Earthquake Resistant

Building
Prepared by:
S.K.Thaiyam
Assistant professor
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology
Rajkot.
Topics
• Introduction
• Earthquake Resistive Building
• Objectives
• Aims
• Earthquake Design Philosophy
• General Principal In Construction Of E.Q Resistant Building
• Non Engineered Masonry Structure
• Behavior Of Brick Masonry
• Failure mechanisms of masonry building
• Guideline For Design Of Non-engineered E.Q. Resistant Building
• Suggestion For Construction Of New Masonry Building In Sensitive Area
What Is Earthquake?
• An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the
perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the
sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic
waves
Earthquake Resistive Building
Philosophy Of Earthquake Resistant Building
• Design of building where in there is no damage during the strong but
rare earthquake shaking is called earthquake proof design.
• To make earthquake proof building that will not get damage even
during the rare but strong earthquake. Such type building will be too
robust and also too expensive.
• Practically no building can be made earthquake proof .
• So over intention is to make building earthquake resistant which resist
the effect of ground shaking, although they may get several damaged
but not collapse during earthquake.
Objective Of Earthquake Resistive Building
• Building resist minor earthquake without damage.
• Resist earthquake without structural damage with non structural
damage.
• Resist major earthquake without collapse but with some structural
damage and non structural damage.
Aim
• Behave elastically and survive without collapse under major
earthquake that might occur during the life of the structure.
• To avoid collapse during a major earthquake, structural members
must be ductile enough to absorb and dissipate energy by post elastic
deformation.
• This implies that deformation beyond the yield limit is allowed
without significant loss of strength.
Earthquake Design Philosophy
Under minor but frequent shaking the main member of the building
that carry vertical and horizontal force should not be damaged.
However building part that do not carry load may sustain repairable
damage.
• Minor earthquake < DBE
• Design basis earthquake (DBE) is define as the maximum earthquake that
reasonably can be expected to occur at least once during the design life of
the structure.
 Under moderate but occasional shaking, the main member may
sustain reparable damage, while other is replaced after earthquake .
• Moderate earthquake = DBE
Under strong but rear shaking, the main member may sustain severe
damage or irreparable damage, but the building should not collapse.
• Major earthquake > MCE
• DBE is half of MCE
• Maximum considered earthquake (MCE) is the earthquake corresponding to
the ultimate safety requirement.
General Principal In Construction Of Earthquake
Resistant Building
• Lightness
• Symmetry
• Regularity
• Simplicity
• Continuity
• Size of building
Lightness
• The earthquake Force is a function of mass, the building shall be as
light as possible.
• Heavier structure means large inertia force and collapse of these
structures results in heavier damage and loss of lives.
Symmetry
• For various block should kept symmetrical about both the axes.
• Asymmetry building are subjected to twist or torsion during
earthquake.
• Twist in building causes diff. portion at the same floor level to move
horizontally different amounts.
• Irregularities of mass, strength and stiffness in a building can result in
significant torsional response.
Regularity
• The building should have a simple rectangular plan. It is seen that
simple shapes behave better during earthquake than complex shape
like L,T,E,H,U and C
• It is seen that during earthquake the building with re-entrance
corners have suffered great damage.
• Torsional effect of ground motion are pronounced in long narrow
rectangular block
 Simplicity
• Ornamentation involving large cornices, vertical or horizontal
cantilever projections, facia stone and the like are dangerous and
undesirable from a seismic viewpoint.
• Simplicity is the best approach.
• Where ornamentation is insisted upon, it must be reinforced with
steel which should be properly embedded or tied into the main
structure of the building.
Continuity
• The earthquake developed at diff. floor level in a building need to be
brought down along the height to the ground by shortest path
• Discontinuity in load transfer path results in poor performance of the
building.
• Building with vertical setbacks cause a sudden jump in earthquake
force at the level of discontinuity.
• Building that have fewer columns or wall in a particular story or with
unusually tall storey, tends to damage or collapse which is initiated in
that storey.
Size Of Building
• Buildings of great length or plan area may not responsd to earthquake
in the way calculated.
