Basic Electrical and Electronics

Engineering (EEE1001)

Presented By
Dr. Maddela Chinna Obaiah
Assistant Professor (Sr)
School of Electrical Engineering
 Text Book:
 John Bird, ‘Electrical circuit theory and technology’ , Newnes
publications, 4th Edition, 2010.
 Reference Books
 Allan R. Hambley, ‘Electrical Engineering -Principles & Applicat ions ’
Pearson Education, First Impression, 6/e, 2013.
 Simon Haykin, ‘Communication Systems ’ , John Wiley & Sons, 5 th
Edition, 2009.
 Charles K Alexander, Mathew N O Sadiku, ‘Fundamentals of Electric
Circuits ’, Tata McGraw Hill, 2012.
 Batarseh, ‘Power Electronics Circuits’, Wiley, 2003.
 W. H. Hayt , J. E. Kemmerly and S. M. Durbin, ‘Engineering Circuit
Analysis’, 6/e, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2011.
 Fitzgerald, Higgabogan, Grabel, ‘Basic Electrical Engineering’, 5th
edn, McGraw Hill, 2009.
 S.L.Uppal, ‘Electrical Wiring Estimating and Costing’, Khanna
publishers, NewDelhi, 2008.
Course Content:
Basic Electrical and
Electronics Engineering
(EEE1001)

Module 1: Module 3:
DC circuits Electrical Machines

Module 2: Module 4:
AC circuits Digital Systems

Module 5:
Semiconductor devices and Circuits
Communication Engineering
Module – 2: AC circuits
 Alternating voltages and currents, AC values,
 Single Phase RL, RC, RLC Series circuits,
 Power in AC circuits –Power Factor
 Three Phase Systems – Star and Delta
Connection
 Three Phase Power Measurement
 Electrical Safety –Fuses and Earthing,
 Res idential wiring.
Representation of Sinusoidal
 Wave form

 Equation

 Phasor
 BASIC TRIGONOMETRY
RADIANS AND DEGREES
ESSENTIAL IDENTITIES
2 radians  360 degrees
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos sin  180
 (rads)   (degrees)
cos(   )  cos cos   sin  sin  

sin( )   sin  ACCEPTED EE CONVENTION

cos( )  cos 
sin( t  )  sin( t  90)
2
SOME DERIVED IDENTITIES
sin(   )  sin  cos   cos sin 
cos(   )  cos cos   sin  sin 
1 1
sin  cos   sin(   )  sin(   )
2 2
1 1
cos cos   cos(   )  cos(   )
2 2
Phasors
Phasor Transformation
Transform the frequency (phasor) domain voltage volts into the time-
domain.
volts
Phasor diagrams
 Phasor diagram is a sketch in
a complex plane showing the
relationship between the
phasor voltage and phasor
current for a given circuit.
Phasor Relationships for Circuit Elements
 Resistor
Consider AC current
Voltage across it given by
The phasor form of this voltage is
The phasor form of current is
Hence,

a) time-domain Phasor Diagram Current and voltage waveforms

b) Phasor domain
Inductor:
The phasor transform of derivative is

Consider AC current flowing through inductor

The voltage across the inductor is
It is becomes
Capacitor:
The phasor transform of derivative is

Consider AC voltage across Capacitor, v

The current through the capacitor is
It is becomes
Problem:

Problem:
 Impedance
 As a complex quantity, the impedance may be expressed in
rectangular and polar form as

where =resistance, and reactance

 In a purely inductive circuit the opposition to the flow of

alternating current is called the inductive reactance,
 In a purely capacitive circuit the opposition to the flow of
alternating current is called the capacitive reactance,
R-L Series Circuit

From Phasor diagram (b)

(total opposition offered to the flow of

alternating current by R-L series
circuit is known as impedance of the
circuit).
The impedance triangle from phasor diagram (b) is shown in Fig. (c).

From impedance triangle,

From Fig. (d), it is evident that voltage leads

the current by an angle such that
Problem: A coil has a resistance of 4 and an inductance of 9.55mH.
Calculate (a) the reactance, (b) the impedance, and (c) the current
taken from a 240V, 50Hz supply. Determine also the phase angle
between the supply voltage and current.

Solution: Given data

R=4; L =9.55mH=9.55×10−3H; f =50Hz; V =240V

(a)Inductive reactance, XL =2πfL =2π(50)(9.55×10−3)=3

(b) Impedance, Z =√(R2 +XL2 )=√(42+32)=5
(c) Current, I = V/Z= 240/5=48A
The circuit and phasor diagrams and the voltage and impedance
triangles are as shown in Figure.
Since tanφ= XL/R, φ= tan−1 (XL/R) = tan−1 (3/4) = 36.87◦ lagging
Problem: A pure inductance of 1.273mH is connected in series
with a pure resistance of 30. If the frequency of the sinusoidal
supply is 5kHz and the p.d. across the 30 resistor is 6V, determine
the value of the supply voltage and the voltage across the 1.273mH
inductance. Draw the phasor diagram.
Solution: Given data
L=1.273mH, R=30 ohm, VR=6V, f=5kHz
Supply voltage, V =IZ
Current I = VR /R= 6/30=0.20A
Inductive reactance XL=2πfL=2π(5×103)(1.273×10−3)=40
Impedance, Z =√(R2 +XL2)=√(302+402)=50
Supply voltage V =IZ=(0.20)(50)=10V
Voltage across the 1.273mH inductance, VL=IXL=(0.2)
(40)=8V
The phasor diagram is shown in Figure.
Fig. Phasor diagram
Problem

Solution
Problem

Solution
 R-C Series Circuit

From Phasor diagram (b)

(total opposition offered to the flow of

alternating current by R-C series
circuit is known as impedance of the
circuit).
The impedance triangle from phasor diagram (b) is shown in Fig. (c).

