Distribution System Modeling and Analysis Electric 1 284 299

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10
Distribution Feeder Analysis
The analysis of a distribution feeder will typically consist of a study of the

feeder under normal steady-state operating conditions (power-flow analy-
sis), and a study under short-circuit conditions (short-circuit analysis). Mod-
els of all of the components of a distribution feeder have been developed in
previous chapters. These models will be applied for the analysis under
steady-state and short-circuit conditions.
10.1 Power-Flow Analysis

The power-flow analysis of a distribution feeder is similar to that of an
interconnected transmission system. Typically, what will be known prior to
the analysis will be the three-phase voltages at the substation and the com-
plex power of all of the loads and the load model (constant complex power,
constant impedance, constant current, or a combination). Sometimes the
input complex power supplied to the feeder from the substation is also
known.
In Chapters 6, 7, and 8 phase frame models were developed for the series
components of a distribution feeder. In Chapter 9 models were developed for
the shunt components (loads and capacitor banks). These models are used
in the power-flow analysis of a distribution feeder.
A power-flow analysis of a feeder can determine the following by phase
and total three-phase:
• Voltage magnitudes and angles at all nodes of the feeder

• Line flow in each line section specified in kW and kvar, amps and
degrees, or amps and power factor
• Power loss in each line section
• Total feeder input kW and kvar
• Total feeder power losses
• Load kW and kvar based upon the specified model for the load
269
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0812_frame_C10.fm Page 270 Friday, July 20, 2001 3:57 PM
270 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis
10.1.1 The Ladder Iterative Technique

Because a distribution feeder is radial, iterative techniques commonly used in
transmission network power-flow studies are not used because of poor con-
1
vergence characteristics. Instead, an iterative technique specifically designed
for a radial system is used.
10.1.1.1 Linear Network

A modification of the ladder network theory of linear systems provides a
2
robust iterative technique for power-flow analysis. A distribution feeder
is nonlinear because most loads are assumed to be constant kW and kvar.
However, the approach taken for the linear system can be modified to take
into account the nonlinear characteristics of the distribution feeder. Figure 10.1
shows a linear ladder network. For the ladder network it is assumed that
all of the line impedances and load impedances are known along with the
voltage at the source (Vs). The solution for this network is to assume a
voltage at the most remote load (V5). The load current I5 is then determined
as:
V
I 5 = --------5- (10.1)
ZL 5
For this end node case, the line current I45 is equal to the load current I5.
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL), the voltage at Node 4 (V4) can be
determined:
V 4 = V 5 + Z 45 ⋅ I 45 (10.2)
The load current I4 can be determined, and then Kirchhoff’s current law
(KCL) applied to determine the line current I34:
I 34 = I 45 + I 4 (10.3)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law is applied to determine the node voltage V3. This
procedure is continued until a voltage (V1) has been computed at the source.
Z Z 23 3 Z 34 Z 45
1 12 2 4 5
+
I 12 I2 I 23 I3 I 34 I4 I 45 I5
VS
ZL 2 ZL 3 ZL 4 ZL 5
-
FIGURE 10.1
Linear ladder network.
Distribution Feeder Analysis 271
The computed voltage V1 is compared to the specified voltage Vs. There will
be a difference between these two voltages. The ratio of the specified voltage
to the compute voltage can be determined as:
V
Ratio = ------s (10.4)
V1
Since the network is linear, all of the line and load currents and node voltages
in the network can be multiplied by the Ratio for the final solution to the
network.
10.1.1.2 Nonlinear Network

