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Case 1:
If a voltage source is connected between the reference node and a non reference
node
Case 2:
If the voltage source (dependent or independent) is connected between two non
reference nodes, the two non reference nodes form a generalized node or supernode; we
apply both KCL and KVL to determine the node voltages.
V
2Ω
5
Ω
8
10 V
Ω
6
4Ω
V
2Ω
5
Ω
8
10 V
Ω
6
Case 1:KCL:
V1= 10V
Case 2: KCL
i1 + i4 = i2 + i3 or (V1 – V2 )/2 + (V1 – V2)/4 = V2/8 + V3/ 6 (2)
at supernode KVL
- V2 + 5 + V3 = 0
V2 – V3 = 5 (3)
V
5
+V2 +V3
- -
Properties of a Supernode:
1. The voltage source inside the supernode provides a constraint equation needed to
solve for the node voltages.
2. A supernode has no voltage of its own
3. A supernode requires the application of both KCL and KVL.
Solution:
The supernode contains the 2V source, nodes 1 and 2, and the 10 Ω resistor.
By KCL,
10 Ω
2= i1 + i2 + 7;
2= (V1/2) + (V2/4)+ 7
V1 V2
8 = 2V1 + V2 + 28
Or I1
V2 = -20 – 2V1 (1)
V
2
+
By KVL,
A 2A
Ω
Ω
2
4
-V1 – 2 + V2 = 0 7A A
V2 = V1 + 2 (2) +
4
2
V2 = -5.33V 7A A
+
V1 V2
- -
Example 3. Find the node voltages in the current
3Ω
+Vx-
3 3V
20
1 6Ω
V
x 4
+ -
Ω
Ω
1
2
10
A
3Ω
i1 i1
+Vx- I3
V2 V3 3V
20
V1 6Ω
V
+x-
V4
I2 I5 I4
I3
Ω
Ω
Ω
1
2
10
A
3Ω
L3
3Vx
20
V
Solution
At supernode 1-2:
I3 + 10 = I1 + I2
Or
(V3 - V2 )/6 + 10 = (V1 – V4) /3 + V1 / 2
5 V1 + V2 - V3 - 2 V4 = 60 (1)
At supernode 3-4
i1 = i3 + i4 + i5
(V1 – V4)/3 = (V3 – V2)/6 + V4 + V3 /4
4 V1 + 2 V2 - 5 V3 - 16 V4 = 0 (2)
Although the 5th equation is redundant , it can be used to check results. Use equation 1 to
4 only to solve V1, V2 , V3 and V4 . Eliminate one node voltage so that we solve 3
simultaneous equations instead of 4.
From equation 3
V2=20- V1 substitute to equation 1 and 2
6 V1 – V3 -2 V4 = 80 (1’)
6 V1 - 5 V3 - 16 V4 = 40 (2’)
In matrix form,
3 −1 −2 V 1 0
6 −1 −2 V 3 = 80
6 −5 −16 V 4 40
4Ω
Ans.
V = -0.2V
V
3
i
I = 1.4A
Ω
6
3V +
V-
7V
Ω
2
6Ω
Answer
V1 = 3.043 V
5i
V2 = -6.956V
10
V
V3 = 0.6255V
i
Ω
Ω
4
3
Ω
2
-3A
10
V
1 R3 1k 2
S
3
S
3
A
6
12
A
Nodal Analysis
Node – a point at which to or more elements have a common connection
R
2
+ +
R
1
A I A I
R
3
1 2
Rules:
1. The network diagram must strictly be planar or 2 dimensional.
2. The node format requires all sources to be current sources. If there are any
voltage source, convert it to its equivalent current source.
Steps:
1. Identify the nodes of the given circuit (including the reference node). All
nodes have corresponding voltages (except the reference node) and must have
the same voltage sign convention where the given node is positive and the
reference node is negative.
2. Formulate node equations following the pattern. For an n-node network, we
have n-1 node equations.
I1 = G11V1 – G12V2….. - GinVn
I2 = G21V1 – G22V2….. – G2nVn
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
In = Gn1V1 – Gn2V2….. -+GnnVn
Where:
I1, I2, In = algebraic sum of all current sources connected to a node
G1, G22,Gnn =sum of all conductance connected to a node.
G12, G21,Gn = common conductance between two nodes
V1, V2,Vn = unknown node voltages
Node 1:
I1 = ((1/R1) + (1/R2))V1 – (1/R2)V2
I1 = (G1 + G2)V1 – G2V2 (1)
Node 2:
I2 = ((1/R2) + (1/R3))V2 – (1/R2)V1
I2 = (G2 + G3)V2 – G2V1 (2)
= -G2V1 + (G2+G3) V2 (2)
Sample Problems:
A b. An 8Ω resistor
Ω
9A
Ω
6
17A A
+
A+
A
2
+
Ω
2
A
Ω
9A
6
17A A
+
Node 1:
Node 2:
KCL: 2-17 = (V2/4) + (V2/2)
9-2 = (V1/6) -15 = ((1/4)+ (1/2))V2
7 = (V1/6) -15 = (3/4)V2
V1= 42V -20 = V2
b. An 8Ω resistor
V1 8Ω V2
Ω
2
6Ω
A 9A
Ω
4
17A A
+
Node 1 : Node 2:
9 = (1/6)V1 + (1/8)(V1-V2) -17 = (1/4)V2 + (1/2)V2 + (1/8)(V2-V1)
216 = 4V1 + 3(V1 – V2) -136 = 2V2 + 4V2 + V2 – V1
216 = 7 V1 - 3 V2 (1) -136 = -V1 + V2 (2)
Equate 1 and 2
V1 = 24V V2 = -16V
2. Determine the node voltages
A+
10
A
4S
Node 1:
20-10 = 4 V1 + 5
V2 +4 (V1 – V2 )
10 = 13 V1- 4V2
S
4
V1
+ = (10+4 V2 )/13
S
2
A 5A (1)
S
8
5V
S
5
Node 2:
10+5 = 2 V2 +8
V2 + 4(V2- V1)
15 = 2 V2 + 8 V2 + 4 V2 - 4 V1
15 = 14 V2 - 4 V1
15 = -4 V1 + 14 V2
15 = -4((10+4
V2)/13)+ 14 V2
A+ 195 = -40 - 16
10
V1 V2
4S V2 + 182
16 V2 = -40 +
182 – 195
16 V2 = -53
V2 = -3.3125V
S
4
+
A 20A
+
8s
S
2
A 5A
S
5
V1 = (10 – 4(3.3125))/13
V1 = -0.25V
Additional Problems
1. Determine node voltages
3S 1S
2V
S
2
S
4
8V
V2 = 20V
+
A
1 4Ω 2
+
Ω
Ω
6
2
A 10A