ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

LEARNING GOALS

REVIEW LINEARITY
The property has two equivalent definitions.
We show and application of homogeneity

APPLY SUPERPOSITION
We discuss some implications of the superposition property in
linear circuits
DEVELOP THEVENINS AND NORTONS THEOREMS
These are two very powerful analysis tools that allow us to
focus on parts of a circuit and hide away unnecessary complexities

MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

This is a very useful application of Thevenins and Nortons theorems

SOME EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS

ALREADY USED

LINEARITY
THE MODELS USED ARE ALL LINEAR.
MATHEMATICALLY THIS IMPLIES THAT THEY
SATISFY THE PRINCIPLE OF SUPERPOSITION

THE MODEL y Tu IS LINEAR IFF

T (1u1 2 u2 ) 1Tu1 2Tu2
for all possible input pairs u1, u2
and all possible scalars 1, 2
AN ALTERNATIVE, AND EQUIVALENT,
DEFINITION OF LINEARITY SPLITS THE
SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE IN TWO.

THE MODEL y Tu IS LINEAR IFF

1. T (u1 u2 ) Tu1 Tu2 , u1, u2 additivity
2. T (u) Tu, , u

homogeneity

NOTICE THAT, TECHNICALLY, LINEARITY CAN

NEVER BE VERIFIED EMPIRICALLY ON A SYSTEM.
BUT IT COULD BE DISPROVED BY A SINGLE
COUNTER EXAMPLE.
IT CAN BE VERIFIED MATHEMATICALLY FOR THE
MODELS USED.

The procedure can be made entirely algorithmic

USING HOMOGENEITY

1. Give to Vo any arbitrary value (e.g., Vo =1 )

2. Compute the resulting source value and call it V_s

3. Use linearity.

R EQ

V1

4. The given value of the source (V_s)

corresponds to

Assume that the answer is known. Can we

Compute the input in a very easy way ?!!

R1 R2
V0
R2

And Vs using a second voltage divider

VS

R4 REQ
REQ

R4 REQ R1 R2
V1
V0
REQ
R2

Solve now for the variable Vo

VS
VS'

Hence the desired output value is

If Vo is given then V1 can be computed

using an inverse voltage divider.

V1

VS' V0' kVS' kV0' , k

V0 kV0'

VS '
V
' 0
VS

This is a nice little tool

for special problems.
Normally when there is
only one source and
when in our judgement
solving the problem
backwards is actually
easier

SOLVE USING HOMOGENEITY

ASSUME Vout V2 1[V ]

I1
VO

NOW USE HOMOGENEITY

VO 6[V ] Vout 1[V ]

VO 12[V ] Vout 2[V ]

LEARNING EXTENSION
COMPUTE IO USING HOMOGENEIT Y. USE I 6mA
VS 1.5[mA] 2k V1 6[V ]
VS

0.5[mA]

2mA

1.5[mA]
V1 3[V ]

0.5[mA]

USE HOMOGENEIT Y
I 2mA I O 1mA
I 6mA I O ____

ASSUME IO 1mA

Source Superposition
This technique is a direct application of
linearity.
It is normally useful when the circuit has only
a few sources.
Current/voltage at any point can be calculated as the
algebraic sum of the individual contribution of each source
acting alone

We can apply this rule for both current and voltage sources

Voltage source to be shorted and current source to be open circuited

VS

FOR CLARITY WE SHOW A CIRCUIT

WITH ONLY TWO SOURCES

+ -

IL

circuit

Due to Linearity

VL
_

VL a1VS a2 I S
CONTRIBUTI ON BY VS
CONTRIBUTI ON BY I S
1
VL
V L2

IS

Can be computed by setting the current

source to zero and solving the circuit

Can be computed by setting the voltage

L
source to zero and solving the circuit

Circuit with voltage source

set to zero (SHORT CIRCUITED)

SOURCE SUPERPOSITION

I L2

1
L

1
L

Circuit with current

source set to zero(OPEN)
Due to the linearity of the models we must have

I L I L1 I L2

VL VL1 VL2

Principle of Source Superposition

The approach will be useful if solving the two circuits is simpler, or more convenient, than
solving a circuit with two sources
We can have any combination of sources. And we can partition any way we find convenient

VL2

LEARNING EXAMPLE

WE WISH TO COMPUTE THE CURRENT

Req 3 3 || 6 [k ] R 6 (3 || 3) [k ]
eq
i2"

Loop equations

v2

Req

Contribution of v1

Once we know the partial circuits

we need to be able to solve them in
an efficient manner

Contribution of v2

LEARNING EXAMPLE

Compute V0 using source superposit ion

We set to zero the voltage source

Current division

Ohms law

Now we set to zero the current source

Voltage Divider

2[V ]
6k

3V

V0"

V0 V0' V0" 6[V ]

+
-

3k

LEARNING EXAMPLE

Compute V0 using source superposit ion

We must be able to solve each circuit in a very
efficient manner!!!

If V1 is known then Vo is obtained using a voltage divider

V1 can be obtained by series parallel reduction and divider
Set to zero current source

+
-

V1

V1
_

Set to zero voltage source

6k

4k||8k

V1

2k

V1
_

8/3
(6)
2 8/ 3

V'0
_

2k

VO'

6k
18
V1 [V ]
6 k 2k
7

The current I2 can be obtained using a current divider

and Vo using Ohms law

I2
2k||4k
2mA

I2
6k

V"0

I2

2k (2k || 4k )
(2)mA
2k 6k (2k || 4k )

VO" 6kI 2
VO VO' VO"

2k
_
WHEN IN DOUBT REDRAW!

Sample Problem COMPUTE I 0 USING SOURCE SUPERPOSIT ION

1. Consider only the voltage source

I 01 1.5mA

2. Consider only the 3mA

source
3. Consider only the 4mA source

Current divider

I 02 1.5mA

I 03 0

Using source superposition

I 0 I 01 I 02 I 03 3mA

SUPERPOSITION APPLIED TO OP-AMP CIRCUITS

TWO SOURCES. WE ANALYZE ONE AT A TIME

CONTRIBUTION OF V1.
Basic inverter circuit

R2
VO 1 V1
R1

Principle of superposition

VO VO 1 VO 2

R2
R
V1 1 2 V2
R1
R1

CONTRIBUTION OF V2
Basic non-inverting amplifier
Notice redrawing for added
clarity

R2
VO 2 1 V2
R1

I1
IO1

I1
2

2
2

1
3

Linearity

Final Remarks on Superposition

1.

A circuit with three independent sources can be solved using each

2.

source acting alone Or

We could use two at a time and sum the result with that obtained
from the third acting alone

Home Work:
P(Superposition):
5.5, 5.6, 5.9, 5.12, 5.17, 5.19, 5.23, 5.26

P(Source Transformation):
5.79, 5.82, 5.85, 5.87, 5.89, 5.91, 5.93