The linear network of Figure 10.1 is modified to a nonlinear network by
replacing all of the constant load impedances by constant complex power
loads as shown in Figure 10.2. The procedure outlined for the linear network
is applied initially to the nonlinear network. The only difference is that the
load current at each node is computed by:
S ∗
I n =  ------n  (10.5)
 V n
The forward sweep will determine a computed source voltage V1. As in the
linear case, this first iteration will produce a voltage that is not equal to the
specified source voltage Vs. Because the network is nonlinear, multiplying
currents and voltages by the ratio of the specified voltage to the computed
voltage will not give the solution. The most direct modification to the ladder
network theory is to perform a backward sweep. The backward sweep com-
mences by using the specified source voltage and the line currents from the
forward sweep. Kirchhoff’s voltage law is used to compute the voltage at
Node 2 by:
V 2 = V s – Z 12 ⋅ I 12 (10.6)
Z Z 23 3 Z 34 Z 45
1 12 2 4 5
+
I 12 I2 I 23 I3 I 34 I4 I 45 I5
VS S2 S3 S4 S5
FIGURE 10.2
Nonlinear ladder network.
This procedure is repeated for each line segment until a new voltage is deter-
mined at Node 5. Using the new voltage at Node 5, a second forward sweep
is started that will lead to a new computed voltage at the source.
The forward and backward sweep process is continued until the difference
between the computed and specified voltage at the source is within a given
tolerance.
Example 10.1
A single-phase lateral is shown in Figure 10.3. The line impedance is
z = 0.3 + j0.6 Ω/mile
The impedance of the line segment 1-2 is
3000
Z 12 = ( 0.3 + j0.6 ) ⋅ ------------ = 0.1705 + j0.3409 Ω
5280
The impedance of the line segment 2-3 is
4000
Z 23 = ( 0.3 + j0.6 ) ⋅ ------------ = 0.2273 + j0.4545 Ω
5280
The loads are
S 2 = 1500 + j750
( kW + jkvar )
S 3 = 900 + j500
The source voltage at Node 1 is 7200 V.

Compute the node voltages after one full iteration.
3000’ 4000’
S2 S3
FIGURE 10.3
Single-phase lateral.
The forward sweep begins by assuming the voltage at Node 3 to be 7200/0 .

The load current at Node 3 is computed to be
( 900 + j 500 ) ⋅ 1000 ∗

I 3 =  ------------------------------------------------ = 143.0/ – 29.0 A
 7200/ 0 
The current flowing in the line section 2-3 is
I 23 = I 3 = 143.0/ – 29.0 A
The voltage at Node 2 is computed to be
V 2 = V 3 + Z 23 ⋅ I 23 = 7200/ 0 + ( 0.2273 + j0.4545 ) ⋅ 143.0/ – 29.1

= 7260.1/0.32 V
The load current at Node 2 is
( 1500 + j 750 ) ⋅ 1000 ∗

I 2 =  --------------------------------------------------- = 231.0/ – 26.3 A
 7260 ⋅ 1 /0.32 
The current in line segment 1-2 is
I 12 = I 23 + I 2 = 373.9/ – 27.3 A
The computed voltage at the source Node 1 is
V 1 = V 2 + Z 12 ⋅ I 12 = 7376.2/0.97 V
At this point the magnitude of the computed voltage at Node 1 is compared

to the magnitude of the specified source voltage:
Error = V s – V 1 = 176.2 V
If the error is less than a specified tolerance, the solution has been achieved.
If the error is greater than the tolerance, the backward sweep begins. A typical
tolerance is 0.001 per unit, which on a 7200-V base is 7.2 V. Since the error
in this case is greater than the tolerance, the backward sweep begins by
setting the voltage at Node 1 to the specified source voltage:
V 1 = V s = 7200/ 0 V
Now the voltage at Node 2 is computed using this value of the Node 1
voltage and the computed line current in the forward sweep current:
V 2 = V 1 – Z ⋅ I 12 = 7200/ 0 – ( 0.1705 + j0.3409 ) ⋅ 373.9/ – 27.2

= 7085.4/ – 0.68 V
The backward sweep continues by computing the next downstream voltage.

