Linear Circuit Analysis I

EE 201

Chapter 3
Nodal and Loop Analysis

Electrical Engineering Department

American University of The Middle East (AUM)

2
 Objectives
• Introduce and apply the concept of nodal and loop analysis.
• Formulate and solve the node and loop equations for linear circuit
analysis.
E2
-

+
2mA
E6 - E5 - - E7
E5 E6 + + +
V1 I 5 - V2 -
+

+
2KΩ I2 4KΩ 2KΩ I3
I3 6KΩ I4 I6
10 V
+ +
2KΩ
+ - - E3
+

6KΩ
E3 3KΩ E4 6KΩ E7 1KΩ E1 Ia E2 Ib - Ic E4
-
- - - - + 2mA + 4mA
12 V

ABET ABET
Student Outcome (a) Student Outcome (e)
Ability to apply knowledge of mathematics, statistics, Ability to identify, formulate and solve problems
science and engineering principles. encountered in the practice of electrical engineering.
 General concept of Loop Current

• The Steps required to analyze a circuit:

• Specify the independent loops

• Assign a current for each loop (clockwise).

• Note that N loops result in N unknown currents.

• Apply KVL for each loop.

• Solve a system of linear equations to obtain all voltages.

 General concept of Loop Current
9Ω
Loop Analysis:
It is an organized means to calculate branch
currents in a circuit. I R3 3Ω I2 6Ω

For each loop (closed path ) in the circuit, using I1 A B

Vin
KVL write the loop equation. For example Loop 1 6Ω
equation:
Vin  9I 1  3I 1  I 2   6 I 1  I 3  6Ω I3 3Ω

Solving the three loop equations to obtain the loop

currents: NOTE: Mesh analysis
I 1 , I 2 and I 3 It is a special type of loop analysis
applied for circuits that can be drawn on
Therefore the branch currents are: a plan without branch crossing.
I R3  I 1  I 2 and I AB  I 3  I 2 “A mesh is a loop which does not
contain any other loops within it.”
See your textbook, P. 128.
 Loop Analysis
Example 3.1:
Find the currents and voltages for all elements.
Solution:
Apply KVL loop-1
−15 + 50𝐼1 + 200 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = 0

250𝐼1 − 200𝐼2 = 15 (1)

Apply KVL loop-2

-200 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 100 𝐼2 + 100𝐼2 = 0

-200𝐼1 + 400 𝐼2 = 0 (2)

𝐼1 = 0.1 𝐴
𝐼2 = 0.05 𝐴
 Loop Analysis
Example 3.2:
Find the currents and voltages for all elements.
Solution:
Apply KVL loop-1
−12 + 50𝐼1 + 200 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 = 0

250𝐼1 − 200𝐼2 = 12 (1)

Apply KVL loop-2

I2 = −0.01 A (2)

Substitute in (1)
𝐼1 = 0.04 𝐴

To find Vx apply KVL outer loop −12 + 50𝐼1 + 100𝐼2 + 𝑉𝑥 = 0

𝑉𝑥 = 9 𝑉
Example 3.7
Find the currents in the circuit using 1Ω
Loop analysis (mesh analysis).
Vs1  40V & Vs2  20V 4Ω I2 2Ω
• Solution:
VS1
I1 VS 2
2Ω
Loop 1, KVL equation is:
I3
VS1  I 1  4I 1  I 2   VS2  1I 1  I 3  1Ω 1Ω

VS1  VS2  6I 1  4I 2  1I 3
6I 1  4I 2  1I 3  20
Example 3.7
Find the currents in the circuit using 1Ω
Loop analysis (mesh analysis).
Vs1  40V & Vs2  20V 4Ω I2 2Ω
• Solution:
VS1
I1 VS 2
2Ω
Loop 2, KVL equation is:
4I 2  I 1   2I 2  2I 2  I 3   0 I3
1Ω
1Ω
 4I 1  8I 2  2I 3  0
Loop 3, KVL equation is:

1I 3  I 1 -Vs2  2I 3  I 2   I 3  0

 I 1  2.0I 2  4.0I 3  20
 Example 3.7

 6.0  4.0  1.0   I 1  20 

 4.0 8.0  2.0   I 2    0 
  
  1.0  2.0 4.0   I 3  20 

Solving the three  I 1   11.0 

loop equations for  I 2    8.50  A
the loop currents    
 I 3   12.0 
What are the branch currents?
What is the power consumed by the 2 ohm resistor between nodes A and B?
I AB  I 3 -I 2  12  8.5  3.5A
PAB  I ABVAB  I RAB  V /RAB
2
AB
2
AB
VAB  I AB RAB  3.5(2)  7V
 Example 3.8
1Ω
Find the loop currents, Vs and the power delivered by the
8 A source.
4Ω 2Ω
Loop 1, KVL equation is: I2
28V
-28  1.0(I 1 )  4.0(I 1  I 2 )  12  1.0(I 1  I 3 )  0 I1
2Ω
6.0I 1  4.0I 2  1.0(8)  16 +
12V
6.0I 1  4.0I 2  24 I3 VS 8A
1Ω -
Loop 2, KVL equation is:
4.0(I 2  I 1 )  2.0(I 2 )  2.0(I 2  I 3 )  0
 4.0I 1  8.0I 2  2.0(8)  0 6  4   I 1  24 
 4     
 4.0I 1  8.0I 2  16  8   I 2  16 
loop 3:
 I 1  8 
I 3  8A  I   6 
 2  
 Example 3.8 1Ω

4Ω 2Ω
Find the loop currents, Vs and the power delivered I2
by the 8 A source? 28V
I1
2Ω
The source voltage (Vs). KVL at loop 3: +
12V I3 VS 8A
-
Vs  1.0(I 3  I 1 )  12  2.0(I 3  I 2 )  0 1Ω

Vs  1.0(8  8)  12  2.0(8  6)  0
Power Absorbed Power of Sources
Vs  12  4  8V by Resistors (Supply/Absorb)
P(1 Ω) = 64 W
The power delivered by the 8A source: P(4 Ω) = 16 W P(28V) = -224 W
P(1 Ω) = 0 W P(12V) = 0 W
P8A  Vs(I s )  8(8)  64W (absorb) P(2 Ω) = 8 W P(8A) = 64 W
----------------------
P(2 Ω) = 72 W
Total = -160 W (sup)
----------------------
Total = 160 W (abs)
 Problem

Using loop analysis find the loop currents, Ia , Ib and Ic.

Use these voltages to define all currents and voltages in
the circuit.
I5 I2
V1  E5 _ V2
I3 4KΩ
 I4
_ _

2KΩ
2mA E6
_ 

4mA
E1 Ic

6KΩ
Ia E_4 E2
Ib
 
E3
12V
 Problem
Using loop analysis find the loop currents, Ia , Ib and Ic .
Use these voltages to define all currents and voltages in the circuit.

_ E  V I5 E _ V _ E 
6 1  5 2 7

I1 2kΩ I2 4kΩ 2kΩ

I3 I4
_ _

E1 Ia E2 I b E3 
_ Ic E4
_
 2 mA 4 mA  12V

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Suggested Additional Problems for Ch3:

1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 15, 20, 27, 31, 32, 35, 38,

44, 46, 51, 53, 56, 58.
 Conclusion

• In a floating voltage source neither node of the source is connected to the

reference and KCL can not be implemented on this node.
• To overcome the above issue, a super-node is created.
• Loop analysis: for each loop (closed path) in the circuit, using KVL write the loop
equation.

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