HAZARD IDENTIFICATION, RISK ASSESSMENT

& RISK CONTROL

(HIRARC)
 Causes of Accidents

BEHAVIOUR IS INVOLVED IN ALMOST EVERY

INJURY THAT OCCURS AT THE WORKPLACE

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 NEGLIGENCE
Before we put the blame on
GOD, we have to ask :
• Was the accident predictable?
• Was the hazard detectable?
• Was the accident preventable?

If the answer is YES to all, then it cannot be an ACT of

GOD.
It is human NEGLIGENCE
NEGLIGENCE 3
 Training and Accidents

REASON FOR ACCIDENTS ...

1.Have no procedures yet
2.Have procedures, but not adequate
3.Have adequate procedures, but no training
4.Have training, but did not understand
5.Have understood, but forgotten
6.Have remembered, but “lazy to follow”…

Management : to do “gap analysis”& follow up

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Hand and Power Tools

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 A SE The law places
C DY absolute responsibility

ST U for safety and health to

the management,
but ultimately it is the
attitude and behaviour
of the worker that
makes the final
difference.

HIRARC by Zulhisyam Salleh 6

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 Day 2 – Topic # 5
TOPICS TIME
5.0 HIRARC
5.1 Definitions
5.2 Types of Hazard 4 hours
5.3 Hazard Identification

5.4 Risk Assessment

5.5 Risk control

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 THE NEED FOR HIRARC
• HIRARC is a proactive means of identifying and eliminating
hazards, and provides an acceptable standard of safety
• Legal Requirement : Ensure Safe Place of Work
• Corporate Image:Public/Customer Confidence
• Moral/Ethical Consideration: Limit Worker Injuries
• Loss Control: Prevent Accidents / Incidents -Especially When
Revenue Is Maximum And Expenses Are On The Rise, Survival
Mode Is Triggered Cut Down On Avoidable Losses!
HIRARC –Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control
are three principles used in workplaces to manage safety and
health.
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Definition
1. Hazard : A condition or practice with a potential for
accidental loss. A tiger is a hazard –It has the potential
to cause loss
2. Danger : Relative exposure to a hazard
3. Risk : The likelihood (probability) of an accident
happening because of a hazard. If there is no potential
victim, there is no risk. The nearer the person is to the
hazard, the greater the risk.

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Definition.....continued
4. Risk Assessment : Overall process of estimating the
magnitude of Risk and deciding whether or not risk is
tolerable
5. Tolerable Risk : Risk that have been reduced to a
level that can be endured by the organization

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Definition.....continued
6. Probability: The chance that a hazard will cause harm.
• Probability is often categorized as:
a. frequent (workers are frequently at risk)
b. probable (the hazard is likely to cause harm)
c. occasional (workers are occasionally at risk)
d. remote (the hazard could cause harm, but is very unlikely to do so)
e. improbable (the hazard is unlikely to ever cause harm)

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Definition.....continued
7. Severity: The seriousness of the harm that could result from
contact with a hazard.
• It is described as:
– catastrophic (death and/or severe destruction)
– critical (serious injury and/or property damage)
– marginal (minor injury and/or property damage)  

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 Takrif Hazard, Risiko dan Bahaya
Hazard
• apa sahaja secara sendirian atau bersaling tindak antara satu dengan
lain mampu mengakibatkan kemudaratan.
• Kemudaratan ini berbeza-beza ketenatannya, daripada yang
mengakibatkan kematian sehinggalah kepada kecederaan kecil.
• “Occupational Safety and Health Assessment Series 18002” (OHSAS
18002) dan ISO/IEC Guide 51:1999 mentakrifkan hazard sebagai punca
atau keadaan yang mempunyai potensi mengakibatkan kemudaratan
dalam konteks kecederaan dan penyakit kepada manusia, kerosakan harta
benda, kerosakan sekitaran tempat kerja, atau gabungannya.
• Contoh-contoh hazard: Bahan kimia, sinaran, elektrik, biohazard, sistem
kerja tidak selamat

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Risiko
• OHSAS 18002, risiko adalah gabungan kemungkinan (kebarangkalian) dan
akibat sesuatu peristiwa berhazard berlaku.
• Risiko juga boleh ditakrifkan sebagai gabungan-gabungan faktor-faktor
kebarangkalian berlakunya peristiwa malang, dedahan dan impak
kemalangan tersebut.

