L1 – Site Formation工地

平整& Foundation地基

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Purpose of Site Formation
1. To accommodate the buildings with other
related facilities within the site area.
2. To form the land to the required
orientation, shapes and levels for the new
proposed buildings.
3. To provide the required back-up facilities
including site access with temporary
roadways, drainage and other related
services for site works.

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1. A site after barrier fence is erected 2. The backactor is excavating the
surplus soil for site formation and site leveling.

3. The process of slope stabilisation. 4. The process of site drainage system. 3

Works for Site Formation
1. Clearance of the site (removal of existing
unwanted structures, tress, surface soil
and debris.
2. Levelling of the land by cutting or filling.
3. Stabilization of the natural or new slope
within the site.
4. Construction of retaining wall if
necessary.
5. Forming of site access and drainage
system.
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Definition
BS 8004 –
A foundation as “that
part of the structure
designed and
constructed to be in
direct contact with
and transmitting
loads to the ground”

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Basic Principle
Applied Loading Pressure < Ground Bearing
Capacity

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Choice of Foundation
The choice of Foundation basically depends
1. the design of the structure it carries.
2. The ground condition it rests on.

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Design of the superstructure上層建築物:
1. Applied loading transmitted from the
structure, e.g.
A. Purpose
a. e.g. industrial building > residential building
B. building height
a. Increase the vertical loads (eg: Dead Load, Live
Load)
b. Increase the horizontal loads (eg: Wind Load)
C. Layout
2. Ability to accommodate differential
ground settlement
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Ground Condition
1. Bearing capacity of the
ground depends on the
nature of ground
material
Rock > stiff soil硬的泥土>
weak topsoil表土
2. And very generally
increases with the
depth of the ground

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Basic design concept
Under a given superstructure and ground
condition, the design approaches of a foundation
could be:
1. Provide sufficient base area of the foundation
such that:
applied loading / foundation area < ground bearing
capacity

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Basic design concept
2.Penetrate the
foundation to
sufficient depth
up to the firm
soil stratum地層

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Basic design concept
1. The foundation should be designed to
have sufficient strength
2. Avoid differential settlement沉降

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Type of foundation
1. Foundation can be broadly divided into
A. Shallow foundation浅基礎: Transfer the load
to the ground at a level close to the lowest
floor of the building
B. Deep foundation深基礎: Transfers their loads
to the soil at a considerable distance below
the underside of the building

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Shallow foundation
BS 8004 (1986) adopts an arbitrary獨斷 embedment
埋入 depth of 3 m as a way to define shallow
foundations

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1. Normal min thickness of Shallow
foundation : 150mm
2. Shallow foundation is more preferable if
the condition is allowed
A. Lower cost
B. Allow inspection on the actual ground
condition and the finished foundation

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Shallow foundation design
1. Applied pressure
less than ground
bearing capacity
2. Center of gravity of
applied loads should
coincide一致with the
centroid距心of area
of the foundation

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Keep the loading within the middle third of
the base

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Types of shallow foundation
1. Pad footing墊式地
基
2. Strip footing 條形
地基
3. Combined
footing聯合基腳
4. Raft footing 筏式
地基

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Pad Footing
A pad footing: an isolated footing to spread
a concentrated load; it uses to transfer
loading from a single column, pier or heavy
machinery to the ground.

Shape: square, rectangular, trapezoidal梯形的

or circular

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Pad footing

Section

Plan

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Reinforced concrete pad footing
 Tensile reinforcement
provided at the
bottom side
 Compression and
shear reinforcement
are normally not
necessary
 Minimum concrete
cover to reinforcement:
40mm

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Pad footing
 Stepped /sloping face

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Strip Footing
1. BS8004 – a foundation providing a
continuous longitudinal ground bearing.
2. Transfer loading from a continuous wall.

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Strip footing

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Reinforced concrete strip foundation

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Section of Strip Foundation
Inverted T-beam

Section of Strip Foundation

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Combined Footing
A combined foundation is one which the
exterior footing is joined to interior footing.

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Combined Footing
1. To resist the tilting傾斜tendency caused
by eccentrically離開中心地loaded
foundations.
2. Help to distribute the load uniformly均勻
地over the supported soil, where the
loading on the combined base area is not
exceeding the bearing capacity of the soil.
3. Also applicable when the separation
between footings is small.

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Combined Footing
Balanced Base footing: Footings connected
by a strap帶/balancing beam

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Combined Footing
Cantilever懸臂combined footing

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Raft foundation
BS8004-is a foundation continuous in two
directions; it usually covers an area equal to
or greater than the base area of the
structure which it carries

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Raft foundation
1. For ground of
poor soil
properties e.g.
low bearing
capacity or
variation of soil
property
2. For individual
footings are
closely spaced
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Pile foundation
Piled (deep) foundation
is a form of foundation
to transfer the loads of a
structure down to a firm
soil stratum with
sufficient load-taking
capacity.

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Pile foundation
Load from a superstructure is transmitted to
the subsoil either by:
A. End-bearing – load is support by resting onto
a firm stratum such as bed-rock or stratum of
subsoil with the required bearing capacity.
B. Skin friction – load is support by the frictional
resistance so created between the contact
surface of the pile and the embracing soil.

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Pile foundation

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Pile foundation
Pile foundation is commonly required
1. Where the compressibility可壓缩性of the soil
below the structure is so large that excessive
settlements would occur if shallow foundation
were used
2. Where variation in the compressibility of the
soil, non-uniform distribution of the structural
loads, would lead to excessive differential
settlement of shallow foundations
3. Where the foundations may have to resist
strong lateral側面的forces
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Displacement piles
1. A pile is forced into the
ground where the soil is
displaced downwards
and sideways
2. The soil material is not
actually removed from
the ground
3. Large-displacement and
small-displacement
4. E.g. H-pile, sheet pile,
pre-cast concrete pile
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Replacement piles
1. A shaft/hole is excavated and the soil is replaced
with concrete to form a pile.
2. The hole can be formed by machine boring,
grabbing or hand-digging.
3. Hole is usually supported by casing or slurry

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Pile Materials

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Classification of piles
The type of materials

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Timber pile

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Common pile systems for HK building
Driven Steel H-pile

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Common pile systems for HK building
Driven Steel H-pile

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Common pile systems for HK building
Precast concrete pile

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Common pile systems for HK building
Precast concrete pile

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Common pile systems for HK building
Bored Pile (large diameter)

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Common pile systems for HK building
Bored Pile (large diameter)

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Common pile systems for HK building
Bored Pile (large diameter)

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Common pile systems for HK building
Bored pile (small diameter)

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Common pile systems for HK building
Mini-pile

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Common pile systems for HK building
Mini-pile

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Common pile systems for HK building
Hand-dug caisson

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Common pile systems for HK building
Hand-dug caisson

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- END -

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