CONSTRUCTION

EQUIPMENTS

SUBMITTED BY:-
RAGYI VARSHNEY – 1900488
B.ARCH 5th YEAR
• BACKACTOR
• SKIMMER
• SCRAPERS
 BACKACTOR (INTRODUCTION)
They are used for below ground level excavation. The
bucket acts downwards and drag towards the machine and
tilted upwards to hold the loads. They are used mainly as
trench or large scale open excavation, but sometimes they
are also used as loading machines.
A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece
of excavating equipment or larger consisting of a digging
bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are
typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader.
A backactor wil be purchased for a cost of S109,750. After
a useful life of 5 years, it is assumed the equipment will be
sold for 535,000.
 OPERATIONS:-

1. Digging action result from the drag or pull of bucket towards the machine.
2. The boom is set at desired angle
3. The hoist cable is pulled in and the drag cable is released thus moving the bucket to required
position.
4. By pulling the cable the bucket is filled.
5. The bucket is lifted by raising the boom and then swinging to dumping position.

APPLICATION OF BACKACTOR
1. Suitable for digging below machine level.
2. Can be efficiently used to trim or dress the surface avoiding manual effort.
3. A backhoe is designed primarily for excavation below ground and it is especially employed for
trench excavation works.
4. It posses the positive digging action and accurate lateral control.
PARTS
Backhoe/Loader/ Operator Safety Training Backhoe loaders have a very unique appearance -- they
have components sticking out every which way. It's obvious what a dump truck does just by looking
at it; but what are the different appendages of a backhoe used for? A backhoe loader is an
interesting invention because it is actually three pieces of construction equipment combined into
one unit.
Engine Power – 160HP
Operating Weight – 20TONS

A backhoe loader is:

• A tractor
• A loader
• A backhoe
After the equipment is started, the following items must be inspected.

• Operation of brakes
• Steering mechanism
• Horn and Back up alarm
• Operating controls
• Hydraulic hoses (under operating conditions)
• Lights

Before leaving the equipment unattended, the operator shall:

• Land all attachments and loads.

• Set all brakes and other locking devices.
• Place controls in the neutral or off position.
• Stop the engine.
Voltage (kV) Minimum Clearance
<= 50 kV 10 ft.
> 50 kV 10 ft. + 4 inches per kV over 50 kV
 TYPES OF BACKACTOR
1) Crawler Excavators:-

Unlike other large excavators that run on wheels, crawlers run on

large two endless tracks, crawlers are often used in mining and
heavy-duty construction jobs. Also known as compact excavators,
these excavators use hydraulic power mechanisms to lift heavy
debris and soil.

2) Dragline Excavators:-

The dragline excavator is a larger excavator that operates with a

different process. The equipment utilizes a hoist rope system that
attaches to a bucket via a hoist coupler. The other side of the
bucket is affixed to a dragline that runs from the bucket to the
cab.
 TYPES OF BACKACTOR
3) Suction Excavators:-

Also known as vacuum excavators, these excavators feature a suction

pipe capable of letting air providing up to 400 horsepower. The
excavator first releases a water jet to loosen the ground.

4) Skid Steer Excavators:-

Unlike standard excavators, skid steers have booms and buckets that
face away from a driver. This orientation allows the attachments to reach
over the cab instead of around it, making them useful in more narrow
areas and maneuvering tricky turns.
5) Long Reach Excavators:-
As its name suggests, a long reach excavator features a
lengthier arm and boom sections. The design allows for
better operation in hard-to-reach locations. The excavator’s
extendable arm can reach over 100 feet horizontally.

These excavators are best used for demolition projects like

structural crumpling and breaking down walls and
applications that are over a body of water. Different
attachments can be affixed to the arm to perform additional
jobs such as shearing, crushing, and cutting.
SKIMMER (INTRODUCTION)

The first skimmer

prototype was designed
and built in 1912. The first
machine was sold in 1913,
and the skimmer entered
full production the next
year.