From impedance triangle,

From Fig. (d), it is evident that voltage

leads the current by an angle such that

(d) I leads V by angle

Problem: A resistor of 25 is connected in series with a capacitor of
45μF. Calculate (a) the impedance, and (b) the current taken from a
240V, 50Hz supply. Find also the phase angle between the supply
voltage and the current.

Solution: Given date

R=25; C = 45μF = 45×10−6 F; V =240V; f =50Hz
Capacitive reactance, XC = 12πfC= 12π(50)(45×10−6)= 70.74
(a) Impedance Z =√(R2 +XC2)=√[(25)2+(70.74)2]=75.03
(b) Current I = V/Z= 240/75.03=3.20A
Phase angle between the supply voltage and current from
impedance triangle,
α= tan−1(XC/R)
hence α= tan-1(70.7425)=70.54◦ leading
 Problem

Solution
R-L-C Series Circuit
When XL=XC (from (d)), the applied voltage V and the current I are in
phase. This effect is called series resonance
 Problem

Solution
Ans: Current I = 5.15 A, phase difference
(lagging), Power consumed =371.1 W.

Problem: A 40μF capacitor in series with a coil of resistance 8 ohm

and inductance 80mH is connected to a 200V, 100Hz supply.
Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the
phase angle between voltage and current, (d) the voltage across the
coil, and (e) the voltage across the capacitor.

Ans: (a) 13.18 (b) 15.17A (c) 52.63◦ lagging (d) 772.1V (e)
603.6V
Resonance in RLC circuits
Power in AC circuits
Instantaneous & average power
 The instantaneous power p(t) absorbed by an element is the
product of the instantaneous voltage v(t) across the element
and the instantaneous current i(t) through it.

 The instantaneous power is the power at any instant of time. It

is the rate at which an element absorbs energy.

 The Average power is the average of the instantaneous power

over a one cycle.
Instantaneous & average power in R-L
or R-C or R-L-C series Circuit
Average power
 For a resistive network

 For a reactive network,

Power in Resistive, Inductive and
Capacitive Circuit

𝜃𝑣=0,𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃𝑖 =0 𝜃𝑣=0,𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃𝑖 =−90  𝜃𝑣=0,𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃𝑖 =90 

 1 1
p  VP IP cos   VP IP cos( 2t   )
2 2

 The expression for p has two components

 The second part oscillates at 2 and has an average
value of zero over a complete cycle
 this is the power that is stored in the reactive elements and
then returned to the circuit within each cycle
 The first part represents the power dissipated in
resistive components. Average power dissipation is
1 V I
P  VP IP (cos  )  P  P  (cos  )  VI cos 
2 2 2
 The average power dissipation given by
1
P  VP IP (cos  )  VI cos 
2

is termed the active power in the circuit and is

measured in watts (W)
 The product of the r.m.s. voltage and current VI is
termed the apparent power, S. To avoid
confusion this is given the units of volt amperes
(VA)
 From the above discussion it is clear that
P  VI cos 
 S cos 
 In other words, the active power is the apparent
power times the cosine of the phase angle.
 This cosine is referred to as the power factor
Active power (in watts)
 Power factor
Apparent power (in volt amperes)

P
Power factor   cos 
S
Active and Reactive Power
 When a circuit has resistive and reactive parts, the
resultant power has 2 parts:
 The first is dissipated in the resistive element. This is
the active power, P
 The second is stored and returned by the reactive
element. This is the reactive power, Q , which has units
of volt amperes reactive or var
 While reactive power is not dissipated it does have
an effect on the system
 for example, it increases the current that must be
supplied and increases losses with cables
 Consider an
RL circuit
 the relationship
between the various
forms of power can
be illustrated using
a power triangle
 Therefore

Active Power P = VI cos  watts

Reactive Power Q = VI sin  var

Apparent Power S = VI VA

S2 = P 2 + Q 2
Power Factor Correction

 Power factor is particularly important in high-power

applications
 Inductive loads have a lagging power factor
 Capacitive loads have a leading power factor
 Many high-power devices are inductive
 a typical AC motor has a power factor of 0.9 lagging
 the total load on the national grid is 0.8-0.9 lagging
 this leads to major efficiencies
 power companies therefore penalise industrial users who
introduce a poor power factor
 The problem of poor power factor is tackled by
adding additional components to bring the power
factor back closer to unity
 a capacitor of an appropriate size in parallel with a

lagging load can ‘cancel out’ the inductive element

 this is power factor correction

 a capacitor can also be used in series but this is less

common (since this alters the load voltage)

Power Transfer

 When looking at amplifiers, we noted that maximum

power transfer occurs in resistive systems when the
load resistance is equal to the output resistance
 this is an example of matching
 When the output of a circuit has a reactive element
maximum power transfer is achieved when the load
impedance is equal to the complex conjugate of the
output impedance
 this is the maximum power transfer theorem
 Thus if the output impedance Zo = R + jX, maximum
power transfer will occur with a load ZL = R - jX