Precast Concrete

Slab
By: Lo, Kimberly T.

Here starts the BSCE-1B

lesson!
 Table of
Contents! 4. Procedure
 Video Presentation
1. Introduction
5. Safety
 Definition  PPE’s
 History  Do’s and Don’ts
2. Objective 6. Output
 General objective  Types of Precast Concrete
 Specific Objective Slab
3. Materials, Equipment and Tools 7. Advantages
 Definition
 Picture 8. Disadvantages
 01

Introduction
 Introduction

● Precast concrete is reinforced ● Precast concrete elements can be

concrete that is cast away from the joined to
building site, and assembled on site. other elements to form a complete str
● Precast concrete is ucture.
a form of concrete that is prepared, ● It is typically used
cast and cured off-site, usually in a for structural components such
controlled factory environment, as; wall panels, beams, columns,
using reusable moulds.  floors, staircases, pipes, tunnels, and
so on.
● Many suspect the precast concrete
industry began in ancient Rome.
● However, the documented history of
the modern-day precast concrete
industry began in the 1900’s when an
English engineer by the name of John
Alexander Brodie.
● Brodie was first to get a patent for the
process of creating precast concrete
panelled buildings.
● In 1950, the first major precast
concrete structure appeared in the
United States, the Walnut Lane
Memorial Bridge in Philadelphia. Walnut
Bridge
 02

Objective
 General
Precast concrete slabs can be a helpful
addition to any construction project.
The general objective of a precast
concrete are as follows:
 Precast concrete can facilitate both
speed and quality construction.
 Concrete slabs are used in many
construction projects, ranging from
small home projects to
larger commercial endeavours.
Specific
● To make beams, columns, floor
slabs, foundations, and
other structural members for buildings.
● To make wall or cladding panels
for buildings.
● To make precast pre-
stressed elements for buildings.
● To make components for infrastructure
projects. 
● To make products 
● It can also be used to create one-off
unusual forms such as boats, sculptures and
so on.
 03

Materials, Equipment
and Tools
 Materials
Cement
Cement, in general, adhesive substances
of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the
binding materials used in building and
civil engineering construction.
OPC
It is most widely and commonly used
cement in the world. This type of cement
is manufactured as a powder by mixing
limestone and other raw materials which
consist of argillaceous, calcareous and
gypsum.

Screed
Screed however is a smoother mix,
which consists of considerably less
aggregates to that of the mix used for
concrete.
Supplementary
Cementitious Material
SCM’s are materials that, when used in
conjunction with Portland cement,
Portland limestone cement or blended
cements, contribute to the properties of
hardened concrete through hydraulic
and/or pozzolanic activity.

Coarse Aggregates
Coarse aggregates size is measure above
the 4.75 mm limit. These are more likely
to be natural stone or gravel that has
been crushed or processed.
Fine Aggregates
The size of the fine aggregates is
lesser than 4.75 mm. That
is aggregates particles that passed
through 4.75 mm. fine aggregates
include things such as sand, silt, and
clay. 
 Water
Water is one of the most important
elements in construction but people
still ignore quality aspect of this
element. The water is required for
preparation of mortar, mixing of
cement concrete and for curing work
etc. during construction work.
Pigments (Oxide)
Pigments are fine dry powder or
slurry or aqueous suspension that
added to the concrete ingredients to
produce colors, other than the normal
grey color.
 Releasing Agent
Reduce leakage of water and moisture
during curing of concrete. They
protects the form work and make the
reuse of shuttering possible. Helps in
reducing cracks due to internal
restrains.
Reinforcing Material
Reinforcing material, that is bars and
mesh are covered by IS: 1786- 2008
for high strength deformed bars for
concrete reinforcement, IS 432 for
mild steel and medium tensile steel
bars and hard-drawn wires.
 Reinforcing Bar
Reinforcing material, that is bars and
mesh are covered by IS: 1786- 2008
for high strength deformed bars for
concrete reinforcement, IS 432 for
mild steel and medium tensile steel
bars and hard-drawn wires.
Prestressing Tendons
Steel tendons for prestressed concrete
may be wires, strands or, bars. Wires
and strands are commonly used for
pre-tensioned members. 7- Wire
strands systems are the most common
system used for post-tensioned
members.
Equipment and Tools

