Circuit Theory Erwr

FACULT YOFENGINEERING 2021/2022
DEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALANDELECTRONICENGINEERING KNR1723CIRCUITTH EO RYI
QUESTION 1
IQ
R1 R6
2.5 kΩ 2.5 kΩ
2 mA
IP 4 mA R2 5 kΩ R3 10 kΩ R4 10 kΩ R5 5 kΩ IR 5 mA
Figure 1
From Fig. 1
− assigning node voltages and branch currents for nodal analysis
− as in Fig. 1(a)
IQ
I1 V1 I1 VA VA VB VB I6 R6 I6
+ − − +
R 1 = 2.5 kΩ I2 I3 I4 I 5 R 6 = 2.5 kΩ
2 mA
+ + + +
IP 4 mA V2 R 2 = 5 kΩ V3 R 3 = 10 kΩ V4 R 4 = 10 kΩ V5 R 5 = 5 kΩ IR 5 mA
− − − −
Figure 1(a)
From Fig. 1(a)

− applying KCL and Ohm’s law at node 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨
𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐼𝐼3 = 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 + 𝐼𝐼𝑄𝑄
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴
+ = 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 + 𝐼𝐼𝑄𝑄
𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴
+ = (4 + 2) m
5 k 10 k
3 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴
=6m
10 k
60
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕
3
− applying KCL and Ohm’s law at node 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩

𝐼𝐼4 + 𝐼𝐼5 = 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 − 𝐼𝐼𝑄𝑄
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵
+ = 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 − 𝐼𝐼𝑄𝑄
𝑅𝑅4 𝑅𝑅5
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵
+ = (5 − 2) m
10 k 5 k
3 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵
=3m
10 k
30
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩 = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
3
モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

シャリファマスニアワンマスラ SM20211108 : 1/20
− the current through each resistor elements

𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 = 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 20 V
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = = = 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅2 5 kΩ
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 20 V
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = = = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅3 10 kΩ
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 10 V
𝑰𝑰𝟒𝟒 = = = 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅4 10 kΩ
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 10 V
𝑰𝑰𝟓𝟓 = = = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅5 5 kΩ
𝑰𝑰𝟔𝟔 = 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 = 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
− the voltage across each resistor elements

𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (2.5 kΩ)(4 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (5 kΩ)(4 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (10 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 = 𝑅𝑅4 𝐼𝐼4 = (10 kΩ)(1 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟓𝟓 = 𝑅𝑅5 𝐼𝐼5 = (5 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟔𝟔 = 𝑅𝑅6 𝐼𝐼6 = (2.5 kΩ)(5 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕
− the power absorbed by each resistor elements

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (10 V)(4 mA) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (20 V)(4 mA) = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (20 V)(2 mA) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 = 𝑉𝑉4 𝐼𝐼4 = (10 V)(1 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟓𝟓 = 𝑉𝑉5 𝐼𝐼5 = (10 V)(2 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟔𝟔 = 𝑉𝑉6 𝐼𝐼6 = (12.5 V)(5 mA) = 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

QUESTION 2
R1
800 kΩ
R2 R4
20 kΩ 40 kΩ
+ +
VP 7.5 V R3 50 kΩ VQ 120 V
− −
R5
Figure 2 200 kΩ
From Fig. 2
− as in Fig. 2(a)
I1 V1 I1
+ −
R 1 = 800 kΩ
I1
I1 I2 I2
+
V2
− VB I 4 +
V4
−
I4
VA VC
R 2 = 20 kΩ I3 R 4 = 40 kΩ I5
IP
+
+ +
VP 7.5 V V3 50 kΩ VQ 120 V
− −
−
V5 I5
− +
R 5 = 200 kΩ
Figure 2(a)
From Fig. 2(a)

𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐼2 (𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟏)

𝐼𝐼2 − 𝐼𝐼3 − 𝐼𝐼4 = 0
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 0 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
− − =0
𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅4
7.5 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
− − =0
20 k 50 k 40 k
− multiplying by 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤 throughout

10 (7.5 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 ) − 4 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 5 (𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 ) = 0
75 − 10 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 4 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 5 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 5 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0
19 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 5 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 75 (𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐)
− applying KCL and Ohm’s law at node 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪

𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐼4 − 𝐼𝐼5 = 0
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄
+ − =0
7.5 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 120
+ − =0
800 k 40 k 200 k
− multiplying by 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤 throughout

0.2 (7.5 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 ) + 4 (𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 ) − 0.8 (𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 120) = 0
1.5 − 0.2 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 4 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 4 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 0.8 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 96 = 0
− 4 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 5 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 97.5 (𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑)

Arranging (𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐) and (𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑) in matrix form

19 − 5 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 75
� �� = � � (𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒)
−4 5 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 97.5
Applying matrix determinants to solve (𝟐𝟐. 𝟒𝟒) for 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩 and 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪
19 −5
∆=� � = (19)(5) − (− 5)(− 4) = 95 − 20 = 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
−4
5
75
−5
∆𝑩𝑩 = � � = (75)(5) − (− 5)(97.5) = 375 + 487.5 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟓
97.5 5
19 75
∆𝑪𝑪 = � � = (19)(97.5) − (75)(− 4) = 1852.5 + 300 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓
− 4 97.5
∆𝑩𝑩 862.5
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕
∆ 75
∆𝑪𝑪 2152.5
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟕𝟕 𝐕𝐕
∆ 75
From Fig. 2(a)

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 (7.5 − 28.7) V − 21.2 V
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = = = = = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)
𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅1 800 kΩ 800 kΩ
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 (7.5 − 11.5) V − 4 V
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = = = = = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)
𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅2 20 kΩ 20 kΩ
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 0 11.5 V
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑅𝑅3 50 kΩ
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 (11.5 − 28.7) V − 17.2 V
𝑰𝑰𝟒𝟒 = = = = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)
𝑅𝑅4 40 kΩ 40 kΩ
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 (28.7 − 120) V − 91.3 V
𝑰𝑰𝟓𝟓 = = = = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)
𝑅𝑅5 200 kΩ 200 kΩ
𝑰𝑰𝑷𝑷 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐼2 = (− 0.0265 − 0.2) mA = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)
Redrawing the circuit in Fig. 2(a)

− with the actual current flow direction
− as in Fig. 2(b)
I1 V1 I1
− +
R 1 = 800 kΩ
I1
I2 V2 I2 V I4 V4 I4 I1
− + B − +
VA VC
IP R 2 = 20 kΩ I3 R 4 = 40 kΩ
I5
+
+ +
VP 7.5 V V3 50 kΩ VQ 120 V
− −
−
V5 I5
+ −
R 5 = 200 kΩ
Figure 2(b)
From Fig. 2(b)

− the voltage across and power absorbed by each resistor elements
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (800 kΩ)(0.0265 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (21.2 V)(0.0265 mA) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (20 kΩ)(0.2 mA) = 𝟒𝟒 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (4 V)(0.2 mA) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (50 kΩ)(0.23 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (11.5 V)(0.23 mA) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 = 𝑅𝑅4 𝐼𝐼4 = (40 kΩ)(0.43 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 = 𝑉𝑉4 𝐼𝐼4 = (17.2 V)(0.43 mA) = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟓𝟓 = 𝑅𝑅5 𝐼𝐼5 = (200 kΩ)(0.4565 mA) = 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗. 𝟑𝟑 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟓𝟓 = 𝑉𝑉5 𝐼𝐼5 = (91.3 V)(0.4565 mA) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

QUESTION 3
VQ
R1 R3 R5
+ −
1 kΩ 4 kΩ 3 kΩ
44 V
+
VP 29.5 V R2 2 kΩ R4 16 kΩ IP 3 mA
−
Figure 3
From Fig. 3
− as in Fig. 3(a)
VQ
V1 I1 VA I 3 V3 I3 VB I5 V5 I5
+ − + − − +
+ −
R 1 = 1 kΩ I2 R 3 = 4 kΩ I4 R 5 = 3 kΩ
44 V
+ +
+
VP 29.5 V V2 R 2 = 2 kΩ V4 R 4 = 16 kΩ IP 3 mA
−
− −
Figure 3(a)
From Fig. 3(a)

𝐼𝐼1 − 𝐼𝐼2 − 𝐼𝐼3 = 0
𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 0 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵
− − =0
29.5 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 44 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵
− − =0
1k 2k 4k
− multiplying by 𝟒𝟒 𝐤𝐤 throughout
4 (29.5 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 ) − 2 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − (𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 44 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 ) = 0
118 − 4 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 2 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 + 44 + 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 0
7 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 162 (𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏)

