Earth Moving Equipments :

• Earthmoving equipment is used in the construction industry to :

- shift large amounts of earth,
- dig foundations and landscape areas.
• Types of earthmoving equipment include hydraulic excavators, bulldozers, compressors
and loaders.

1. Excavators
Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, stick, bucket and cab on
a rotating platform (known as the "house"). Excavators are also called diggers
Excavators are used in many ways:
• Digging of trenches, holes, foundations
• Material handling
• Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments
• Forestry work
• Demolition
• General grading/landscaping
• Heavy lift, e.g. lifting and placing of pipes
• Mining, especially, but not only open-pit mining
• River dredging
• Driving piles, in conjunction with a pile driver

2. Loaders
A loader is a heavy equipment machine often
used in construction, primarily used to Load
material (such as asphalt, demolition debris,
dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals,
recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips)
into or onto another type of machinery (such
as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed hopper,
or railcar).

3. Skid Steer Loaders

• A skid loader or skid-steer loader is a small
rigid frame, engine-powered machine with lift
arms used to attach a wide variety of labour-
saving tools or attachments.
• Though sometimes they are equipped with
tracks, skid steer loaders are typically four-
wheel vehicles with the wheels mechanically
locked in synchronization on each side, and
the left-side drive wheels can be driven
independently of the right-side drive wheels.
4. Graders
• A grader, also commonly referred to as a
road grader, a blade, a maintainer, or a motor
grader, is a construction machine with a long
blade used to create a flat surface.
• Typical models have three axles, with the
engine and cab situated above the rear axles at
one end of the vehicle and a third axle at the
front end of the vehicle, with the blade in
between.
In civil engineering, the grader's purpose is to
"finish grade" (refine, set precisely) the "rough
grading“ performed by heavy equipment or
engineering vehicles such as scrapers and
bulldozers.
Graders are commonly used in the
construction and maintenance of dirt roads and
gravel roads.
In the construction of paved roads they are
used to prepare the base course to create a
wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed
on. Graders are also used to set native soil
foundation pads to finish grade prior to the
construction of large buildings.

5. Crawler Loaders
• The crawler loader combines the stability of
the crawler tractor with the abilities of a wheel
loader.
• However, to construct a reliable crawler
loader it requires more than simply attaching a
loader bucket onto a crawler tractor. It must be
designed with its specific purpose in mind to
ensure it has the strength to withstand heavy
excavating.
• The introduction of hydraulic excavators
diminished the market for the crawler loader
because it was unable to match the excavator's
lifting power and flexibility.
• However, crawler loaders are capable of
manoeuvring across the entire construction
site under its own power, whereas most
hydraulic excavators require towing or
transport. While crawler tractors are still being
manufactured today for niche markets, they
reached their peak of popularity in the 1960s.
6. Backhoe
• A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back
actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or
digger consisting of a digging bucket on the
end of a two part articulated arm. They are
typically mounted on the back of a tractor or
front loader.
• The section of the arm closest to the vehicle
is known as the boom, and the section which
carries the bucket is known as the dipper or
dipper stick (the terms "boom“ and "dipper"
having been used previously on steam
shovels). The boom is attached to the vehicle
through a pivot known as the kingpost, which
allows the arm to slew left and right, usually
through a total of around 200 degrees. Modern
backhoes are powered by hydraulics.

7. Bulldozers
A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked
tractor) equipped with a substantial metal plate
(known as a blade) used to push large
quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or other such
material during construction or conversion
work and typically equipped at the rear with a
claw-like device (known as a ripper) to loosen
densely-compacted materials.

8. Trenchers
• Trenchers, or ditchers as they are sometimes
called, are similar to excavators in the sense
that they penetrate the earth, breaking soil and
rock, and remove it from the ground. They
differ from excavators in that the soil is
removed in one continuous movement.
Trenchers are specifically used for digging
trenches for pipes, but other machines have
been improvised in the past to serve this
purpose.
• Trenchers can come in two types: ladder
trenchers and wheel trenchers, and can dig
trenches at speeds that other machines cannot
compare to.
9. Scrapers
• In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper
is a piece of heavy equipment used for
earthmoving.
• The rear part has a vertically moveable
hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp
horizontal front edge. The hopper can be
hydraulically lowered and raised. When the
hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the
soil or clay like a plane and fills the hopper.
• When the hopper is full it is raised, and
closed with a vertical blade (known as the
apron). The scraper can transport its load to
the fill area where the blade is raised, the back
panel of the hopper, or the ejector, is
hydraulically pushed forward and the load
tumbles out. Then the empty scraper returns to
the cut site and repeats the cycle.