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Bahaya
• Bahaya lebih menerangkan dedahan relatif seseorang kepada
hazard.
• Perkataan ini lebih bersifat perkataan yang menerangkan
atau menunjukan sesuatu keadaan risiko. Misalnya,
seseorang yang sentiasa terdedah kepada hazard berada di
dalam keadaan lebih berbahaya berbanding dengan
seseorang yang tidak terdedah kepada hazard.

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Perhubungan di antara hazard, risiko dan
bahaya
Contoh
• Asid hidroklorik pekat adalah hazard kimia kerana sifat
intrinsik korosifnya yang berpotensi mengakibatkan
kemudaratan kepada kesihatan manusia dan kerosakan
kepada sesetengah bahan.
• Risiko percikan asid ke muka pekerja adalah tinggi bagi
mereka yang tidak memakai perisai muka berbanding dengan
mereka yang memakainya.
• Bahaya jika mempipet asid dengan hidroklorik dengan mulut.

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19
WHAT IS A HAZARD?

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What is the HAZARD,
& what is the RISK

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What is the HAZARD,
& what is the RISK

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 WHAT ARE HAZARDS?
Anything with a potential to cause harm!

1.MATERIAL / SUBSTANCE
2.EQUIPMENT
3.ENERGY
4.SITUATION
5.ACTIVITY
6.DESIGN
7.MAN

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 HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
1. PHYSICAL

2. CHEMICAL

3. BIOLOGICAL

4. PYSCHOSOCIAL

5. ERGONOMIC
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 HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
1. PHYSICAL
•NOISE
2. CHEMICAL •HEAT, HOT SURFACES
•RADIATION
3. BIOLOGICAL
•VIBRATION
4. PYSCHOSOCIAL •PRESSURE

5. ERGONOMIC •MACHINERY
•ELECTRICITY 25
 Unsafe Use of Electricity
• Faulty Electrical Appliances
• Faulty Three-Pin Plugs
• llegal Extensions

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THE WATER HEATER

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HUSBAND AND WIFE ...

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ELCB / GFCI

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HAZARDS IN THE
WORKPLACE
1. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL HAZARDS
•GASES, VAPOURS painting
2. CHEMICAL • ACIDS, ALKALI
• POISONS
3. BIOLOGICAL
-CARCINOGEN
-GENETIC POISONS
4. PYSCHOSOCIAL
• AEROSOLS
• IRRITANTS cleaning with
5. ERGONOMIC diesel
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CHEMICALS :
Modes of Entry
●Ingestion
●Injection
●Inhalation
●Contact with eye, nose,
throat & skin

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CHEMICAL HAZARDS

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HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
1. PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
• LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA -BACTERIA

2. CHEMICAL ( AIR-COND SYSTEM WATER SUPPLY )

[ PNEUMONIA ]
• BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS –HIV
3. BIOLOGICAL
• ORGANIC DUST / FUNGI -ASTHMA /

4. PYSCHOSOCIAL DERMATITIS
• FLOUR & GRAIN DUST –ASTHMA
• RHINOVIRUS -COMMON COLD
5. ERGONOMIC
• ENZYME ALCALASE -LAUNDRY DETERGENT
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[ALLERGIC -ASTHMA ]
34
Alligator rips off arm

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 HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
1. PHYSICAL

PSYCHO-SOCIAL PROBLEMS
2. CHEMICAL
• SOCIAL PROBLEMS

• ACCIDENTS IN WORKPLACE
3. BIOLOGICAL
• OFF THE JOB SAFETY
• JOB SECURITY : RETRENCHMENT / VSS …
4. PYSCHOSOCIAL
• MOTIVATION -LACK OF DIRECTION

5. ERGONOMIC
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 HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE
1. PHYSICAL

2. CHEMICAL
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
• WORKPLACE DESIGN
3. BIOLOGICAL • LAY-OUT OF WORKSTATION
• EXCESSIVE MANUAL HANDLING-vibration
4. PYSCHOSOCIAL • DESIGN OF TOOLS
• REPETITIVE MOVEMENTS

5. ERGONOMIC
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Manual Handling
Types of Internal Injury :
• Torn ligament and muscles –back
• Damaged joints –knees, ankle, shoulder, hand
• Slipped disc, Hernia,

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 Manual Handling
Factories & Machinery Act 1967
• Section 12 –“No one shall be employed to lift, carry
or move any load that could cause bodily injury.”

