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Mechanics of Materials 1
Sajid Ullah Butt
 Course Outline
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 Title:
 ME-211: Mechanics of Materials 1(MoM-I)
 Prerequisite for MoM I
 ME-112 Engineering Statics
 MoM-I as Prerequisite
 Mom-II (4th Semester)
 Machine Design I (4th Semester)
 Course Outline
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 Title:
 ME-211: Mechanics of Materials 1
 Text Book
 Mechanics of Materials, Russell C. Hibbeler 9e
 Ref. Books
 Introduction to Solid Mechanics by I H Shames, J M Pittaresi, 3rd Edition,
Prentice-Hall
 Engineering Mechanics of Solids by E P Popov, Prentice-Hall
 Grading
Quizzes (6-7) 15%
Assignments/project 5%
Sessional Exams (2) 30%
Final 50%
 Weblink
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https://sites.google.com/view/sajidullahbutt/
 To view/download the lecture slides
 Course Description
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 This course is a foundation to many advanced techniques that

allow engineers to
 design structures,
 predict failures and
 understand the strength, stiffness and stability of structures
 The course gives the student basic tools for
 analysing the performance of load carrying members
 Methods for determining the response of different engineering materials
under various simple loading situations
 Course Learning outcomes
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S.No Outcomes Level of PLO

Learning

1 Compute key variables of interest such as forces, C3 PLO1

stresses, strains and deflections etc. in prismatic structures
(e.g. rods, shafts, beams)

2 Analyse prismatic structures (e.g. rods, shafts, beams) for C4 PLO2

safety based on strength or deflection considerations
 Tentative Plan
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Week/
S. No Topic
Lecture
1 Stress 1-2
2 Strain 3
3 Mechanical properties of materials 4-5
4 Axial load 6-8
5 Torsion 9-11
6 Bending 12-14
7 Transverse shear 15-16
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Chapter 01

Stress
Mechanics of Materials 1
 Mechanics of materials
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 One of most important subjects of mechanical engineering

 A branch of mechanics that studies the internal effects of
stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to an
external loading
 Stress
 Associated with the strength of the material of the body
 strain
 A measure of the deformation of the body
 MOM also includes the study of the body’s stability when a
body such as a column is subjected to compressive loading
 Equilibrium of a Deformable Body
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 Some of the main principles of statics

 Applied/External Loads
 Surface forces
 Body forces

 Reaction
 Joint Reactions
 External Loads: Surface Forces
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 Surface forces are caused by the direct contact of one

body with the surface of another
 Concentrated Force
 If this area is small in comparison with the total surface
area of the body
 Distributed Force
 If the surface loading is applied along a narrow strip of
area, the loading (force/length) can be idealized as a
linear distributed load w (s)
 The resultant force FR of w(s) is equivalent to the area under
the distributed loading curve, and this resultant acts through
the centroid C or geometric center of this area.
 The loading along the length of a beam is a typical
example of where this idealization is often applied.
 External Loads: Surface Forces
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 External Loads: Body Forces
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 A body force is developed when one body exerts a force on

another body without direct physical contact between the
bodies
 The effects caused by the earth’s gravitation or its
electromagnetic field
 Normally represented by a single concentrated force acting on
the body
 In the case of gravitation, this force is called the weight of the
body and acts through the body’s center of gravity
 Support Reaction
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 The surface forces that develop at the supports or points of

contact between bodies are called reactions
 If the support prevents translation in a given direction, then a
force must be developed on the member in that direction.
 Likewise, if rotation is prevented, a couple moment must be
exerted on the member
 Support Reaction
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 Support Reaction
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 Equations of Equilibrium
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 Equilibrium
 Rotation and Translation
 In 3D

 In case of coplanar forces

 How to know all the forces acting on a body?

 Free Body Diagram
 Internal Resultant Loadings
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 Statics is primarily used to determine the

resultant loadings that act within a body
 Consider the body is held in equilibrium by the
four external forces
 We need to obtain the internal loadings acting
on a specific section
 There is actually a distribution of internal force
acting on the “exposed” area of the section
 These forces represent the effects of the
material of the top part of the body acting on
the adjacent material of the bottom part
 Internal Resultant Loadings
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 Although the exact distribution of this internal loading may be unknown, we

can use the equations of equilibrium to relate FR & MRO, at any specific
point O
 This section is referred to as the cross section
 Four types of resultant loadings
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 Normal force, N
 This force acts perpendicular to the area
 It is developed whenever the external loads tend to push or pull on the two
segments of the body
 Shear force, V
 The shear force lies in the plane of the area
 Tt is developed when the external loads tend to cause the two segments of the
body to slide over one another
 Torsional moment or torque, T
 This effect is developed when the external loads tend to twist one segment of
the body with respect to the other about an axis perpendicular to the area
 Bending moment, M
 The bending moment is caused by the external loads that tend to bend the body
about an axis lying within the plane of the area
 Coplanar Loadings
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 If the body is subjected to a

coplanar system of forces, which
type of resultant loading can be
neglected?
 Only N, V and M exist at the section
 We can apply
ƩFx = 0………….. To obtain N
ƩFy = 0………...... To obtain V
Ʃmo,z = 0……….. To obtain M
 Example 1-2
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Free Body Diagram