10. Wheeled Loading Shovels

• A power shovel (also stripping shovel or
front shovel or electric mining shovel) is a
bucket equipped machine, usually electrically
powered, used for digging and loading earth
or fragmented rock and for mineral
extraction.
• Power shovels are used principally for
excavation and removal of overburden in
open-cut mining operations, though it may
include loading of minerals, such as coal. They
are the modern equivalent of steam shovels,
and operate in a similar fashion.
• A shovel's work cycle, or digging cycle,
consists of four phases:
 digging
 swinging
 dumping
 returning
Material Handling Equipments
1. Cranes
It uses one or more simple machines to create
mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond
the normal capability of a man. Cranes are commonly
employed in the transport industry for the loading and
unloading of freight, in the construction industry for
the movement of materials and in the manufacturing
industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.

2. Conveyors
A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical
handling equipment that moves materials from one
location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in
applications involving the transportation of heavy or
bulky materials. Conveyor systems allow quick and
efficient transportation for a wide variety of materials,
which make them very popular in the material
handling and packaging industries.

3. Forklifts
• A forklift truck (also called a lift truck, a fork truck,
a forklift, or a tow-motor) is a powered industrial
truck used to lift and transport materials.
• Forklift trucks are available in many variations and
load capacities. In a typical warehouse setting most
forklifts used have load capacities between one to five
tons. Larger machines, up to 50 tons lift capacity are
used for lifting heavier loads.

4. Hoists
• A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load
by means of a drum or lift wheel around which rope
or chain wraps. It may be manually operated,
electrically or pneumatically driven and may use
chain, fibre or wire rope as its lifting medium. The
load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting
hook.
• Also known as a Man-Lift, Buck hoist, temporary
elevator, builder hoist, passenger hoist or construction
elevator, this type of hoist is commonly used on large
scale construction projects, such as high-rise buildings
or major hospitals. There are many other uses for the
construction elevator.
• Many other industries use the buck hoist for full
time operations. The purpose is being to carry
personnel, materials, and equipment quickly between
the ground and higher floors, or between floors in the
middle of a structure.
Construction Equipments
1. Tunneling Boring Machine
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a
"mole", is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a
circular cross section through a variety of soil and
rock strata. They can bore through anything from hard
rock to sand. Tunnel diameters can range from a meter
(done with micro-TBMs) to 19.25 m to date. Tunnels
of less than a meter or so in diameter are typically
done using trenchless construction methods or
horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs.

2. Compactors
A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to
reduce the size of waste material or soil through
compaction. In construction, there are three main
types of compactor: the plate compactor, the "Jumping
Jack" and the road roller. The roller type compactors
are used for compacting crushed rock as the base layer
underneath concrete or stone foundations or slabs.
The plate compactor has a large vibrating base plate
and is suited for creating a level grade, while the
jumping jack compactor has a smaller foot. The
jumping jack type is mainly used to compact the
backfill in narrow trenches for water or gas supply
pipes etc. Road rollers may also have vibrating rollers.

3. Pavers
A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher, paving
machine) is an engineering vehicle used to lay asphalt
on roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck. A
separate machine, a roller, is then used to press the hot
asphalt mix, resulting a smooth, even surface. The
sub-base being prepared by use of a grader to trim
crushed stone to profile after rolling.

4. Spraying & Plastering Machine

Plaster spraying allows a plasterer to skim a drywall
more than five times faster than using a hand float to
apply it. Although classic gypsum-based plaster can
be sprayed if it is "spray grade," most plaster sprayers
prefer the organic-based pre-mixed plaster packaged
in a plastic bag because the plaster spraying machine
does not need to be cleaned out after the job is
finished, providing that plaster is kept moist.
• Worm-drive pump
Most commonly, sprayers have a worm-drive pump
that pumps the plaster up to a spray gun that has a
large nozzle, usually 4 to 8 mm, that extrudes the
plaster into a chamber on the end of the gun.
• Piston pump
Newer types of plaster sprayer have a piston pump,
which has sufficient pressure to spray smooth
(untextured) plaster without compressed air.
5. Concrete Mixer
A concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combine cement, aggregate(sand & gravel) and water to
form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume
works portable concrete mixers are often used. The concrete mixer was invented by a Columbus industrialist
Gebhardt Jaeger. Types of Concrete Mixers are :

Twin Shaft Mixer

• Twin shaft mixers are known for their high intensity mixing in
short period of time.
• These mixers are typically used for high strength concrete in
batches of 2.6 – 7.8 cubic yards.