• In tall building with large height-to-base size ratio (S.R>4), the
horizontal movement of the floor during ground shaking is large.
• The more taller a building the worse the overturning effect of an
earthquake.
Non Engineered Masonry Structure
Advantages Of Non-engineered Building
• Use of locally available material like brick, timber, stone
• Need of less skilled labour
• Easy and cheap repair
• Good insulation against heat and sound
• Less formwork
• Possibility of easy alteration after construction
Causes Of Masonry Building In Earthquake
• The material is brittle and its strength degrade due to repetitive
loading.
• Masonry has very low tensile strength and low shear strength
especially with poor mortar.
• Masonry has great weight because of thick walls. Consequently the
inertia force are large.
• Large stiffness cause large response to earthquake wave in short
natural period.
• The connection between roof to wall and wall to wall is weak.
• Poor quality of work
Behavior Of Brick Masonry
Failure mechanisms of masonry building
• Out of plan failure
• In plan failure
• Connection failure
• Diaphragm failure
• Failure due to opening in wall
• Non structural component failure
Out Of Plan Failure
In Plan Failure
Connection Failure
Diaphragm Failure
Failure Due To Opening In Wall
Non Structural Component Failure
• Cracking and overturning of masonry parapets, roof chimney
balconies etc.
• Falling of plaster
• Cracking and overturning of partition wall
• Cracking in glass
• Falling of loosely placed objects, overturning of cupbords.
Guideline For Design Of Non-engineered E.Q.
Resistant Building
• Codal provision of IS : 4326-1993
• Masonry unit
• Mortar
• Walls
• Masonry bond
• Opening in walls
Masonry Unit
• Well burnt brick and solid concrete block having a crushing strength
not less than 35 MPa shall be used.
• Higher strength of masonry unit may be required depending upon
number of storeys and thickness of wall.
Mortar
• The tensile and shear strength are important for earthquake
resistance, so we can use a mortar mix of 1:6 (c:s)
• Grade of concrete use in building shall not less then M15 with
minimum 15 mm clear cover.
Walls
• The thickness of load bearing walls shall not be less than 190 mm and
wall length should not be greater than 15 m.
• The masonry bearing wall can be built up to a maximum of 4 storeys.
• The bearing walls in both direction shall be straight and symmetrical
in plan as far as possible
• The masonry load bearing wall should be properly reinforced
Masonry Bond
• Good interlocking of masonry courses at the junction should be
ensured as the wall transfer load to eachother at their junction.
• To obtain full bond between perpendicular wall it is necessary to
make a stepped joint by making the corners first to a height of 600
mm and then building the wall in between them otherwise a toothed
joint can be made in both wall in lift about 450 mm.
Opening In Wall
• Door and window opening in wall reduced their lateral load resistance
and hence should preferably be small and more centrally located.
• Opening to be located away from the inside corner by a clear distance
equal to at least ¼ of the height of opening but not less than 60 cm
• The total length of opening not to exceed 50 % of the length of the
wall between consecutive cross wall in single storey construction, 42
% in two story and 33 % in three storey construction.
Earthquake Resistant Features
• Horizontal reinforcement
• Horizontal bands
• Dowel bars
• Vertical reinforcement
Horizontal Bands
• Horizontal band are the most important E.Q resistant feature in
masonry building.
• The band are provided to hold a masonry building as a single unit by
typing all the walls together.
 Plinth band
 Lintel band
 Roof band
 Gable band
Vertical Reinforced In Wall
• Vertical reinforcement is provided in wall to improve the seismic
resistance of building.
• Tension occurs in the jambs of opening at corner and junction of walls
there for at corner and junction of wall vertical reinforcement should
be provided.
Suggestion For Construction Of New Masonry
Building In Sensitive Area
• Bearing capacity is more than Safe bearing capacity
• Construction work should be carried out by qualified civil engineer.
• Flat concrete roof is preferred.
• The thickness of wall should not be less than 230 mm.
• All construction material should be good quality as per IS
specification.
• Etc…