𝐼𝐼3 − 𝐼𝐼4 + 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 = 0
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 0
− + 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 = 0
𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅4
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 44 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵
− +3m=0
4k 16 k
− multiplying by 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤 throughout

4 (𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 44 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 ) − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + (16 k)(3 m) = 0
4 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 176 − 4 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 48 = 0
4 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 5 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 128 (𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐)

Arranging (𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏) and (𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐) in matrix form

7 − 1 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 162
� �� = � � (𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑)
4 − 5 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 128
Applying matrix determinants to solve (𝟑𝟑. 𝟑𝟑) for 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 and 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩
7 −1
∆=� � = (7)(− 5) − (4)(− 1) = − 35 + 4 = − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
4 −5
162 − 1
∆𝑨𝑨 = � � = (162)(− 5) − (128)(− 1) = − 810 + 128 = − 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔
128 − 5
7 162
∆𝑩𝑩 = � � = (7)(128) − (4)(162) = 896 − 648 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
4 128
∆𝑨𝑨 − 682
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 = = = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕
∆ − 31
∆𝑩𝑩 248
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩 = = = − 𝟖𝟖 𝐕𝐕
∆ − 31
From Fig. 3(a)

𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 (29.5 − 22) V 7.5 V
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = = = = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 0 (22 − 0) V 22 V
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 �22 − 44 − (− 8)� V − 14 V
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = = = = − 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 0 (− 8 − 0) V − 8 V
𝑰𝑰𝟒𝟒 = = = = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)
𝑰𝑰𝟓𝟓 = 𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 = 𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− as in Fig. 3(b)
VQ
V1 I1 VA I3 V3 I3 V I5 V5 I5
+ − − + B − +
+ −
R 1 = 1 kΩ I2 R 3 = 4 kΩ R 5 = 3 kΩ
44 V I4
+ −
+
VP 29.5 V V2 R 2 = 2 kΩ V4 R 4 = 16 kΩ IP 3 mA
−
− +
Figure 3(b)
From Fig. 3(b)

𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (1 kΩ)(7.5 mA) = 𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (7.5 V)(7.5 mA) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (2 kΩ)(11 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (22 V)(11 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (4 kΩ)(3.5 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (14 V)(3.5 mA) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 = 𝑅𝑅4 𝐼𝐼4 = (16 kΩ)(0.5 mA) = 𝟖𝟖 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 = 𝑉𝑉4 𝐼𝐼4 = (8 V)(0.5 mA) = 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟓𝟓 = 𝑅𝑅5 𝐼𝐼5 = (3 kΩ)(3 mA) = 𝟗𝟗 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟓𝟓 = 𝑉𝑉5 𝐼𝐼5 = (9 V)(3 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

QUESTION 4
VS
− +
4V
R2 R3
2 kΩ 2 kΩ
R1 4 kΩ IS 5 mA R4 8 kΩ
Figure 4
From Fig. 4
− as in Fig. 4(a)
VS
− +
4V
I2 R2 I2 VB I 3 R3 I3
+ − + −
VA VC
I1 2 kΩ 2 kΩ I4
+ +
− −
Figure 4(a)
From Fig. 4(a)

− nodes 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 and 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪 form a supernode
− as in Fig. 4(b)
I2 R2 I2 VB I 3 R3 I3
+ − + −
VA VC
I1 2 kΩ 2 kΩ I4
+ +
− −
Figure 4(b)
From Fig. 4(b)

− applying KCL and Ohm’s law at the supernode
𝐼𝐼3 = 𝐼𝐼1 + 𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐼𝐼4
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 0 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 0
= + +
𝑅𝑅3 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅4
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
= + +
2k 4k 2k 8k
− multiplying by 𝟖𝟖 𝐤𝐤 throughout
4 (𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 ) = 2 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 + 4 (𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 ) + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
4 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 4 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 2 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 + 4 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 4 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
6 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 4 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 4 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 + 4 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0
6 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 8 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 + 5 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0 (𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏)