Vertical Axis Mixer

• Vertical axis mixers are most commonly used for the
production of coloured concrete and smaller batches of 0.98 –
3.9 cubic yards. Twin Shaft Mixer

Drum Mixer
• Drum mixers are used where large volume of concrete is Vertical Mixer
being produced.
• The batch size is ranging from 3.9 –12 cubic yards.
• This type of mixers dominate the ready mixed market as it is
known to be capable of high production speed, ideal for slump
concrete and where overall cost of production is important.
• Drum mixers are known to have the lowest maintained and
operating cost. All the three types of mixers are used to varying
degree in all parts of the world.
• Drum mixers are broadly classified into two main categories:-
1. Tilting drum mixer
2. Non-tilting drum mixer

Working of Mixer :
• The revolving drum is used to mix all the components of concrete.
• The drum is attached with usually two rollers which are operated by a motor.
• Water, cement and aggregates are put inside the revolving drum in a desired proportion.
• For example if you want high strength concrete, then use 1:2:4 ratio of cement, sand and gravel
respectively.
• Water is then added according to the cement amount, to carry out the hydration process of cement.
• The water/cement ratio is generally 0.5 but can be reduced to 0.25.
• When the drum rotates it mix all the components homogenously the rotation speed is generally 20-36
rounds per minute.
• After 1 or 2 minutes the concrete is discharged into a chute.
• A chute is a container that guide the concrete to a wheelbarrow.
• After this process the drum is then washed well so that the cement may not stick to it.

Parts of a Concrete Mixer :

1. Drum – It is used to mix the components.
2. Rollers – It rolls the drum.
3. Motor – It operates the rollers.
4. Blades – It is used to mix the indegrients homogenously & discharge it.
5. Chute – It is used to guide the ready mixed concrete into wheelbarrow.
6. Lever – It is used for tilting the drum to discharge the concrete.
7. Gearbox – It is used to control the rotational speed of the drum.
6. Road Roller
A road roller (sometimes called a roller-
compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type
engineering vehicle used to compact soil,
gravel, concrete, or asphalt in the construction
of roads and foundations, similar rollers are
used also at landfills or in agriculture.

7. Stone Crusher
A crusher is a machine designed to reduce
large rocks into smaller rocks, gravel, or rock
dust. Crushers may be used to reduce the size,
or change the form, of waste materials so they
can be more easily disposed of or recycled, or
to reduce the size of a solid mix of raw
materials (as in rock ore), so that pieces of
different composition can be differentiated.

8. Slurry & Heavy Duty Pumps

A Slurry pump is a type of centrifugal pump in
physics principle that increases the pressure of
liquid and solid particle mixture (aka slurry),
through centrifugal force (a rotating impeller)
and converts electrical energy into slurry
potential and kinetic energy. A pump is a
device used to move fluids, such as liquids,
gases or slurries. A pump displaces a volume
by physical or mechanical action.
Construction Vehicles

1. Dumpers
A dumper is a vehicle designed for carrying
bulk material, often on building sites.
Dumpers are distinguished from dump trucks
by configuration: a dumper is usually an open
4-wheeled vehicle with the load skip in front
of the driver, while a dump truck has its cab in
front of the load. The skip can tip to dump the
load; this is where the name "dumper" comes
from. They are normally diesel powered. A
towing eye is fitted for secondary use as a site
tractor. Modern dumpers have payloads of up
to 10 tones and usually steer by articulating at
the middle of the chassis.

2. Tippers
A truck or lorry the rear platform of which can
be raised at the front end to enable the load to
be discharged by gravity also called tip truck.
Tippers are suited for the rough and tumble of
mining & quarrying operations, as well as for
carrying bulk loads in construction and
infrastructure industries. Complete
manoeuvrability, high performance and long
term endurance are common to all trucks,
resulting in lower operating costs.

3. Trailers
A trailer is generally an unpowered vehicle
pulled by a powered vehicle. Commonly, the
term trailer refers to such vehicles used for
transport of goods and materials.