All of the currents computed in the forward sweep are used in the backward
sweep:
V 3 = V 2 – Z ⋅ I 23 = 7026.0/ – 1.02 V
This completes the first iteration. At this point the forward sweep will be
repeated, only this time starting with the new voltage at Node 3 rather than
the initially assumed voltage.
10.1.2 The General Feeder

A typical distribution feeder will consist of the primary main, with laterals
tapped off the primary main and sublaterals tapped off the laterals, etc.
Figure 10.4 shows a typical feeder. The ladder iterative technique for the
feeder of Figure 10.4 would proceed as follows:
1 Source Node
10 11
4
8
12
5
13
9 7
FIGURE 10.4
Typical distribution feeder.
1. Assume three-phase voltages at the end nodes (6,8,9,11, and 13).

The usual assumption is to use the nominal voltages.
2. Starting at Node 13, compute the node current (load current plus
capacitor current if present).
3. With this current, apply Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) to calculate
the node voltages at 12 and 10.
4. Node 10 is referred to as a “junction” node since laterals branch in
two directions from the node. For this feeder, go to Node 11 and
compute the node current. Use that current to compute the voltage
at Node 10. This will be referred to as “the most recent voltage at
Node 10.”
5. Using the most recent value of the voltage at Node 10, the node
current at Node 10 (if any) is computed.
6. Apply Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) to determine the current
flowing from Node 4 toward Node 10.
7. Compute the voltage at Node 4.
8. Node 4 is a junction node. An end node downstream from Node 4
is selected to start the forward sweep toward Node 4.
9. Select Node 6, compute the node current, and then compute the
voltage at Junction Node 5.
10. Go to downstream end Node 8. Compute the node current and
then the voltage at Junction Node 7.
11. Go to downstream end Node 9. Compute the node current and
then the voltage at Junction Node 7.
12. Compute the node current at Node 7 using the most recent value
of the Node 7 voltage.
13. Apply KCL at Node 7 to compute the current flowing on the line
segment from Node 5 to Node 7.
15. Compute the node current at Node 5.
16. Apply KCL at Node 5 to determine the current flowing from
Node 4 toward Node 5.
19. Apply KCL at Node 4 to compute the current flowing from Node 3
to Node 4.
20. Calculate the voltage at Node 3.
22. Apply KCL at Node 3 to compute the current flowing from Node 2
to Node 3.

25. Apply KCL at Node 2.
27. Compare the calculated voltage at Node 1 to the specified source
voltage.
28. If not within tolerance, use the specified source voltage and the
forward sweep current flowing from Node 1 to Node 2, and com-
pute the new voltage at Node 2.
29. The backward sweep continues, using the new upstream voltage
and line segment current from the forward sweep to compute the
new downstream voltage.
30. The backward sweep is completed when new voltages at all end
nodes have been completed.
31. This completes the first iteration.
32. Repeat the forward sweep, only now using the new end voltages
rather than the assumed voltages as was done in the first iteration.
33. Continue the forward and backward sweeps until the calculated
voltage at the source is within a specified tolerance of the source
voltage.
34. At this point the voltages are known at all nodes, and the currents
flowing in all line segments are known. An output report can be
produced giving all desired results.
10.1.3 The Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution Feeder

The previous section outlined the general procedure for performing the
ladder iterative technique. This section will address how that procedure can
be used for an unbalanced three-phase feeder.
Figure 10.5 is the one-line diagram of an unbalanced three-phase feeder.
The topology of the feeder in Figure 10.5 is the same as the feeder in
Figure 10.4. Figure 10.5 shows more detail of the feeder, however. The
feeder of Figure 10.5 can be broken into “series” components and “shunt”
components.
10.1.3.1 Series Components