𝐼𝐼2 + 𝐼𝐼3 = 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
+ = 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆
𝑅𝑅2 𝑅𝑅3
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶
+ =5m
2k 2k
− multiplying by 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤 throughout
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 + 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = (2 k)(5 m)
− 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 + 2 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 10 (𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐)
From Fig. 4(a)

− applying KVL around the supernode
− as in Fig. 4(c)
VS
VA − + VC
+ +
4V
VA VC
IS
− −
Figure 4(c)
From Fig. 4(c)

− 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 4 + 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 0
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = − 4 (𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟑)
Arranging (𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟏) , (𝟒𝟒. 𝟐𝟐) , and (𝟒𝟒. 𝟑𝟑) in matrix form
6 −8 5 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 0
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢−1 2 −1⎥ 𝑉𝑉 =
⎢ 𝐵𝐵 ⎥ ⎢ 10 ⎥ (𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 0 −1⎦ ⎣ 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 ⎦ ⎣ − 4 ⎦
Applying matrix determinants to solve (𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟒) for 𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 , 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩 , and 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪
6 −8 5
𝚫𝚫 = � − 1 2 − 1 � = − 𝟔𝟔
1 0 −1
0 −8 5
𝚫𝚫𝑨𝑨 = � 10 2 − 1 � = − 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕
−4 0 −1
6 0 5
𝚫𝚫𝑩𝑩 = � − 1 10 − 1 � = − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
1 −4 −1
6 −8 0
𝚫𝚫𝑪𝑪 = � − 1 2 10 � = − 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
1 0 −4
Δ𝐴𝐴 − 72
𝑽𝑽𝑨𝑨 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
Δ −6
Δ𝐵𝐵 − 114
𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
Δ −6
Δ𝐶𝐶 − 96
𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
Δ −6

From Fig. 4(a)

𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 − 0 (12 − 0) V 12 V
𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = = = = 𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 (19 − 12) V 7V
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = = = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 (19 − 16) V 3V
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = = = = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 − 0 (16 − 0) V 16 V
𝑰𝑰𝟒𝟒 = = = = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (4 kΩ)(3 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (2 kΩ)(3.5 mA) = 𝟕𝟕 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (2 kΩ)(1.5 mA) = 𝟑𝟑 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 = 𝑅𝑅4 𝐼𝐼4 = (8 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (12 V)(3 mA) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (7 V)(3.5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (3 V)(1.5 mA) = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 = 𝑉𝑉4 𝐼𝐼4 = (16 V)(2 mA) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

QUESTION 5
R1
2 kΩ
R2 R3
6 kΩ 6 kΩ
R4
+
VS 28 V
−
2 kΩ
4 kΩ 4 kΩ
R5 R6
Figure 5
From Fig. 5
− redrawing the circuit, and
− assigning mesh and branch currents for mesh analysis
− as in Fig. 5(a)
I1 V1 I1
+ −
R 1 = 2 kΩ I2 I3
+ − +
V2 R 2 = 6 kΩ IB V3 R 3 = 6 kΩ
− + −
I4 V I4
+ − 4 +
VS 28 V IA
− + −
I5 I6
R 4 = 2 kΩ
+ − +
V5 R 5 = 4 kΩ IC V6 R 6 = 4 kΩ
− + −
Figure 5(a)
𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍𝐍: Ignore 𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫𝐫 𝒌𝒌 value in 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞𝐞 !!! (i.e. all resulting 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 will be in 𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 !!!)
From Fig. 5(a)

− applying KVL around mesh 𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨
− 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 + (𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅5 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝑅𝑅5 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 28 + (2 + 6 + 4) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − (6) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − (4) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
12 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 6 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 4 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 28
6 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 3 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 2 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 14 (𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟏)
− applying KVL around mesh 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩

− 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + (𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅4 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝑅𝑅4 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− (6) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + (6 + 6 + 2) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − (2) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 6 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + 14 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 2 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 3 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + 7 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0 (𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐)
− applying KVL around mesh 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪

− 𝑅𝑅5 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝑅𝑅4 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + (𝑅𝑅5 + 𝑅𝑅4 + 𝑅𝑅6 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− (4) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − (2) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + (4 + 2 + 4) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 4 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 2 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 10 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 2 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 5 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0 (𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑)

