8/24/2019

Footings and other foundation

units is a structural member
used to transfer the loads from
the structures to the soil or rock
supporting the structures.
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

Common Types of Footings:

It can be…
Shallow Foundations are those that transfer the load to the earth
at the base of the column or wall of the substructure.
Deep Foundations penetrate through upper layers of
incompetent soil in order to transfer the load to competent
bearing soil or rock deeper within the earth.
1. Wall footing or strip-footing is a continuous strip of concrete
that supports a bearing wall, cantilevering out on each side of
the wall.
2. Spread or square footings are pads that distribute the column
load in two directions to an area of soil around the column.
3. Rectangular footings are used to support loads on a single
column where sometimes the location of the footing is limited to
its property line on one of the sides.

4. Combined footings are used to support two heavily loaded

columns are so spaced. That normally designed single footings
would run into each other, it would be rectangular or trapezoidal
in cross- section.
5. Cantilever or strap footing which is really two footings joined
by a beam instead of by a bearing portion of the footing. Each of
the two main parts of this footing supports a column load.
6. Floating or mat or raft foundation which is a single thick mat
or slab that supports the entire structure. This type of
foundation is frequently used with poor soil conditions to
equalize deformations.
7. Pile caps are slabs of reinforced concrete used to distribute
column loads to group of piles.

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Soil Pressure Under Footing

The distribution of soil pressure under the footing is a function of
the type of soil and the relative rigidity of the soil and foundation Column footing must be designed for a 6 strength conditions:
pad.
1. Bearing (compression) from column on top of footing.
2. Dowels into the footing.
3. Strength of soil beneath the footing.
4. Shear strength.
5. Reinforcements provided.
6. Development length of bars.

For structural design purposes, it is customary to assume that the

soil pressures are linearly distributed uniformly on the footing.

Bearing Capacity

To perform satisfactory, shallow foundations must have two main

characteristics:

1. They have to be safe against all shear failure in the soil that
supports them.
2. They cannot undergo excessive displacement, or settlement.

The load per unit area of the foundation at which shear failure in
soil occurs is called the ultimate bearing capacity.

Nature of bearing
capacity failure in soil:
(a) General shear
failure
(b) Local shear failure
(c) Punching shear
failure