Removal of pavement and other thin layers was especially problematic. The bucket simply could
not engage the material long enough to produce a respectable load within a reasonable time.
The Keystone Driller Company of Beaver Falls, PA, solved this problem when it invented the
skimmer.
These excavators are rigged using a universal power unit for surface stripping and shallow
excavation work up to 300 mm deep where a high degree of accuracy is required. They usually
require attendant haulage vehicles to remove the spoil and need to be transported between
sites on a low-loader. Because of their limitations and the alternative machines available they
are seldom used today.

The skimmer was cable-operated, and its

design was simplicity itself. The boom was
essentially a heavy I-beam, and rather
than suspending the bucket from the
boom as on a shovel or dragline, the
bucket traveled along the boom. Bucket
capacities were small, on the order of one
half to one cubic yard, and the bucket’s
bottom was flat to produce a smooth
grade.
PARTS
 USE
It is used for surface excavation and leveling and it cuts the surface of the earth to a
depth of about 200 mm to 300 mm. The skimmer excavator can also be used for
loading the loose excavated material.
 SCRAPERS (INTRODUCTION)
• Scrapers are a type of heavy machinery used for
earthmoving.
• An earthmoving machine used for soft soil.
• Self-propelled scrapers were invented in the 1930s by R.G.
LeTourneau.
• The rear part of the machine is called a hopper.
• This hopper is lowered or raised to cut into the ground
collecting the dirt.
• The collected earth can be moved and dumped accordingly
as this process is repeated.
• It can be used this is the ideal piece of earthmoving
machinery as it loads, transports and spreads material.
Unfortunately it cannot be used to transport materials over
long distances because of heating of the tires.
PARTS
 USES
Scrapers are known for their versatility. They can be used in the construction industry, agricultural
operations, or mining jobs.

•Leveling
•Grading
•Excavating
•Road building
•Earthmoving
 TYPES OF SCRAPERS
1) Towed Scraper:-

A Towed Scraper easily adapts to jobsite conditions. The scraper can be pulled
in single or tandem configurations, or top loaded with an excavator.
Ideally pulled by Cat Track-Type Tractors and Challenger Special Application
Tractors, hitches and drawbars are available for a wide variety of tractors.
Capacity(struck) - 18.8 yd3 to 23.5 yd3
Capacity(heaped) - 13 yd3 to 17 yd3
2) Elevating Scraper:-

Load/haul/spread with little support equipment. Conditions material going

into the bowl. Work alone capability. Elevating scraper aids in compaction.
Good tool for finish work. Loaded Haul: 500 ft - 3,000 ft. Low rolling
resistance. Ideal for short cut areas.
Capacity(heaped) - 11 yd3 to 23 yd3.
Max. Speed - 24.4 mph to 32 mph.
Ability to homogenize and condition soil while loading.
 TYPES OF SCRAPERS
3) Coal Bowl Scraper:-

Handling coal is a big job and relies on dependable machines. Only Wheel
Tractor- Scrapers designed exclusively for coal stockpiling and retrieval
needs.
The Caterpillar 637G and 657G Coal Bowl Scrapers can construct and
maintain coal stockpiles, as well as haul loads to inlet supply system to
meet the burn requirements of the plant.
4) Open Bowl Scraper:-

Scrapers have a reputation for major infrastructure work. Jobs like airports
and dams and interstate road building jobs that require moving large amounts
of dirt with little time.
Quick load/unload, Low cost/high production, Loaded Haul: 500 ft -
5,000 ft, Ideal for varying material conditions,
Ideal for moving high volume of material.
 TYPES OF SCRAPERS
5) Pull Scraper:-

Pull scrapers are unpowered trailers that must be attached to a tractor

and pulled in orde to load. Early scrapers such as the Fresno scraper fell
into this category, they were typically pulled by horses. Because they lack
a motor, pull scrapers are best used for lighter terrain such as sand, soil, or
soft materials.