Arranging (𝟓𝟓. 𝟏𝟏) , (𝟓𝟓. 𝟐𝟐) , and (𝟓𝟓. 𝟑𝟑) in matrix form
6 −3 −2 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 14
⎡ ⎤⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 3 7 − 1 ⎥ ⎢ 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥ (𝟓𝟓. 𝟒𝟒)
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ − 2 − 1 5 ⎦ ⎣ 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 ⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎦
Applying matrix determinants to solve (𝟓𝟓. 𝟒𝟒) for 𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 , 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 , and 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪
6 −3 −2
𝚫𝚫 = � − 3 7 − 1 � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
−2 −1 5
14 −3 −2
𝚫𝚫𝑨𝑨 = � 0 7 − 1 � = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
0 −1 5
6 14 −2
𝚫𝚫𝑩𝑩 = � − 3 0 − 1 � = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
−2 0 5
6 −3 14
𝚫𝚫𝑪𝑪 = � − 3 7 0 � = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
−2 −1 0
Δ𝐴𝐴 476
𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 = = = 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ 119
Δ𝐵𝐵 238
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 = = = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ 119
Δ𝐶𝐶 238
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 = = = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ 119
From Fig. 5(a)

𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = | 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 | = (4 − 2) mA = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ since 𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 > 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 ∗)
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑰𝑰𝟒𝟒 = | 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 | = (2 − 2) mA = 𝟎𝟎 𝐀𝐀 (∗ balanced bridge network ∗)
𝑰𝑰𝟓𝟓 = | 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 | = (4 − 2) mA = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ since 𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 > 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 ∗)
𝑰𝑰𝟔𝟔 = 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− as in Fig. 5(b)
I1 V1 I1
+ −
R 1 = 2 kΩ I2 I3
+ +
V2 R 2 = 6 kΩ V3 R 3 = 6 kΩ
− −
I4 V4 I4
+ + −
VS 28 V IA
−
I5 R 4 = 2 kΩ I6
+ +
V5 R 5 = 4 kΩ V6 R 6 = 4 kΩ
− −
Figure 5(b)

From Fig. 5(b)

𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (2 kΩ)(4 mA) = 𝟖𝟖 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (6 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (6 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 = 𝑅𝑅4 𝐼𝐼4 = (2 kΩ)(0 mA) = 𝟎𝟎 𝐕𝐕 (∗ balanced bridge network ∗)
𝑽𝑽𝟓𝟓 = 𝑅𝑅5 𝐼𝐼5 = (4 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟖𝟖 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟔𝟔 = 𝑅𝑅6 𝐼𝐼6 = (4 kΩ)(2 mA) = 𝟖𝟖 𝐕𝐕

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (8 V)(4 mA) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (12 V)(2 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (12 V)(2 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 = 𝑉𝑉4 𝐼𝐼4 = (0 V)(0 mA) = 𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ balanced bridge network ∗)
𝑷𝑷𝟓𝟓 = 𝑉𝑉5 𝐼𝐼5 = (8 V)(2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟔𝟔 = 𝑉𝑉6 𝐼𝐼6 = (8 V)(2 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

QUESTION 6
R4
18 kΩ
VQ
R3
+ −
2 kΩ
6V
R1 1 kΩ
R2 10 kΩ R5 0.5 kΩ
+
VP 8V
−
Figure 6
From Fig. 6
− as in Fig. 6(a)
I4 V4 I4
+ −
R 4 = 18 kΩ
IA I4
I4
VQ
I3 V3 I3
− +
+ −
R 3 = 2 kΩ + − I5
I2 6V
V1 R 1 = 1 kΩ
− +
− +
V2 R 2 = 10 kΩ IB IC V5 R 5 = 0.5 kΩ
I1
+ −
+
VP 8V
−
Figure 6(a)
From Fig. 6(a)

(𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅4 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 = 0
(2 + 18) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − (2) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 6 = 0
20 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 2 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 6
10 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 3 (𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟏)

𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 − 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + (𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅3 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
8 − (2) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + (1 + 10 + 2) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − (1) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 2 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + 13 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = − 8 (𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐)

− 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 − 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + (𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅5 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 + 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 = 0
− 8 − (1) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + (1 + 0.5) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 + 6 = 0
− 2 − 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 1.5 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 1.5 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 2 (𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟑)