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 Example 1-4
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Free Body Diagram

 Example 1-4
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 Problem 1-11
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 Problem 1-21
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 Stress
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 Obtaining the distribution of forces is of primary

importance in mechanics of materials
 Consider the sectioned area to be subdivided into
small areas DA
 And assume that material is cohesive and continuous
 A small force DF acts at that area having a unique
direction
 If DA approaches to zero, so do DF and its
components but quotient of force and area
approach to a finite value
 This quotient is called stress
 Stress
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 The intensity of the internal force acting on a specific

plane (area) passing through a point
 Types
 Normal stress
 Shear stress
 Normal Stress
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 The intensity of the force acting normal to DA is

defined as the normal stress s (Sigma)

 Types
 Tensile
 Compressive

 Unit
 N/m2, Pa
 Shear Stress
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 The intensity of force acting tangent to DA is called

the shear stress , t (tau)
 General State of Stress
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 Average Normal Stress
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 Consider a bar of Homogeneous (having same physical

and mechanical properties throughout its volume), and
isotropic material (having these same properties in all
directions)
 When the load P is applied at the center axis, the bar
will deform uniformly throughout the central region
 Cut a section
 Average Normal Stress
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 Distribution of material is uniform >>>> cross

section must subjected to a constant normal stress
distribution
 Average Normal Stress
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 Load P passes through the centroid of the X-

section
 The uniform stress distribution will produce zero
moments about the x and y axes passing
through this point.
 Equilibrium of Normal Stress
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 Two normal stress components on the element must be

equal in magnitude but opposite in direction. This is
referred to as uniaxial stress
 P is equivalent to the volume under
the stress diagram
P=sA
 As a consequence of the balance of
moments, this resultant passes
through the centroid of this volume
 Max Average Normal Stress
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 If the bar is subjected to several external loads along

its axis, or due to change in its cross-section
 Stress may change from one section to other
 it becomes important to find the location where the ratio
P/A is maximum
 It is necessary to determine the internal force P at various
sections along the bar
 Example 1-5
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 Example 1-8
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 Stress (Revision)
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 The intensity of the internal force acting on a specific

plane (area) passing through a point.
 Types
 Normal stress
 Shear stress
 Normal Stress (Revision)
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 The intensity of the force acting normal to DA is

defined as the normal stress s (Sigma)

 Types
 Tensile
 Compressive

 Unit
 N/m^2, Pa
 Shear Stress (Revision)
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 The intensity of force acting tangent to DA is called

the shear stress , t (tau)
 Normal vs Shear Stress
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 Average Normal Stress (Revision)
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 Distribution of material is uniform >>>> cross

section must subjected to a constant normal stress
distribution
 Average Shear Stress
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 If the supports are rigid and force

is large?
 Cause the material to deform and fail
V = F/2
 The average shear stress
distributed over each sectioned
area that develops this shear force
is defined by

Simple/ Direct shear

 Shear Stress
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 Shear stress equilibrium
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 Force equilibrium

 Moment equilibrium

 Complementary property of shear

 Example 1-10
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 Preliminary Problem 1
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 Fundamental Problem 1-12
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 Problem 1-33
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The bar has a cross-sectional area A and is subjected to the axial

load P . Determine the average normal and average shear
stresses acting over the shaded section, which is oriented at q
from the horizontal.
 Problem 1-37
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 Problem 1-53
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 Problem 1-44 (Self Study)
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 Problem 1-61
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 Practice Problems
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 34, 36, 42, 55, 59, 65, 66

 Failure in joints
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 Allowable Stress Design
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 Mechanical elements are restricted to the load far less than

they can bear
 Reasons?
 Error in measurement
 Fabrication/Assembly errors
 Unknown vibrations, impact, or accidental loadings
 Atmospheric corrosion, decay, or weathering tend to cause materials to
deteriorate
 Material can show variability in mechanical properties
 How much less load?
 FOS
 Factor of Safety
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 The amount of FS is usually selected based on experience

 If the load applied to the member is linearly related to the stress

developed in the member

 In many cases, the factor of safety or the allowable stress for a specific
case can be found in design codes and engineering handbooks.
 Allowable stress design
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 Allowable stress design
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 Example 1-14 (Self Study)
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 Problem 1-70
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 Problem 1-79
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 Problem 1-91 (Self Study)
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 Practice Problems
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 71, 78, 80, 81, 84, 87, 88

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THE END
Stress