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- Methods of Analysis-
3) Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages
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Exercise
Determine the node voltages in the below circuit.
(2)
(1)
4
Exercise
Determine the node voltages in the below circuit.
Node 2
(x 12)
(2)
Node 1
(x 4)
(1)
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Exercise
Determine the node voltages in the below circuit.
Node 2
(x
8)
Node 3
Node 1
3 equations, 3 unknowns
(x
4)
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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
CASE 1:
If connected between reference
and non-reference node, set the CASE 2:
voltage of the non-reference If connected between two non-
node equal to the voltage of the reference nodes, the two non-
voltage source reference node forms a
“supernode”.
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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
Determine the node voltages in the below circuit.
KCL at the supernode
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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
Determine the node voltages in the below circuit.
(1)
From 1 & 2:
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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
Determine the node voltages in the below circuit.
2 supernodes!
1) KCL @ Supernode 1-2:
(re-arrange)
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Nodal Analysis with Voltage Sources
Determine the node voltages in the below circuit.
3)KVL for 3 independent loops
i)
ii)
iii)
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Mesh Analysis
Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analyzing circuits,
using mesh currents as the circuit variable.
STEPS:
1. Assign mesh currents i1,i2,…,in to the n meshes
2. Apply KVL to all meshes.
Use Ohm’s law to express voltages in terms of
mesh currents
3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations
to get mesh currents Non-planar circuit: A circuit that can not be
drawn on a single planar surface, without
branches crossing each other.
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Exercise
Find mesh and branch currents for the below circuit
(1)
(2)
2 equations, 2 unknowns
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Exercise
Find mesh and branch currents for the below circuit
KVL mesh 1:
KVL mesh 2:
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Exercise
Find mesh currents for the below circuit
KVL mesh 1:
KVL mesh 2:
KVL mesh 3:
3 equations, 3 unknowns
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Solving 3 equations using Cramer’s rule:
Obtain determinant
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Mesh Analysis with current sources
CASE 1: CASE 2:
When a current source exists only in one When a current source exists between
mesh: two meshes (supermesh!):
KVL
KCL
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Exercise
For the below circuit, find mesh currents
KVL on supermesh
(3)
KVL on mesh 4
(4)
4 equations, 4 unknowns
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Nodal vs. Mesh Analysis
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PSPICE
A freeware, with which you can observe the voltages, currents (and many other features that you’ll
be learning in future courses) within a circuit. Some tutorial links are listed below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8yozqAC2TyM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwukY3FLy2s
http://www.hkn.umn.edu/resources/files/spice/PSpiceTutorialHKN.pdf
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DC Transistor Circuits
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DC Transistor Circuits
A transistor is the most widely used circuit element in personal computers and customer electronics.
Two types: bipolar junction transistors (BJT) and field-effect transistors (FET).
KCL
KVL
Where, α and β are known as common-based current gain, and common-emitter current gain
α takes values between 0.98-0.999 , and β takes values between: 50-1000
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Exercise: applying methods of analysis to transistor circuits
For the circuit below, find IB, IC, vo. Assume active mode of operation, and β = 50.
KVL at input loop:
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Exercise: Solve using mesh analysis
For the circuit below, find vo. Assume active mode of operation, and β = 150.
KVL at loop 1:
(1)
KVL at loop 2:
(2)
From 1 & 2
KVL at loop 3:
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Exercise: Solve using nodal analysis
For the circuit below, find vo. Assume active mode of operation, and β = 50.
KCL at node 1
KCL at node 2
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