Arranging (𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟏) , (𝟔𝟔. 𝟐𝟐) , and (𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟑) in matrix form
10 − 1 0 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 2 13 − 1 ⎥ ⎢ 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 ⎥ = ⎢ − 8 ⎥ (𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟒)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 − 1 1.5 ⎦ ⎣ 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦
Applying matrix determinants to solve (𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟒) for 𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 , 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 , and 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪
10 −1 0
𝚫𝚫 = � − 2 13 − 1 � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
0 −1 1.5
3 −1 0
𝚫𝚫𝑨𝑨 = � − 8 13 − 1 � = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓
2 −1 1.5
10 3 0
𝚫𝚫𝑩𝑩 = � − 2 −8 − 1 � = − 𝟗𝟗𝟗𝟗
0 2 1.5
10 −1 3
𝚫𝚫𝑪𝑪 = � − 2 13 − 8 � = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
0 −1 2
Δ𝐴𝐴 45.5
𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 = = = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ 182
Δ𝐵𝐵 − 91
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 = = = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)
Δ 182
Δ𝐶𝐶 182
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 = = = 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ 182
From Fig. 6(a)

𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = | 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 | = (0.5 + 1) mA = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = | 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 | = (0.25 + 0.5) mA = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑰𝑰𝟒𝟒 = 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑰𝑰𝟓𝟓 = 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− as in Fig. 6(b)
I4 V4 I4
+ −
R 4 = 18 kΩ
VQ I4
I4 I3 V3 I3
− +
+ −
I2 R 3 = 2 kΩ − I5
6V
V1 R 1 = 1 kΩ
+ +
+
V2 R 2 = 10 kΩ V5 R 5 = 0.5 kΩ
I1
− −
+
VP 8V
−
Figure 6(b)

From Fig. 6(b)

𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (1 kΩ)(1.5 mA) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (10 kΩ)(0.5 mA) = 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (2 kΩ)(0.75 mA) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 = 𝑅𝑅4 𝐼𝐼4 = (18 kΩ)(0.25 mA) = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟓𝟓 = 𝑅𝑅5 𝐼𝐼5 = (0.5 kΩ)(1 mA) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐕𝐕

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (1.5 V)(1.5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (5 V)(0.5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (1.5 V)(0.75 mA) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 = 𝑉𝑉4 𝐼𝐼4 = (4.5 V)(0.25 mA) = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟓𝟓 = 𝑉𝑉5 𝐼𝐼5 = (0.5 V)(1 mA) = 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

QUESTION 7
IP
5 mA
R2 R4
2 kΩ 8 kΩ
R1 1 kΩ
−
R3 4 kΩ VQ 20 V
+
+
VP 40 V
−
Figure 7
From Fig. 7
− as in Fig. 7(a)
IP
5 mA
IA
I2 V I2 I4 V4
− 2 + + −
+ − VA I
− 3 R 4 = 8 kΩ
R 2 = 2 kΩ
V1 R 1 = 1 kΩ
+ −
+ −
IB V3 R 3 = 4 kΩ IC VQ 20 V
I1 +
+ − +
VP 40 V
−
Figure 7(a)
From Fig. 7(a)

𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 = 𝑰𝑰𝑷𝑷 = 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (𝟕𝟕. 𝟏𝟏)

− 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 − 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + (𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑅3 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 40 − (2)(5) + (1 + 2 + 4) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − (4) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 40 − 10 + 7 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 4 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
7 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 4 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 50 (𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐)

− 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + (𝑅𝑅3 + 𝑅𝑅4 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 − 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 = 0
− (4) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + (4 + 8) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 − 20 = 0
− 4 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 12 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 − 20 = 0
− 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 3 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 5 (𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟑)

Arranging (𝟕𝟕. 𝟐𝟐) and (𝟕𝟕. 𝟑𝟑) in matrix form

7 − 4 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 50
� �� = � � (𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟒)
−1 3 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 5
Applying matrix determinants to solve (𝟕𝟕. 𝟒𝟒) for 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 and 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪
7 −4
𝚫𝚫 = � � = (7)(3) − (− 1)(− 4) = 21 − 4 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
−1 3
50 − 4
𝚫𝚫𝑩𝑩 = � � = (50)(3) − (5)(− 4) = 150 + 20 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
5 3
7 50
𝚫𝚫𝑪𝑪 = � � = (7)(5) − (− 1)(50) = 35 + 50 = 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
−1 5
Δ𝐵𝐵 170
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 = = = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ 17
Δ𝐶𝐶 85
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 = = = 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ 17
From Fig. 7(a)

𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = | 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 | = (10 − 5) mA = 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ since 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 > 𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 ∗)
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = | 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 | = (10 − 5) mA = 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ since 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 > 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 ∗)
𝑰𝑰𝟒𝟒 = 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− as in Fig. 7(b)
IP
5 mA
I2 V2 I2 I4 V4
+ − + −
VA I3 R 4 = 8 kΩ
− R 2 = 2 kΩ
V1 R 1 = 1 kΩ
+
+ −
V3 R 3 = 4 kΩ VQ 20 V
I1 +
+ −
VP 40 V
−
Figure 7(b)
From Fig. 7(b)

𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (1 kΩ)(10 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (10 V)(10 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (2 kΩ)(5 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (10 V)(5 mA) = 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (4 kΩ)(5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (20 V)(5 mA) = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑽𝑽𝟒𝟒 = 𝑅𝑅4 𝐼𝐼4 = (8 kΩ)(5 mA) = 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒 𝐕𝐕 , 𝑷𝑷𝟒𝟒 = 𝑉𝑉4 𝐼𝐼4 = (40 V)(5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

QUESTION 8
R1 2 kΩ R3 8 kΩ
IP
+
VP 12 V
−
3 mA
+
R2 4 kΩ VQ 16 V
−
Figure 8
From Fig. 8
− as in Fig. 8(a)
I2 I3
+ − +
V1 R 1 = 2 kΩ IB V3 R 3 = 8 kΩ
− + −
IP
+
VP 12 V IA
−
I2
3 mA
+ −
+
V2 R 2 = 4 kΩ IC VQ 16 V
−
− +
Figure 8(a)
From Fig. 8(a)

− meshes 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 and 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 form a supermesh
− as in Fig. 8(b)
I2 I3
+ − +
V1 R 1 = 2 kΩ IB V3 R 3 = 8 kΩ
− + −
IP
+
VP 12 V IA VA VB
−
I2
3 mA
+ −
+
V2 R 2 = 4 kΩ IC VQ 16 V
−
− +
Figure 8(b)
From Fig. 8(b)

− 𝑉𝑉𝑃𝑃 + (𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 12 + (2 + 4) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − (2) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − (4) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
6 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 2 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 4 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 12
− dividing by 𝟐𝟐 throughout
3 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 2 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 6 (𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟏)

From Fig. 8(b)

− applying KVL around supermesh 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 and 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪
− (𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅2 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + (𝑅𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑅3 ) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 𝑉𝑉𝑄𝑄 + 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
−(2 + 4) 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + (2 + 8) 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 16 + (4) 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
− 6 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + 10 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 4 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = − 16
− dividing by 𝟐𝟐 throughout
− 3 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + 5 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 + 2 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = − 8 (𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟐)
− applying KCL at node 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪 where supermesh 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 and 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 intersect
𝐼𝐼𝑃𝑃 + 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
3 + 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = 0
𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 = − 3 (𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟑)
Arranging (𝟖𝟖. 𝟏𝟏) , (𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟐) , and (𝟖𝟖. 𝟑𝟑) in matrix form
3 −1 −2 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 6
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢−3 5 2 ⎥ ⎢ 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 ⎥ = ⎢ − 8 ⎥ (𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟒)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 −1⎦ ⎣ 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 ⎦ ⎣ − 3 ⎦
Applying matrix determinants to solve (𝟖𝟖. 𝟒𝟒) for 𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 , 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 , and 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪
3 −1 −2
𝚫𝚫 = � − 3 5 2 � = − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
0 1 −1
6 −1 −2
𝚫𝚫𝑨𝑨 = � − 8 5 2 � = − 𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
−3 1 −1
3 6 −2
𝚫𝚫𝑩𝑩 = � − 3 −8 2 � = 𝟔𝟔
0 −3 −1
3 −1 6
𝚫𝚫𝑪𝑪 = � − 3 5 − 8 � = − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
0 1 −3
Δ𝐴𝐴 − 42
𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 = = = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ − 12
Δ𝐵𝐵 6
𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩 = = = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ − 12
Δ𝐶𝐶 − 30
𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 = = = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
Δ − 12
From Fig. 8(a)

