DC Circuit Analysis and Network Theorems

CHAPTER 2 – DET10013
(ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY) DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND NETWORK THEOREMS
CHAPTER 2: DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND NETWORK THEOREMS
2.1 Node and Mesh
 Node is a point where two or more components are connected.

 Mesh (also known as the loop current method) is a complete current path within
a circuit.
Node A
Node C Node D
VS1 R2 Loop 2 VS2
Loop 1
Node B
2.2 Kirchoff’s Law
 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

 Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
2.2.1 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)
 The sum of the currents entering a junction, of a network must equal the sum of
the currents leaving the same junction

 I IN   I OUT
i5
i1
i2
i4
i3
Example circuit for Kirchhoff’s current law

Example 1:
Write the KCL equation for the principle node shown in figure above.
Solution:
i1 + (-i2) + i3 + i4 + (-i5) = 0
i1 + i3 + i4= i2 + i5
Example 2:
Calculate the current value of I1, I2 and I3 at nodes X, Y and Z.
3A
1A
I1
3A
5A X 1A
Y
2A Z
I2
I3
1A
Node X: 5A = I1 + 1A + 1A
5A = 2A + I1
I1 = 3A
Node Y: IA + I2 + 1A = 3A + 2A
2A + I2 = 5A
I2 = 3A
Node Z: I3 + 2A = 3A
I3 = 1A
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
 The sum of the voltage rises around a closed path will always equal the sum of
the voltage drop.

VRISES  VDROP
R1 R2
+ V1 - + V2 -
+
V3 R3
Vs
-
Vs = V1 + V2 + V3
Vs –V1 – V2 – V3 =
Example 1:
Referring to the circuit below, calculate Va.
+ 30V - + 50V -
I
+ Va -
120 V
+ 10V -
120 = 30 + 50 + Va + 10
Va = 120 – 90
= 30V
Example 2:
Find I1, I 2 and I3 using Kichoff’s Law
5Ω
R1 2Ω
R2
I1 I2
I3
12 V Loop 1 R3 Loop 2 R4
3Ω 4Ω
KCL
I1  I 2  I 3
KVL
Loop 1 Loop 2
0  V2  V4  V3
12  V1  V2  I 2 R2  I 2 R4  I 3 R3
 I 1 R1  I 3 R3  2 I 2  4 I 2  3I 3
 5 I 1  3I 3 ……………….. (1) ……………….. (2)
 6 I 2  3I 3
Replace I3 = I1 – I2 into equation (1) and (2)

Loop 1 Loop 2
12  5I 1  3I 1  I 2  0  6 I 2  3I 1  I 2 
 5 I 1  3I 1  3I 2  6 I 23I 1  3I 2
 8 I 1  3I 2 ……………….. (3)  3I 1  9 I 2 ……….. (4)
(3) x 3
36  24I1  9I 2 ……………….. (5)
(5) + (4)
36  21I1
I1  36  1.714 A
21
Replace I1 into (1)
12  51.714  3I 3  8.57  3I 3 I1  I 2  I 3
3I 3  3.43 1.714  I 2  1.143
I 3  1.143 A I 2  0.571A
Example 3:
6Ω 8Ω
I1 I2
I3
5Ω
15 V
5V
Loop 1 Loop 2
3Ω
Example 4:
10Ω 15Ω
I1 I2
I3
20 V
Loop 1 20Ω Loop 2 15 V
2.3 Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of

a single voltage source, series resistance, and series load.
+
VTH
-
Thevenin's Theorem Procedure:
(1) Find the Thevenin source voltage, VTH by temporarily removing the load resistor, RL
from the original circuit and calculating voltage across the open connection points where
the load resistor used to be.
(2) Find the Thevenin resistance, RTH by removing all power sources in the original
circuit (voltage sources shorted and current sources open) and calculating total
resistance, RT between the open connection points.
(3) Draw the Thevenin equivalent circuit, with the VTH series with the RTH. The RL
reattaches between the two open points of the equivalent circuit.
(4) Analyze voltage and current, ITH for the load resistor following the rules for series
circuits.
Example 1:
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown below. Then find IL.
6Ω 4Ω
I1 I2
IL
20V 2Ω 5Ω
i) Find VTH, remove RL
6Ω 4Ω
I1 I2
20V 5Ω
VTH , RTH
4  5
VTH   20V  12V
4  5  6
ii) Find RTH
6  9
RTH   3.6
6  9
iii) Thevenin equivalent circuit
RTH
VTH 3.6Ω
RL
12V
2Ω
iv) Find ITH

VTH
I TH 
RTH  RL
12V
I TH   2.14 A
3.6  2
Example 2:
Find I3 using Thevenin’s Theorem.
10Ω I1 I3
I2
20V 15Ω
20Ω
Figure 2
Example 3:
a. Find I2
10 I1 I2
I3
20 15
10 V
Figure 3(a)
b. Find I3
6 8
I1 I2
I3
5V
5
15V
3
Figure 3(b)
2.4 Norton Theorem
- The technique is similar to Thevenin Theorem