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Know Your Limitations

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Congested WORKSTATION

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Congested WORKSTATION

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Planning And Conducting Of HIRARC

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 Purpose of HIRARC

The purpose of HIRARC are as follows:-

a. to identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees
and others (the hazards);
b. to consider what the chances are of that harm actually be
falling anyone in the circumstances of a particular case and
the possible severity that could come from it (the risks); and
c. to enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor
preventive measures to ensure that the risks are adequately
controlled at all times.

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 Planning of HIRARC Activities

H IRARC activities shall be plan and conducted :

a. for situation :
i. where hazard appear to pose significant threat;
ii. uncertain whether existing controls are adequate; or/and
iii. before implementing corrective or preventive measures.
b. by organization intending to continuously improve OSH
Management System.
It should be the duty of the employer to assign a trained personnel
to lead a team of employees associated with one particular
process or activity to conduct HIRARC.

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 Process of HIRARC

Process of HIRARC requires 4 simple steps -

a. classify work activities;
b. identify hazard;
c. conduct risk assessment (analyze and estimate risk from
each hazard), by
calculating or estimating -
i. likelihood of occurrence, and
ii. severity of hazard;
d. decide if risk is tolerable and apply control measures (if
necessary).
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Flowchart of HIRARC Process

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48
Hazard Identification :
 Process of recognizing that a hazard exists and
defining its characteristics
The purpose of hazard identification:
• to highlight the critical operations of tasks
– those tasks posing significant risks to the health and safety of
employees
• highlighting those hazards pertaining to certain
equipment due to
– energy sources
– working conditions
– activities performed.

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• Hazards can be divided into three main groups,

i. Health hazards
ii. Safety hazards

iii. Environmental hazards.

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Health hazards

• An occupational health hazard:

any agent that can cause illness to an individual.

• Health hazard may produce
– serious and immediate (acute) affects

– long-term (chronic) problems

All or part of the body may be affected.

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• Health hazard include
– Chemical ( battery acid and solvents)
– biological hazards (bacteria, viruses, dusts and
molds)
– physical agents (energy sources strong enough to harm
the body, such as electric currents, heat, light, vibration,
noise and radiation)
– Work design (ergonomic) hazards.

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Safety hazards

• Safety hazards:
any force strong enough to cause injury, or damage to
property
• An injury caused by a safety hazard is usually obvious

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Photocopy

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• Examples of safety hazards

i. slipping/tripping hazards (such as wires run across floors);

ii. fire hazards (from flammable materials);
iii. moving parts of machinery, tools and equipment (such as pinch
and nip points);
iv. work at height (such as work done on scaffolds);
v. ejection of material (such as from molding);
vi. pressure systems (such as steam boilers and pipes);
vii. vehicles (such as forklifts and trucks);
viii. lifting and other manual handling operations; and
ix. working alone.

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Environmental hazards

• Environmental hazard:
a release to the environment that may cause
harm or adverse effects.
• For example, a worker who drains a glycol
system and releases the liquid to a storm
sewer may not be aware, of the effect on the
environment.

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 Hazard identification technique

• The employer shall develop a hazard identification and

assessment methodology taking into account the
following documents and information:

i. any hazardous occurrence investigation reports;

ii. first aid records and minor injury records;
iii. work place health protection programs;
iv. any results of work place inspections;
v. any employee complaints and comments;

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Hazard identification technique.......continued

vi. any government or employer reports, studies and

tests concerning the health and safety of
employees;

vii. any reports made under the regulation of

Occupational Safety and Health Act,1994

viii. the record of hazardous substances; and

ix. any other relevant information.

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The hazard identification and assessment
methodology
• The hazard identification and assessment methodology shall
include

a. Steps and time frame for identifying and assessing the

hazards.

b. The keeping of a record of the hazards.

c. A time frame for reviewing and, if necessary, revising the

methodology.

