Backactor / Backhoe

• For digging below track level such as trenching and

basement excavation
• For trench excavation, using a bucket width equal to
the trench width can be very accurate with a high
output rating
• Bulk excavation
• It also digs above track level, such as trimming of
slope, but in reduced efficiency.
• For hanging of giant pneumatic breaker for rock
excavation
• For lifting of light objects, but never use it as a crane
for lifting heaving weights
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Loader Shovel

• Designed for loading loose materials

such as aggregate and loosened soil.
• Other tasks: spreading soil and rough
grading
• Require a level working platform when
operating.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Bulldozer
Mainly designed for excavating, spreading
or pushing soil from one position to another.
Excavation is carried out by lowering the
mould board or blade into the soil and
pushing the soil in front of the machine.
Other tasks:
• clearing vegetation
• stripping topsoil
• excavating and opening up pilot roads
• maintaining haul roads
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
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Road Lorries
For hauling on public roads.
Sizes up to about 38 tonnes gross
vehicle weight.
Loaded by other plant but unloaded by
side or rear tipping.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Unlicensed Lorries

They are often old and with no

license and within site boundary.

Caution! Running on or traversing

public roads are illegal.

Easily broken down and no

insurance coverage. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Dump trucks and dumpers
Vary in size from 1 to about 80 tonnes capacity.
Large capacity machines are generally used in
large mines or quarries.
The speed of tipping is increased over a road
lorry by the absence of a tailgate.
Small dumper units are available for work on
small sites and commonly have the load carried
in front of the driver.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Fill materials
• Earthwork fill materials may consist of soil, rock,
or inert (墮性) construction and demolition
material.
• Inert construction and demolition material shall
mean rock, rubble(瓦礫), earth, soil, concrete,
asphalt, brick, tile and masonry generated from
construction and demolition works.
• Fill material shall also be capable of being
compacted to form stable areas of fill.
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Rock Excavation

The techniques of breaking and

excavating rock or other hard
material depend on the type of
material, the quantity involved and
the conditions on site.
Such techniques include:

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Pneumatic breakers
Pneumatic breakers may be used to break the
rock into small fragments.

The power supply to this type of breaker is from

an air compressor.

Small pneumatic breakers are hand-held while

giant breakers are hung on excavators.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Drill and blast
Holes of 25 – 500 mm can be formed in
rocks by rock drilling methods. The rocks can
then be further broken down by explosives.
There are basically two methods of
producing holes in rock. These are:
Rotary-percussive (衝擊) drilling
Rotary drilling

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CON4157@VTC2021 CC BY-NC-ND
11
Rotary-percussive drilling
• For hard rocks, the rotary-percussive drilling
method is often flavored because the rig is light
and provides good rates of penetration up to 50 m
deep and 300 mm diameter. The method is used
for blast holes, rock anchors, grouting holes, etc.
• In rotary-percussive drilling the drill bit is supplied
with both a percussive and a relatively slow rotary
action.
• The broken rock fragments are flushed out with
either compressed air or water.
• Various types of bits are available for different
conditions: This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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Compaction
• Earthwork fill materials when deposited are normally
loose and bulked. It is therefore necessary to compact
the materials so as to prevent softening, dislodgment
and settlement of the earth.
• Fill material shall be compacted in layers to a stable
condition. The thickness of each layer shall be 150 mm
to 300 mm which depends of the capacity of the
compaction plant used.
• The amount of compaction attained is measured by
“dry density” of the fill. Generally, the fill material shall
be compacted to obtain a relative compaction of at
least 95% of the “maximum dry density” of that
material.
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Compaction plants

Vibrating Rollers
Beside the weight of the machine, vibration
greatly improves compaction performance.
They are suitable for compacting granular
soil
Various size available:
manually guided tandem roller (1 tonne
baby roller)
up to 20 tonnes vibrating roller (effective
compaction thickness: 300 mm)
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PROCUREMENT OF PLANT and
VEHICLES
CONSIDERATION: Productivity
Capacity
Suitability
Workability

LIFE: Depreciation
Obsolescence
Replacement
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PLANT and VEHICLES
COST:
Initial cost (Loan / Buy)
Running cost (Operation)
Maintenance cost (Repair)
Renewable (Trade in)

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PLANT HIRE BENEFIT
•Short term
•Storage limitation
•Repair depot
•Idling time
•Lending period
•Insurance cover
•License
•Safety control (routine check and servicing)
•Yearly quality assessment / warranty
(planned maintenance)
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Tutorial: Selection of Plant

Group discussion:

Major plant to be used for your project.

Decision making on the procurement of plants

tragically.

Task: List those arguments you have considered.

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