- The circuit is reduced to a single current source and one parallel resistor.
- Any literal bilateral network may be reduced to a simplified two terminal circuit
consisting of a single current source and a single shunt resistor.
IN RN
B
Outline the procedure of Norton’s Theorem

1. Remove the load resistor RL
2. Label the terminal as ‘A’ and ‘B’.
3. Set all sources to zero.
- Short circuits the voltage source.
- Open circuits the current source.
4. Determine the Norton’s equivalent resistance, RN. Draw the simplify circuit.
5. Replace the source removed in Step 3. Determine the current that would occur in
a short if short were connected between terminal ‘A’ and ‘B’, IN.
6. Sketch the Norton’s equivalent resistance, RN in Step 4. Sketch current
calculated, IN in Step 5.
Solve linear circuit problem using Norton’s Theorem
Example 1:
Use Norton’s equivalent circuit to calculate the current through RL.
R1= 24Ω
E = 20V I2 = 2A RL = 16Ω
Figure 1
Step 1 and Step 2:
Remove the load resistor RL and label the terminal as A and B.
R1= 24Ω
E = 20V
I2 = 2A
B
Step 3:
Set all sources to zero. (Short circuits the voltage source and open circuits the current
source
R1 = 24 Ω
RN = 24 Ω
B
Current source replace
with an open circuit
Voltage source replace
with short circuit
Step 4:
Determine the Norton’s equivalent resistance, RN.
RN = RAB = 24Ω
Step 5 :
Replace the source removed in Step 3. Determine the current, IN that would occur.
Voltage source, E  The current in short between terminal a and b by using Ohm’s Law
R1 = 24Ω A
IAB (1) = 20V = 0.833A

24Ω
IAB(1)
B
Current source, I  Short circuit between terminals A and B effectively removes R1
from the circuit. The current through the short will be IAB (2) = - 2A
R1 = 2Ω
A
I=2A IAB(2)
IN = IAB (1) + IAB (2)

= 0.833A - 2A
= -1.167A
Step 6 :
Sketch the Norton’s equivalent resistance, RN in Step 4. Sketch current calculated, IN in
Step 5.
Using current divider rule:
IL = 24Ω ( 1.167A)
IN RN RL 24Ω + 16Ω
1.167AΩ 24Ω 16Ω
= 0.7A
Example 2:
Find current at RL = 400Ω by using Norton Theorem
100Ω
RL 500Ω
E = 200V
400Ω
Figure 2
Step 1 :
Short circuit RL= 400Ω and find short circuit current IN.
100Ω
IN
A
500Ω
E = 200V
B
After short circuit, all current will flow through the 400Ω and not flow at 500Ω.
(I 500Ω= 0A)
IN = 200 /100
= 2A
Step 2:
Open circuit RL= 400Ω and find total resistance between A and B, R N. (Replace the
source with internal resistance. If not have internal resistance, short circuit the source)
500Ω
A RN = 100//500
500Ω = 100 X 500
RN
100 + 500
B = 83.33Ω
Step 3 :
Draw the equivalent circuit and find current at RL = 400Ω
IL
IN RN RL
2Ω 83.33Ω 400Ω
IL = RN X IN
RN + RL
= 83.33 X 2
83.33 + 400
= 0.345A
Transform Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit to Norton’s Equivalent circuit
RTH =RN
A
A RN
ETH = INRN
IN = RTH
IN
B
B
Example 3
Use the equivalent circuit to find IL for the circuit.
R1= 40Ω R3 = 12Ω A
E = 50V R2 = 10Ω RL = 30Ω IL
B
Figure 3
Example 4
R2= 30Ω
A
I = 40mA RL = 60Ω
R1 = 90Ω
IL
Figure 4 B
Example 5
R2 = 20KΩ
I = 100μA A
R1 = 50KΩ
RL = 60Ω IL
B
Figure 5

DC Circuit Analysis and Network Theorems

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DC Circuit Analysis and Network Theorems

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CHAPTER 2 – DET10013

(ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY) DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND NETWORK THEOREMS

CHAPTER 2: DC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT AND NETWORK THEOREMS

2.1 Node and Mesh

 Node is a point where two or more components are connected.

2.2 Kirchoff’s Law

 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

2.2.1 Kirchoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Example circuit for Kirchhoff’s current law

Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Replace I3 = I1 – I2 into equation (1) and (2)

36  24I1  9I 2 ……………….. (5)

Replace I1 into (1)

2.3 Thevenin’s Theorem

Thevenin's Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit composed of

Thevenin's Theorem Procedure:

i) Find VTH, remove RL

iii) Thevenin equivalent circuit

iv) Find ITH

- The technique is similar to Thevenin Theorem

Outline the procedure of Norton’s Theorem

Solve linear circuit problem using Norton’s Theorem

IAB (1) = 20V = 0.833A

IN = IAB (1) + IAB (2)

Using current divider rule:

Transform Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit to Norton’s Equivalent circuit

R1= 40Ω R3 = 12Ω A

E = 50V R2 = 10Ω RL = 30Ω IL

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