FCE 431 - Lecture 14 - 2020-2021

FCE
431: Structural Design IA 2020‐12‐08
Design of Foundations
1  The primary function of all structural elements is to transfer the applied
dead and imposed loading, from whichever source to the foundations and
subsequently to the ground.
2  The type of foundation required in any particular circumstance is
dependent on a number of factors.
1. Magnitude and type of applied loading.
2. Pressure which the ground can safely support.
3. Acceptable levels of settlement.
4. Location and proximity of adjacent structure.
muthomi@uonbi.ac.ke 1
FCE 431: Structural Design IA 2020‐12‐08
3  Foundations are designed to transfer structural loads to the sub-grade (the
earth material below the structure). The design must consider four aspects:
1. Settlements: Small amounts of uniform settlements which occur in the SLS
conditions are unavoidable and are considered OK. Excessive uniform
settlements may cause user discomfort and are therefore not allowed.
Differential settlements, even of small magnitudes, may cause cracking
and/ or structural instability.
2. Sliding
3. Overturning
4. Safety from collapse: Collapse will occur in the ULS if the allowable bearing
pressure of the sub-grade is exceeded. Collapse may also occur if the
ultimate strength of the foundation members is less than the ultimate
applied loads.
Pad Foundations
4  The most common type of foundations used in Kenya for RC buildings are
pad foundations.
Combined Foundations
5  Adopted for 2 columns either when they are relatively close together or
when one of the columns is adjacent to an existing structure.
Strip Footing
6  These are normally adopted for lines of closely spaced columns or under
walls as shown:
Raft Foundation
7  Continuous slabs which cover the whole plan area of the structure as
shown in the figure. Normally used in the following circumstances:
 For lightly loaded structures on soft natural ground where it is necessary to
spread load.
 To replace many isolated footings.
 Where different settlements are significant
Piled Foundation
8  These are used in situations where it is necessary to transfer the foundation
loads through strata which have bearing capacity, to strata which have a
higher capacity or to rock. Piles are essentially long, slender members
mostly subjected to compression.
Design Stages
9  These are used in situations where it is necessary to transfer the foundation
loads through strata which have bearing capacity, to strata which have a
higher capacity or to rock. Piles are essentially long, slender members
mostly subjected to compression.
 The base contact area is determined using service loads. This ensures that
the settlements will be acceptable (there is no sliding and no overturning).
 The structural details (thickness of foundation, steel reinforcement) are
determined using the ultimate loads. This ensures that collapse at ULS does
not occur.
 Soils which have expansive and shrinkage potential are not suitable for
foundations.
Allowable Bearing Pressure

10  The allowable bearing pressure (also referred to as the bearing capacity)
depends on the type of sub-grade material:
Material Depth Abp Notes
(mm) (kN/m2)
1 Soft clay < 600 < 100 Not suitable
Loose fine sand
2 Medium dense clay 600 to 100 to Low Rise
Medium dense sand 1500 300
3 Hard clay 1500 to 300 to Med Rise
Compact gravel 3000 600
4 Weathered bedrock > 3000 > 600 High Rise
Intact bedrock < 10,000
 Note:
 1 kN/m2 = 0.001N/m2 = 0.001MPa=1kPa
 Soils which have expansive and shrinkage potentials (such as black cotton soil)
are not suitable for foundations.
Allowable Bearing Pressure

11  In accordance with Eurocode 7 - KS EN 1997 – the prescriptive method is
used in scenarios where it may not be necessary to find out the specific
geotechnical parameters f the bearing strata. This method is usually
conservative.
Design of Pad Footing

12 The procedure for the design of a pad footing
for a short axially loaded column may be
outlined as follows:
Using the axial service load NSLS = 1.0Gk +1.0Qk, determine the
required base area
Using the axial ultimate load NULT = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk,
Design of Pad Footing

13  The structural details are determined as follows:
 Using the ultimate axial load and the provided base area, calculate
the ultimate earth pressure acting on the base area.
 Using the ultimate earth pressure as loading, determine the ultimate
applied bending moment, M.
 Check that K = M/fckbd2 ≤ 0.167, which is the preferred case.
 Determine the required as of steel reinforcement as in a slab.
 z= [0.5 + √(0.25 – 0.882K) ≤ 0are.95
 la = z
 Ast = M/0.87fyz
 Check that Ast ≥ 0.13%bh, where b = 1000 mm.
 Provide distribution bars.
 Details are same as for a slab except cover is approximately 50 mm
Question
14  A pad footing supporting a 500 x 500 Column has an ultimate (factored)
load of 4000kN and a serviceability (unfactored) load of 2900kN. The
footing is to be founded on soft soil with an allowable bearing pressure of
200kPa. Determine the required base contact area and then provide the
reinforcement assuming a 600mm thickness for the pad footing. Assume T20
bars and reinforcement cover for the pad as 50mm. The concrete to be
used is C25/30. The reinforcement yield strength is 460MPa.
 Sizing of the footing:
 Safe bearing pressure = 200kPa
 Area of footing required:
2900𝑘𝑁

/
14.5𝑚2
 14.5𝑚2 3.81𝑚
 Provide a square footing: 3.9m x 3.9m
Sizing of the Pad Foundation

15  Provide a square footing: 3.9m x 3.9m
Applied Moment
16  To design the element, we use the ultimate limit state.
 At Ultimate Limit State, the pressure on the foundation we have chosen will
be:
4000𝑘𝑁

3.9𝑚 3.9𝑚
263𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
 Moment at the column face of pad foundation:

1.7𝑚
 𝑀𝐸𝑑 263𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 3.9𝑚 1.7𝑚 2
1482.14𝑘𝑁𝑚
Steel Reinforcement
17  𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 600 50 540𝑚𝑚
 𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓 0.167 3900 540 25 4747.98𝑘𝑁𝑚

 𝑀 1482.14𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀 4747.98𝑘𝑁𝑚 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
.
 𝐾 0.052 𝐾′ 0.167 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
 z 0.5 0.25 0.882K d

 𝑧 0.5 0.25 0.882 0.052 𝑑 0.952𝑑 𝑧 0.95𝑑 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
. .
 A 7220mm
. . . . .
 This is the total reinforcement required over 3.9m
 1852𝑚𝑚 /𝑚
.
Code requirements
0.13
18  Check 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.13%𝑏𝑑 100
1000 540 702𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
 𝐴 , 1852𝑚𝑚 /𝑚 𝐴 , 702𝑚𝑚 /𝑚 ∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴 ,
 𝐴 , 1852𝑚𝑚 /𝑚
Provision of reinforcement
19  𝐴 , 1852𝑚𝑚 /𝑚
 From reinforcement table,
 Provide T20@150B1 (2094𝑚𝑚2 OR T25@225B1 (2182𝑚𝑚2

 Either of the two are right answers, provide only ONE
Provision of reinforcement – Other Direction

20  𝐴 , 1852𝑚𝑚 /𝑚
21  𝐴 , 1852𝑚𝑚 /𝑚

Provision of reinforcement - Alternatively

22  Alternatively
 Provide T20@150EW (942𝑚𝑚2 OR T25@225EW (2182𝑚𝑚2
 Provide Sketch
Example 2
23  A footing is required to resist characteristic axial loads of 1000kN permanent
and 350kN variable load from a 400 x 400 square column. The concrete
grade is C30/37 and characteristic strength of rebar is 500MPa. The safe
bearing pressure is 200kPa. Assume footing weight is 150kN.
 Sizing of the footing:
 Safe bearing pressure = 200kPa
 Area of footing required:

/
7.5𝑚2
 7.5𝑚2 2.73𝑚
 Provide a square footing: 2.8m x 2.8m
Sizing of the Pad Foundation

24  Provide a square footing: 2.8m x 2.8m
Applied Moment
25  To design the element, we use the ultimate limit state.
 At Ultimate Limit State, the pressure on the foundation we have chosen will
be:

. .
264.9𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
 Moment at the column face of pad foundation:

1.
 𝑀𝐸𝑑 264.9𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 2.8𝑚 1.2𝑚 2
534.04𝑘𝑁𝑚
Steel Reinforcement
26  𝑑 ℎ 𝑐 500 50 440𝑚𝑚
 𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓 0.167 2800 440 30 2715.82𝑘𝑁𝑚

 𝑀 534.04𝑘𝑁𝑚 𝑀 2715.82𝑘𝑁𝑚 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
.
 𝐾 0.033 𝐾′ 0.167 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑
 z 0.5 0.25 0.882K d

 𝑧 0.5 0.25 0.882 0.033 𝑑 0.97𝑑 𝑧 0.95𝑑 ∴ 𝑂𝐾
. .
 A 3193mm
. . . . .
 This is the total reinforcement required over 2.8m
 1141𝑚𝑚 /𝑚
.
Code requirements
0.13
27  Check 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 0.13%𝑏𝑑 100
1000 440 572𝑚𝑚2 /𝑚
 𝐴 , 1141𝑚𝑚 /𝑚 𝐴 , 572𝑚𝑚 /𝑚 ∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴 ,
 𝐴 , 1141𝑚𝑚 /𝑚
28  𝐴 , 1141𝑚𝑚 /𝑚

Provision of reinforcement – Other Direction

29  𝐴 , 1852𝑚𝑚 /𝑚
30  𝐴 , 1141𝑚𝑚 /𝑚

Provision of reinforcement - Alternatively

31  Alternatively
 Provide T20@250EW (1257𝑚𝑚 OR T25@250EW (1257𝑚𝑚
 Provide Sketch

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FCE

Allowable Bearing Pressure

Allowable Bearing Pressure

Design of Pad Footing

Design of Pad Footing

Sizing of the Pad Foundation

 Moment at the column face of pad foundation:

 𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓 0.167 3900 540 25 4747.98𝑘𝑁𝑚

 z 0.5 0.25 0.882K d

 This is the total reinforcement required over 3.9m

 𝐴 , 1852𝑚𝑚 /𝑚 𝐴 , 702𝑚𝑚 /𝑚 ∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴 ,

 Provide T20@150B1 (2094𝑚𝑚2 OR T25@225B1 (2182𝑚𝑚2

Provision of reinforcement – Other Direction

 Provide T20@150B1 (2094𝑚𝑚2 OR T25@225B1 (2182𝑚𝑚2

Provision of reinforcement - Alternatively

Sizing of the Pad Foundation

 Moment at the column face of pad foundation:

 𝑀 0.167𝑏𝑑 𝑓 0.167 2800 440 30 2715.82𝑘𝑁𝑚

 z 0.5 0.25 0.882K d

 This is the total reinforcement required over 2.8m

 𝐴 , 1141𝑚𝑚 /𝑚 𝐴 , 572𝑚𝑚 /𝑚 ∴ 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐴 ,

 Provide T16@175B1 (1149𝑚𝑚2 OR T20@250B1 (1257𝑚𝑚2

Provision of reinforcement – Other Direction

 Provide T16@175B2 (1149𝑚𝑚2 OR T20@250B2 (1257𝑚𝑚2

Provision of reinforcement - Alternatively

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