The series components of a distribution feeder are
• Line segments
• Transformers
• Voltage regulators
2
abc
3’
a
10 11
b b
4
c c
abc cba
8
4’ 12
c
5
a c
13
9 a
7
a
FIGURE 10.5
Unbalanced three-phase distribution feeder.
Node n Node m
Series Feeder
[Iabc] n Component [Iabc]m
[Vabc] [Vabc] m
n
FIGURE 10.6
Series feeder component.
Models for each of the series components have been developed in earlier
chapters. In all cases, models (three-phase, two-phase, and single-phase)
were in terms of generalized matrices. Figure 10.6 shows the general model
for each of the series components. The general equations defining the input
(Node n) and output (Node m) voltages and currents are given by:
[ V abc ] n = [ a ] ⋅ [ V abc ] m + [ b ] ⋅ [ I abc ] m (10.7)
[ I abc ] n = [ c ] ⋅ [ V abc ] m + [ d ] ⋅ [ I abc ] m (10.8)
The general equation relating the output (Node m) and input (Node n)
voltages are given by:
[ V abc ] m = [ A ] ⋅ [ V abc ] n – [ B ] ⋅ [ I abc ] m (10.9)
In Equations 10.7, 10.8, and 10.9 the voltages are line-to-neutral for a four-
wire wye feeder and equivalent line-to-neutral for a three-wire delta system.
For voltage regulators, the voltages are line-to-neutral for terminals that are
connected to a four-wire wye, and line-to-line when connected to a three-
wire delta.
10.1.3.2 Shunt Components

The shunt components of a distribution feeder are
• Spot loads
• Distributed loads
• Capacitor banks
Spot loads are located at a node and can be three-phase, two-phase, or single
phase, and connected in either a wye or a delta connection. The loads can
be modeled as constant complex power, constant current, constant imped-
ance, or a combination of the three.
Distributed loads are modeled in accordance with Figure 3.11. A distrib-
uted load is modeled when the loads on a line segment are uniformly
distributed along the length of the segment. As in the spot load, the distrib-
uted load can be three-phase, two-phase, or single-phase, and connected in
either a wye or delta. The loads can be modeled as constant complex power,
constant current, constant impedance or a combination of the three. Two
thirds of the load is connected at a dummy node located at the one-quarter
point of the line and the remaining one third of the load is connected at the
load end of the line segment.
Capacitor banks are located at a node and can be three-phase, two-phase,
or single-phase, and can be connected in a wye or delta. Capacitor banks are
modeled as constant admittances.
In Figure 10.5 the solid line segments represent overhead lines, while the
dashed lines represent underground lines. Note that the phasing is shown
for all of the line segments. In Chapter 4 the application of Carson’s equations
for computing the line impedances for overhead and underground lines was
presented. In that chapter it was pointed out that two-phase and single-phase
lines are represented by a three-by-three matrix with zeros set in the rows
and columns of the missing phases.
In Chapter 5 the method for the computation of the shunt capacitive
susceptance for overhead and underground lines was presented. Most of the
time the shunt capacitance of the line segment can be ignored, however, for
long underground line segments the shunt capacitance should be included.
The node currents may be three-phase, two-phase, or single-phase and

consist of the sum of the load current at the node plus the capacitor current
(if any) at the node.
10.1.4 Applying the Ladder Iterative Technique

Section 10.1.2 outlined the steps required for the application of the ladder
iterative technique. Generalized matrices have been developed in Chapters
6, 7, and 8 for the series devices. By applying the generalized matrices, the
computation of the voltage drops along a segment will always be the same
regardless of whether the segment represents a line, voltage regulator, or
transformer.
In the preparation of data for a power-flow study, it is extremely important
that the impedances and admittances of the line segments be computed using
the exact spacings and phasing. Because of the unbalanced loading and result-
ing unbalanced line currents, the voltage drops due to the mutual coupling
of the lines become very important. It is not unusual to observe a voltage
rise on a lightly loaded phase of a line segment that has an extreme current
unbalance.
The real power loss in a device should not be computed by using the phase
current squared times the phase resistance. In a balanced system that works,
however, in an unbalanced system, the real power losses of a line segment
must be computed as the difference (by phase) of the input power in a line
segment minus the output power of the line segment. It is possible to have
a negative power loss on a phase that is lightly loaded compared to the other
two phases. Computing power loss as the phase current squared times the
phase resistance does not give the actual real power loss in the phases.
10.1.5 Putting It All Together