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 Techniques To Identify Hazards

• Some examples of techniques include

i. work place inspections;

ii. task safety analysis or job hazard analysis;

iii. preliminary investigations;

iv. potential accident factors;

v. failure analysis;

vi. accident and incident investigations.

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Investigation

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 Analyze and Estimate Risk

• Risk:
the determination of likelihood and severity of the credible
accident/event sequences in order to determine magnitude
and to priorities identified hazards.
• It can be done by qualitative, quantitative or semi
quantitative method.
In mathematical term,
risk can be calculated by the equation
Risk = Likelihood x Severity

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Likelihood is an event likely to occur within the specific
period or in specified circumstances

Severity is outcome from an event such as severity of injury or

health of people, or damage to property, or insult to
environment, or any combination of those caused by the event.

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Cause of injury

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 Likelihood of An Occurrence

Assessing likelihood is based worker experience,

analysis or measurement.

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Table A indicates likelihood using the following values

Table A

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 Severity (tahap keterukan) of Hazards

• Severity can be divided into five categories.

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 RISK ASSESSMENT

Risk Assessment and Risk Control definitions :

 Risk Assessment – determine OSH risk level

 Risk Control – Workplace Engineering Control or Work Procedures
to minimize employees exposure to OSH hazards and reduce OSH
risk level

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 RISK ASSESSMENT

3 CRITICALS determinations:

1. The probability of a certain unwanted event occurring

2. The severity of consequences of unwanted event
3. Judging the acceptability of the risk

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 RISK ASSESSMENT

5 Steps of Risk Assessment :

 Step 1 : Inspections or look for hazards

 Step 2 : Estimate potential injuries
 Step 3 : Risk Evaluation
 Step 4 : Record the findings
 Step 5 : Review your assessment

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 RISK ASSESSMENT

Consequence Analysis – Severity of Potential

Injury

FATAL DEATH

MAJOR IRREVERSIBLE

SERIOUS REVERSIBLE

MINOR FIRST-AID

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 RISK ASSESSMENT

Frequency Analysis – Frequency of Exposure

to Potential Injury

FREQUENT DAILY

OCCASIONAL MONTHLY

SELDOM YEARLY

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 RISK ASSESSMENT

Probability of Injury :

FREQUENCY X SEVERITY

UNLIKELY

POSSIBLE

HIGH
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• An example of risk matrix (Table C) is shown below:

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The relative risk value can be used to prioritize necessary actions to effectively
manage work place hazards. Table D determines priority based on the
following ranges:

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 SUMMARY: IDENTIFYING OSH HAZARD & RISK

 Set a Process to review OHS Hazards & Risk

 Indicate date as reference for future reviews
 Output/ results can be used to review :
 Standard Operating Procedures
 Training Materials
 Internal Audit
 Management Review/ continuous improvement

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78
Hierarchy of Risk Control (1)

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Hierarchy of Risk Control …..continued
2. Substitution

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Hierarchy of Risk Control …..continued
4. ENGINEERING CONTROL
Concerned

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Hierarchy of Risk Control …..continued
4. ENGINEERING CONTROL
Solution

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Hierarchy of Risk Control …..continued
5. ADMINISTRATION CONTROL
• Education,
• Training,
i. Formal (Theory, Classroom, etc.)
ii. Un-formal (On-the-job Training, Signboards,
SOP, etc.)
iii. Awareness (Campaign, competition, etc.)
• Supervisions
• Recognitions & Rewards
• Enforcement & Punishment

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 4 TIPS 4 A SAFE WORKER

T TRAINED TO DO THE JOB SAFELY : SOP, COP

INFORMED OF THE HAZARDS AND INSTRUCTED
I HOW TO DO THE JOB : Dos AND DON’Ts, &
EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

PROVISION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE

P EQUIPMENT

S SUPERVISED

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Hierarchy of Risk Control …..continued
6. PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
1. Basic PPE
i. Safety Shoes
ii. Safety Helmet

2. Risk Area PPE

i. Harness (Work-at-heights)
ii. Breathing Apparatus (Confined Space)

3. PPE as last alternative for Risk Control Hierarchy

i. Ear Muff (Noisy Area)

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6. PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

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 Safety video

It only takes a second Hilarous Safety video - Shortcut.lnk

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