Mobile Crane
Mobile cranes are designed to use a
collection of simple machines in order to
both raise and lower objects, as well as
to move them horizontally.
 Tower Crane
Tower cranes are mainly fixed on
construction sites. Construction sites
use tower cranes from large tools such
as lift steel, concrete, acetylene torch
and generators, and a variety of other
building materials.
Moulds
Precast concrete components are
made using steel moulds due to
several repetitions, generally above
500. Usually, precast components are
cast on steel moulds
 Coloumn Moulds Beam Moulds
Column mould consists basically of a
Beam moulds are generally fabricated
formwork base with a fixed centre
as system moulds, where one can cast
platform and movable side platforms.
more elements at a time. Beam
Sections of the mould with different
moulds are manufactured following
lengths can be operated individually or
dimensions and tolerances stated in
hydraulically through coupling plates
the related standards.
across the entire length
 Wall Mould Slab Mould
There are different types of wall Slab moulds can be classified into
mould being used in the industry prestressed hollow core slab moulds,
widely. Each of them are explained prestressed plank moulds and non-
below. prestressed slab moulds.
 Battery mould  Prestressed hollow core slab
 Vertical Battery mould moulds
 Tilting mould  Prestressed plank moulds
 Flat/table mould  Non-prestressed slab moulds
 Staircase Mould
Staircase moulds are fabricated in an
upside position. The landing slab shall
be integrated with the flight of the
stair or as a separate slab. These
staircase elements produced are tilted
after producing or at the site prior to
installation time.
Costumized Moulds
Once can produce any kind of mould
depending upon the requirement of
the concrete products by the clients.
Some of these moulds are- culvert
mould, storm water drain mould,
lintel beam with sunshades, tunnel
moulds etc.
 Bending Rebar Machine
Rebar bender is a machine widely
Reinforcing Cage used in building and construction to
Reinforcing cages provide the
bend bars made of steel and other
structure with stiffness, allowing
heavy metals. It is considered as one
withstanding tension, bending, torque
of the most economical materials in
loads. These cages are inherently
the construction.
unstable, usually held together by tie-
wire alone.
 Portable Rebar Bender
Many portable rebar benders are
available in the market and you can
select the type of bender depending on
the type of job you are working.
Electrical Rebar Bender
Electric rebar benders are widely
applied in reinforced concrete
construction which can bend rebars in
various arcs and angles on the basis
of the design needs.
 Manual Rebar Bender
We can use manual rebar benders in
many cases and bending rebar
properly using this bender depends on
leverage. Manual benders can bend
rebar depending upon the strength of
the people by pushing down on a
lever. 
Hydraulic Rebar Bendder
Hydraulic rebar bender is a type of
bender that applies hydraulic force to
bend the steel bars. This type of
bender also provides flexibility and is
easy to operate.
 Automatic Rebar Bender
An automatic rebar bender is a type of
bender that provides the benefit of
automatic numerical control which
automatically adjusts gears providing
easy switching between the desired
bending angles.
Sand Blasting
Sandblasting concrete is an abrasive
blasting technique used to blast
concrete away to expose the aggregate
beneath it for a rough surface finish. In
addition, the procedure is also
designed to instantly remove dirt,
grime, paint or simply for graffiti
removal.
 Screed
A tool, usually a long strip of wood or
other material, for producing a
smooth, flat surface on, for example,
a concrete floor or a plaster wall.
Concrete Bucket
A concrete bucket is a container with
movable gates at the bottom that is
attached to power cranes or cables to
transport concrete material.
 Concrete Tarp
Is used as concrete curing blankets,
temporary curtain walls, or temporary
heat enclosure, making them a
versatile tool for creating the proper Tarp
temperature environment for curing
concrete.
 04

Procedure
Procedure
1. Engineering & Design
2. Prepping the Rebar
Cage
3. Prepping the Form
4. Mixing and Pouring
the Concrete
5. Curing the Concrete
6. Stripping the Forms
and Inspecting the
Product
Exampel of a precast
structure
 05