At this point of the text, the models for all components of a distribution feeder
have been developed. The modified ladder interative technique has also been
developed. It is time to put them all together and demonstrate the power-
flow anlaysis of a very simple system. Example 10.2 will be long but will
demonstrate how the models of the components work together in applying
the modified ladder technique to achieve a final solution of the operating
characteristics of an unbalanced feeder.
Example 10.2
A very simple distribution feeder is shown in Figure 10.7. For the system in
Figure 10.7, the infinite bus voltages are balanced three-phase of 12.47 kV
line-to-line. The source line segment from Node 1 to Node 2 is a three-wire
delta 2000 ft. long and is constructed on the pole configuration of Figure 4.7.
The load line segment from Node 3 to Node 4 is 2500 ft. long and is also
constructed on the pole configuration of Figure 4.7, but is a four-wire wye.
Bus
[ZeqS] [ZeqL] Load

1 2 3 4
FIGURE 10.7
Example 10.2 feeder.
Both line segments use 336,400 26/7 ACSR phase conductors, and the neutral
conductor on the four-wire wye line is 4/0 6/1 ACSR. Since the lines are short,
the shunt admittance will be neglected. The phase impedance matrices for
the two line segments are
0.1414 + j0.5353 0.0361 + j0.3225 0.0361 + j0.2752

[ ZeqS ABC ] = 0.0361 + j0.3225 0.1414 + j0.5353 0.0361 + j0.2955 Ω
0.0361 + j0.2752 0.0361 + j0.2955 0.1414 + j0.5353
0.1907 + j0.5035 0.0607 + j0.2302 0.0598 + j0.1751

[ ZeqL abc ] = 0.0607 + j0.2302 0.1939 + j0.4885 0.0614 + j0.1931 Ω
0.0598 + j0.1751 0.0614 + j0.1931 0.1921 + j0.4970
The transformer bank is connected delta-grounded wye and consists of three

single-phase transformers each rated:
2000 kVA, 12.47 – 2.4 kV, Z = 1.0 + j6.0%
The feeder serves an unbalanced three-phase wye-connected load of:
Sa = 750 kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor

Sb = 1000 kVA at 0.90 lagging power factor
Sc = 1250 kVA at 0.95 lagging power factor
Before starting the iterative solution, the generalized matrices for the three
series components must be defined.
SOURCE LINE SEGMENT
Equations 6.9 and 6.18:
1 0 0
[ a1 ] = [ d1 ] = [ U ] = 0 1 0
0 0 1
Equation 6.10:
0.1414 + j0.5353 0.0361 + j0.3225 0.0361 + j0.2752

[ b 1 ] = [ ZeqS ABC ] = 0.0361 + j0.3225 0.1414 + j0.5353 0.0361 + j0.2955
0.0361 + j0.2752 0.0361 + j0.2955 0.1414 + j0.5353
Equation 6.17:
[ c1 ] = [ 0 ]
Equation 6.27:
1 0 0
–1
[ A1 ] = [ a1 ] = 0 1 0
0 0 1
Equation 6.28:
–1
[ B1 ] = [ a1 ] ⋅ [ b1 ]
0.1414 + j0.5353 0.0361 + j0.3225 0.0361 + j0.2752

= 0.0361 + j0.3225 0.1414 + j0.5353 0.0361 + j0.2955
0.0361 + j0.2752 0.0361 + j0.2955 0.1414 + j0.5353
LOAD LINE SEGMENT (using the same equations as for the source segment)
1 0 0
[ a2 ] = [ d2 ] = 0 1 0
0 0 1
0.1907 + j0.5035 0.0607 + j0.2302 0.0598 + j0.1751

[ b 2 ] = 0.0607 + j0.2302 0.1939 + j0.4885 0.0614 + j0.1931
0.0598 + j0.1751 0.0614 + j0.1931 0.1921 + j0.4970
[ c2 ] = [ 0 ]
1 0 0
[ A2 ] = 0 1 0
0 0 1
0.1907 + j0.5035 0.0607 + j0.2302 0.0598 + j0.1751