𝑰𝑰𝟏𝟏 = | 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 + 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 | = (3.5 + 0.5) mA = 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑰𝑰𝟐𝟐 = | 𝐼𝐼𝐴𝐴 − 𝐼𝐼𝐶𝐶 | = (3.5 − 2.5) mA = 𝟏𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ since 𝑰𝑰𝑨𝑨 > 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪 ∗)
𝑰𝑰𝟑𝟑 = 𝐼𝐼𝐵𝐵 = − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦 (∗ reverse current flow direction ∗)


− as in Fig. 8(c)
I2
+ −
V1 R 1 = 2 kΩ V3 R 3 = 8 kΩ
− +
IP
I3
+
VP 12 V
−
I2
3 mA
+
+
V2 R 2 = 4 kΩ VQ 16 V
−
−
Figure 8(c)
From Fig. 8(c)

− the voltage across by each resistor elements
𝑽𝑽𝟏𝟏 = 𝑅𝑅1 𝐼𝐼1 = (2 kΩ)(4 mA) = 𝟖𝟖 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐 = 𝑅𝑅2 𝐼𝐼2 = (4 kΩ)(1 mA) = 𝟒𝟒 𝐕𝐕
𝑽𝑽𝟑𝟑 = 𝑅𝑅3 𝐼𝐼3 = (8 kΩ)(0.5 mA) = 𝟒𝟒 𝐕𝐕

𝑷𝑷𝟏𝟏 = 𝑉𝑉1 𝐼𝐼1 = (8 V)(4 mA) = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟐𝟐 = 𝑉𝑉2 𝐼𝐼2 = (4 V)(1 mA) = 𝟒𝟒 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦
𝑷𝑷𝟑𝟑 = 𝑉𝑉3 𝐼𝐼3 = (4 V)(0.5 mA) = 𝟐𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦


Circuit Theory Erwr

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Circuit Theory Erwr

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FACULT YOFENGINEERING 2021/2022

DEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALANDELECTRONICENGINEERING KNR1723CIRCUITTH EO RYI

From Fig. 1(a)

− applying KCL and Ohm’s law at node 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

− the current through each resistor elements

𝑰𝑰𝟔𝟔 = 𝐼𝐼𝑅𝑅 = 𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦𝐦𝐦

− the voltage across each resistor elements

− the power absorbed by each resistor elements

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 2(a)

− applying KCL and Ohm’s law at node 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩

− multiplying by 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤 throughout

− applying KCL and Ohm’s law at node 𝑽𝑽𝑪𝑪

− multiplying by 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤 throughout

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

Arranging (𝟐𝟐. 𝟐𝟐) and (𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟑) in matrix form

From Fig. 2(a)

Redrawing the circuit in Fig. 2(a)

From Fig. 2(b)

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 3(a)

− applying KCL and Ohm’s law at node 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩

− multiplying by 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 𝐤𝐤 throughout

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

Arranging (𝟑𝟑. 𝟏𝟏) and (𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟐) in matrix form

From Fig. 3(a)

Redrawing the circuit in Fig. 3(a)

From Fig. 3(b)

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 4(a)

From Fig. 4(b)

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

− applying KCL and Ohm’s law at node 𝑽𝑽𝑩𝑩

From Fig. 4(a)

From Fig. 4(c)

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 4(a)

− the voltage across and power absorbed by each resistor elements

− the power absorbed by each resistor elements

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 5(a)

− applying KVL around mesh 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩

− applying KVL around mesh 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 5(a)

Redrawing the circuit in Fig. 5(a)

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 5(b)

− the power absorbed by each resistor elements

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 6(a)

− applying KVL around mesh 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩

− applying KVL around mesh 𝑰𝑰𝑪𝑪

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 6(a)

Redrawing the circuit in Fig. 6(a)

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 6(b)

− the power absorbed by each resistor elements

モハマッド サウフィ－ モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

From Fig. 7(a)

− applying KVL around mesh 𝑰𝑰𝑩𝑩

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION

モハマッドサウフィ－モハマッド TUTORIAL03SOLUT ION