TEK 152015

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT 1

Chapter 4
Node and Loop Analysis
Ver: 18 April 2020

1
 Node and Loop Analysis

500 500
+
I1
500 V 1k 500 I2
–

Summing Circuit
I1 = 3mA and I2 = 4mA

2
 Node and Loop Analysis
 The output voltage V of this circuit is
proportional to the sum of the two input
currents I1 and I2.
 There are no series or parallel resistors to
combine.
 We do not have a single loop or a double
node circuit.

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 Node and Loop Analysis
 Node analysis and loop analysis are both
circuit analysis methods which are systematic
and apply to most circuits.
 Analysis of circuits using node or loop
analysis requires solutions of systems of
linear equations.
 These equations can usually be written by
inspection of the circuit.

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 Node Analysis
Advantages of Node Analysis
 Solves directly for node voltages.
 Current sources are easy.
 Voltage sources are either very easy or
somewhat difficult.
 Works best for circuits with few nodes.
 Works for any circuit.

5
 Node Analysis
Calculation Steps:
 Choose a reference node.
 Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
 Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference node; express currents in terms of
node voltages.
 Solve the system of linear equations.

6
 Node Analysis

500 500
+
I1
500 V 1k 500 I2
–

The reference node is called the ground node.

7
 Node Analysis
Calculation Steps:
 Choose a reference node.
 Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
 Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference node; express currents in terms of
node voltages.
 Solve the system of linear equations.

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 Node Analysis

V1 500 V 500 V3
2

1 2 3
I1 1k 500 I2
500

V1, V2, and V3 are unknowns for which we solve using

KCL.

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 Node Analysis
Calculation Steps:
 Choose a reference node.
 Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
 Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference node; express currents in terms
of node voltages.
 Solve the system of linear equations.

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 Node Analysis

KCL

V1 500 V2 V1
V1
500
500
V1  V2
500

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 Node Analysis

KCL at Node 1
V1 500 V2

I1
500

V1  V2 V1
I1  
500 500
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 Node Analysis

KCL at Node 2
V1 500 V2 500 V3

1k

V2  V1 V2 V2  V3
  0
500 1k 500 13
 Node Analysis

KCL at Node 3
V2 500 V3

500 I2

V3  V2 V3
  I2
500 500
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 Node Analysis
Calculation Steps:
 Choose a reference node.
 Assign node voltages to the other nodes.
 Apply KCL to each node other than the
reference node; express currents in terms of
node voltages.
 Solve the system of linear equations.

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 Node Analysis
System of Equations
 Node 1:

 1 1  V2
V1     I1
 500 500  500
 Node 2:

V1  1 1 1  V3
  V2     0
500  500 1k 500  500
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 Node Analysis
System of Equations
 Node 3:

V2  1 1 
  V3     I2
500  500 500 

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 Node Analysis
 The left side of the equation:
 The node voltage is multiplied by the sum
of conductances of all resistors
connected to the node.
 Other node voltages are multiplied by the
negative conductance of the resistor(s)
connected to the node.

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 Node Analysis
 The right side of the equation:
 The right side of the equation is the
currents from sources entering the node.

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 Node Analysis

 1 1 1 
 500  500 
500
0  V
   1   I1 
1 1 1 1 1
      V2    0 
 500 500 1k 500 500     
 1 1 1  V3   I 2 
 0  
500 500 500 

Matrix equation
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 Node Analysis
 The equation can be written in matrix-vector
form as
GV=I
 The solution to the equation can be written as
V = G-1 I

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 Node Analysis
Solution using MATLAB

I1 = 3mA, I2 = 4mA

>> A = [1/500+1/500 -1/500 0;

-1/500 1/500+1/1000+1/500 -1/500;
0 -1/500 1/500+1/500];
>> i = [3e-3; 0; 4e-3];

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 Node Analysis
>> v = inv(A)*i
v =
1.3333
1.1667
1.5833

V1 = 1.33V, V2=1.17V, V3=1.58V

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Case Study 1

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 Node Analysis
KCL at Node 1

KCL at Node 2

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 Node Analysis

Solution

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 Loop Analysis
Advantages of Loop Analysis
 Solves directly for some currents.
 Voltage sources are easy.
 Current sources are either very easy or
somewhat difficult.
 Works best for circuits with few loops.

27
 Loop Analysis
Calculation Steps:
 Assign current direction on each loop.
 Apply KVL to each loop; express voltage in
terms of loop currents.
 Solve the system of linear equations.

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 Loop Analysis

Network with 2 loop currents

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 Loop Analysis

Current direction on each loop

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 Loop Analysis

KVL at Loop 1

KVL at Loop 2

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Case Study 2

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 Case Study 2

KVL at Loop 1, 2 and 3

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 Case Study 2

Simplified system of linear equations

I1 = 3A; I2 = 2A; I3 = 3A

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 Matrix Inversion
 Given the 2x2 matrix A

a b 
A 
c d 
 The inverse of A is

1 1  d  b
A   
a d  b c  c a 
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