[ B 2 ] = 0.0607 + j0.2302 0.1939 + j0.4885 0.0614 + j0.1931
0.0598 + j0.1751 0.0614 + j0.1931 0.1921 + j0.4970
TRANSFORMER
The transformer impedance must be converted to actual values in ohms
referenced to the low-voltage windings.
2
2.4 ⋅ 1000
Z base = -------------------------- = 2.88 Ω
2000
Zt low = ( 0.01 + j0.06 ) ⋅ 2.88 = 0.0288 + j0.1728 Ω
The transformer phase impedance matrix is
0.0288 + j0.1728 0 0
[ Zt abc ] = 0 0.0288 + j0.1728 0 Ω
0 0 0.0288 + j0.1728
12.47
The turns ratio: n t = ------------- = 5.1958
2.4
12.47
The transformer ratio: a t = ------------------- = 2.9998
3 ⋅ 2.4
The generalized matrices are
Equation 8.26:
–n 0 2 1 0 – 3.4639 – 1.7319
[ a t ] = --------t ⋅ 1 0 2 = – 1.7319 0 – 3.4639
3
2 1 0 – 3.4639 – 1.7319 0
Equation 8.30:
–n 0 2 ⋅ Zt Zt
[ b t ] = --------t ⋅ Zt 0 2 ⋅ Zt
3
2 ⋅ Zt Zt 0
0 −0.0998 – j0.5986 −0.0499 – j0.2993

[ b t ] = −0.0499 – j0.2993 0 −0.0998 – j0.5986
−0.0998 – j0.5986 −0.0499 – j0.2993 0
Equation 8.45:
0 0 0
[ ct ] = 0 0 0
0 0 0
Equation 8.44:
1 –1 0 0.1925 – 0.1925 0
1
[ d t ] = ---- ⋅ 0 1 – 1 = 0 0.1925 – 0.1925
nt
–1 0 1 – 0.1925 0 0.1925
Equation 8.35:
1 0 –1 0.1925 0 – 0.1925
1
[ A t ] = ---- ⋅ – 1 1 0 = – 0.1925 0.1925 0
nt
0 –1 1 0 – 0.1925 0.1925
Equation 8.38:
0.0288 + j0.1728 0 0
[ B t ] = [ Zt abc ] = 0 0.0288 + j0.1728 0
0 0 0.0288 + j0.1728
Define infinite bus line-to-line and line-to-neutral voltages:
12,470/30
[ ELL s ] = 12,470/−90 V
12,470/150
7199.6/0
[ ELN s ] = 7199.6/−120 V
7199.6/120
Set the line-to-neutral voltages at Node 4 equal to the nominal voltage shifted
by 30 degrees:
2400/−30
[ V4 ] = 2400/−150 V
2400/90
Define the Node 4 loads:
750/31.79
[ S4 ] = 1000/25.84 kVA
1250/18.19
Start the forward sweep by computing the load currents at Node 4:
312.5/−61.8
 S i ⋅ 1000 ∗
I4 i = --------------------- = 416.7/ – 175.8 A
 V4 i 
520.8/71.8
Compute the voltages and currents at Node 3:
2470.9/ – 29.5
[ V3 ] = [ a 2 ] ⋅ [ V4 ] + [ b 2 ] ⋅ [ I4 ] = 2534.4/ – 148.4 V
2509.5/94.1
312.5/61.8
[ I3 ] = [ c 2 ] ⋅ [ V4 ] + [ d 2 ] ⋅ [ I4 ] = 416.7/ – 175.8 A
520.8/71.8
Compute the voltages and currents at Node 2:
7956.4/3.3
[ V2 ] = [ a t ] ⋅ [ V3 ] + [ b t ] ⋅ [ I3 ] = 7344.5/ – 113.4 V
7643.0/120.5
118.2/ – 23.5
[ I2 ] = [ c t ] ⋅ [ V3 ] + [ d t ] ⋅ [ I3 ] = 150.3/ – 137.8 A
148.3/88.9
Compute the equivalent LN voltages and line currents at Node 1:
7985.9/3.4
[ V1 ] = [ a 1 ] ⋅ [ V 2 ] + [ b 1 ] ⋅ [ I2 ] = 7370.6/ – 113.2 V
7673.6/120.7
118.2/ – 23.5
[ I1 ] = [ c 1 ] ⋅ [ V2 ] + [ d 1 ] ⋅ [ I2 ] = 150.3/ – 137.8 A
148.3/88.9