Safety
 People – The behaviors and attitudes of
employees. This can also include
individual competencies, capacities
and perceptions.
Plant – The physical conditions of the
facilities. This includes tools,
The Safety equipment, buildings and general
housekeeping.
Assessment Processes – The systems and
infrastructure currently in place.
This includes policies, procedures,
rules, regulations, training, HR
systems and more.
Safety or Hard
Hat
A hard hat is an article of personal
protective clothing (PPE) used to protect
the head from falling objects, impacts
from falls, and other types of head
trauma.
So-called hard hats that do not provide
adequate protection from falling objects
or high impact blows to the head are
known as "bump caps."
Safety Vest
These protective vests will enhance
visibility. The wearer of a safety vest has
a better chance of preventing unwanted
injury by being highly visible on the
highway, and a reduced occurrence of
accidents on the road. 
Safety Gloves
Construction worker’s hands are
exposed to many different hazards on
the job site. Whether it be a threat from
chemicals, cuts, or burns there is a glove
that can protect your hands while still
allowing you to effectively do your job.
 Safety goggles
Construction sites are dangerous places,
filled with multiple health and safety
risks. The best eye protection for use in
such environments is goggles or glasses
that provide reliable protection against
smoke, dust particles, light exposure and
electrical discharge.
 Safety shoes
It prevents from getting foot injuries due
to slippery surface, heavy falling or
rolling objects, sharp piercing edges,
pinch points, rotary machinery, hot
objects, loops of ropes under tension,
splinters, electricity, chemicals or even
bad weather etc.
 06

Output
 07

Advantages
 Advantages:
 Saves Construction Time: Precast
Concrete construction saves time, the risk
of project delay is also less. The precast
concrete casting can be carried on
simultaneously with other works on site
such as earthwork, survey, etc. and thus
saves time.
 Quality Assurance: The key factors
which regulate the quality of construction
such as curing, temperature, mix design,
formwork, etc. can be monitored for
Precast Concrete. So, improved quality
construction can be performed. 
 Usage of Prestressed Concrete: By using
pre-stressed precast, structural materials of
high strength and load-bearing capacity
can be achieved, which can result in
greater clear span, reduced size of the
cross-section of structural members, etc.
 ● Aesthetics: As the structures are
prefabricated in a controlled factory
 Cost-effective: The simplified environment, several combinations of
construction process reduces the time, colors and textures can be used. A wide
increases the productivity, quality and range of shapes and sizes are available to
safety and thus the cost is reduced.  choose from with smooth finishing and
 Durability: Precast Concrete structure has thus the aesthetical value of products are
a longer service time period and minimal increased. 
maintenance. The high-density ● Safe Construction Platform: No raw
Precast concrete is more durable to acid materials have to be stocked in site for
attack, corrosion, impact, reduces surface Precast Concrete construction. It reduces
voids and resists the accumulation of dust.  the requirement of traditional formworks
and props, wastage, workers, etc. and thus
provides a safe working platform.
 08

Disadvantages
 Disadvantages:
 High Initial Investment: For installing a
Precast Concrete plant, heavy and
sophisticated machines are necessary
which requires a high initial investment. A
large scale of precast construction projects
must be available to ensure sufficient
profit.
 Transportation Issue: The construction
site can be at a distant location from the
Precast Concrete plant. In that case, the
precast members must be carried to the
site using trailers. In many cases, the
reduced costs of Precast Concrete is
compensated by the transportation cost. 
 Handling Difficulties: Proper care and
precaution have to be taken for handling
precast concrete. Usually, precast members
are heavy and large which makes it
difficult to handle without damage.
Generally, portable or tower cranes are
used to handle precast members.  supervised and done properly to ensure the
 Modification: Limitation In case of
precast structures, it is difficult to modify
the structure. For example, if a structural
wall is to be dismantled for modification it
will impact the overall stability of the
structure. 
 Sensitive Connection Works:
Assembling of the precast members is one
of the key points for ensuring strong
structural behavior. Connections between
several structural members must be
intended behavior of the connection such
as simple, semi-rigid or rigid connections.
Besides this, faulty connections may lead
to water leakage and fail sound insulation.
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