2V1 + 2VX V3 = 6V
V1 VX + 2V3 = 2V
VARIABLE OF INTEREST

VO = V1 V3

LEARNING EXAMPLE

Find the current Io

Home Work:
Example: 3.8,
3 8 3.9,
3 9 3.10
3 10
P: 3.54, 3.57, 3.59, 3.60

@ V2 : V2 = 12V

@ V3 : V3 = 2VX

@ super node:
V4 V1 = 6V (constraint eq.)
FIND NODES AND SUPER NODES

V V3 V4 V5 V4
V1 V2 V1 V3
+
+ 2I X + 4
+
+
=0
1k
1k
1k
1k
1k

@V5 : 2 I X +

V5 V4 V5
+
=0
1k
1k

CO NTRO LLING VARIABLES

V X = V1 V 2
IX =

V4
1k

7 eqs in 7 variables

VARIABLE OF INTEREST

IO =

V5
1k