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0812_frame_C10.

fm Page 269 Friday, July 20, 2001 3:57 PM

The analysis of a distribution feeder will typically consist of a study of the

10.1 Power-Flow Analysis

• Voltage magnitudes and angles at all nodes of the feeder

270 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

10.1.1 The Ladder Iterative Technique

10.1.1.1 Linear Network

Distribution Feeder Analysis 271

10.1.1.2 Nonlinear Network

272 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

z = 0.3 + j0.6 Ω/mile

The impedance of the line segment 1-2 is

The impedance of the line segment 2-3 is

The loads are

The source voltage at Node 1 is 7200 V.

Distribution Feeder Analysis 273

The forward sweep begins by assuming the voltage at Node 3 to be 7200/0 .

( 900 + j 500 ) ⋅ 1000 ∗

The current flowing in the line section 2-3 is

The voltage at Node 2 is computed to be

V 2 = V 3 + Z 23 ⋅ I 23 = 7200/ 0 + ( 0.2273 + j0.4545 ) ⋅ 143.0/ – 29.1

The load current at Node 2 is

( 1500 + j 750 ) ⋅ 1000 ∗

The current in line segment 1-2 is

The computed voltage at the source Node 1 is

At this point the magnitude of the computed voltage at Node 1 is compared

274 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

V 2 = V 1 – Z ⋅ I 12 = 7200/ 0 – ( 0.1705 + j0.3409 ) ⋅ 373.9/ – 27.2

The backward sweep continues by computing the next downstream voltage.

10.1.2 The General Feeder

Distribution Feeder Analysis 275

1. Assume three-phase voltages at the end nodes (6,8,9,11, and 13).

276 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

23. Calculate the voltage at Node 2.

10.1.3 The Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution Feeder

10.1.3.1 Series Components

Distribution Feeder Analysis 277

[ V abc ] n = [ a ] ⋅ [ V abc ] m + [ b ] ⋅ [ I abc ] m (10.7)

[ I abc ] n = [ c ] ⋅ [ V abc ] m + [ d ] ⋅ [ I abc ] m (10.8)

278 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

[ V abc ] m = [ A ] ⋅ [ V abc ] n – [ B ] ⋅ [ I abc ] m (10.9)

10.1.3.2 Shunt Components

Distribution Feeder Analysis 279

The node currents may be three-phase, two-phase, or single-phase and

10.1.4 Applying the Ladder Iterative Technique

10.1.5 Putting It All Together

280 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis

[ZeqS] [ZeqL] Load

0.1414 + j0.5353 0.0361 + j0.3225 0.0361 + j0.2752

0.1907 + j0.5035 0.0607 + j0.2302 0.0598 + j0.1751

The transformer bank is connected delta-grounded wye and consists of three

2000 kVA, 12.47 – 2.4 kV, Z = 1.0 + j6.0%

The feeder serves an unbalanced three-phase wye-connected load of:

Sa = 750 kVA at 0.85 lagging power factor

SOURCE LINE SEGMENT

Equations 6.9 and 6.18:

Distribution Feeder Analysis 281

0.1414 + j0.5353 0.0361 + j0.3225 0.0361 + j0.2752

0.1414 + j0.5353 0.0361 + j0.3225 0.0361 + j0.2752

0.1907 + j0.5035 0.0607 + j0.2302 0.0598 + j0.1751

0.1907 + j0.5035 0.0607 + j0.2302 0.0598 + j0.1751

282 Distribution System Modeling and Analysis