D.

SCRAPER
Scraper is a machine for moving earth over short distances (up to about two miles) over relatively
smooth areas. Either self-propelled or towed, it consists of a wagon with a gate having a bladed bottom.
The blade scrapes up earth as the wagon pushes forward and forces the excavated material into the
wagon. Scrapers, also called wheel tractor scrapers, are commonly used to scrape and level
surfaces. These heavy-duty earthmoving machines can also haul earth and materials, such as dirt
and gravel, more than just a short distance—they can move it from one job site to another.

Scrapers offer extreme efficiency over other earthmoving vehicles when it comes to transporting
materials. Their all-in-on productive approach can be measured by their cycle times—the time it
takes to load, haul, dump, and get back into position, and a single scraper operator can move up
to 72 cubic yards of material per cycle, which can cut your labor in half.

One of the largest pieces of equipment you’ll see on a construction site is a scraper. The purpose
of this machine is to scrape the surface of the earth to prepare a site for a building project. It is
often used for road work.

The scraper does exactly what it sounds like it does—it scrapes the top layers of the ground and
levels out the surface. These machines can either be self-propelled or towed. Every scraper,
however, has a wagon with a gate that has a bladed bottom. This blade scrapes the earth while
the wagon pushes forward, forcing the excavated earth/debris into the wagon. The gate closes
once the wagon is filled and then is taken to a place where it can be disposed of.
 OPERATION OF SCRAPER

A scraper can be self-propelled or towed. In either case, it uses a scraping blade to cut into the
earth and push the material into a bowl or a hopper.

The scraper is moved over the workpiece by the pushing or puling power of the hand. The chips
are removed not by cutting but by squeezing, because the scraper is applied to the workpiece by
an angle of inclination of approximately 45° which results in a cutting angle of more than 90°.

Key Parts of a Wheel Tractor Scraper

 Scraper: The scraping blade dislodges material from the ground as the heavy machinery
moves forward.
 Bowl: The bowl has a cutting edge that cuts the earth and then loads and carries it.
 Apron: This vertical blade, adjacent to the scraping blade, closes when the bowl is full,
so the load is ready to be transported to a new location.
 Ejector: The ejector, at the rear of the bowl, uses hydraulics to expel loaded material.
Scrapers are known for their versatility. They can be used in the construction industry,
agricultural operations, or mining jobs.

Wheel tractor scrapers can perform tasks and projects that include:

 Leveling
 Grading
 Excavating
 Road building
 Forestry applications
 Earthmoving

CLASSIFICATIONS OF SCRAPERS

There are four different types of scrapers, each one operating differently. The four types are
single-engine wheeled, dual-engine wheeled, elevating, and pull-type scrapers.

1.Single-Engine Wheeled Scrapers

Single-engine wheeled scrapers are the most common type of scrapers. These scrapers have a
bowl and an apron. This apron covers the load, which also stops it from flying out of the top of
the machine. There is also an ejector that uses hydraulics to get rid of this load once it has been
moved. The hydraulics also help make these machines quite versatile, as each separate function
can operate independently.

2.Dual-Engine Wheeled Scrapers

If you’re only moving earth a short distance, a dual-engine wheeled scraper may be the better
choice. To operate this scraper, you need to first understand why it has two engines. This is
because one controls the front wheels, while the other engine powers the rear. Dual-engine
wheeled scrapers also do well on terrain that is rougher than average, as having two engines
makes it more powerful than single-engine wheeled scrapers.

3.Elevating Scrapers
Unlike the other scrapers that rely on an apron, elevating scrapers operate by using an elevator.
This elevator can be electrotonically or hydraulically driven. Material is loaded by the elevator
into a raised bowl, which then dumps out the load by sliding the bowl’s floor backward. The
elevator is also able to go in reverse, which makes it beneficial to even out and finish the job.

4.Pull-Type Scrapers
The first thing to know about pull-type scrapers is that to operate this scraper, you need another
machine. This is because pull-type scrapers are not motorized and need to be towed behind other
machines. Since they’re not motorized, these types of scrapers are perfect for terrain that is
sandy, soft, or wet, or in weather that is rainy, humid, or moist. It’s less likely to get stuck in
such conditions, whereas other motorized scrapers may.

Scrapers are extremely beneficial and important machinery for a construction site. Each type of
scraper operates a little differently from the others, so it’s important to make sure you are
professionally trained to operate this heavy machinery.

E. CABLE EXCAVATOR
Cable excavators are versatile machines and the grandfather to hydraulic excavators. They work
essentially the same way as a hydraulic excavator except it uses pulleys to drive a cable to push
and pull its arm. They are used less today in favor of the easier to operate hydraulic excavators.

The cable excavator is an earliest documented self powered machine which is used to move
earth. Till the second half of the 20th century it was very popular machine for doing heavy tasks.
With their interchangeable front ends like shimmer, hoe, shovel and skimmer they perform
efficiently. The most important aspect of the machine is that it can be fitted with cranes to
perform clamshell and lifting duties.Nowadays with the arrival of hydraulic excavator the
demand of cable excavator has decreased to a considerable extent but still it is used in many
countries in heavy infrastructure projects.

OPERATION OF CABLE EXCAVATOR

Cable excavator is an excavator of choice for various operations. The main constituents of cable
excavator are hoists, cable or rope, crowd arm, buckets, shovels and various other smaller
equipments. As per requirement the arm can be fitted with buckets or shovels or other
instrument. Crowd arm and hoist rope speeds are considered as key to operational practice. There
is a simulator to simulate shovel or bucket.

Cable excavator Up to now, cable excavators have usually been used as a scraper hung on a
trolley, which is on one between the two towers of the device tensioned suspension cable or
several such suspension cables runs and from a scraping rope or a retrieval rope is moved. The
scraper is raised and lowered here in general in that one end of the suspension cable means. one
on a tower mounted rocker is raised or lowered, so that the slack of the suspension cable
decreased or increased.

It has also already become known that one with a cable excavator under Avoidance of a special
carrying rope the scraper on only one main pull rope and attached to a retrieval rope and these
two ropes each with a winch in one the towers on both sides of the pit are guided. Such a cable
excavator but can practically only be operated in such a way that the scraper on the Floor is
slidingly pulled back and forth, with the direction of pull of the main pull rope must be parallel
or approximately parallel to the surface on which the bucket slides. But if you wanted to lift the
filled bucket by pulling on the two ropes, the only way to achieve this is to keep the bucket
suspended in a certain position. becomes without it. it would be possible to make it empty by
tilting it. aside from that if you didn't have it in your hand, the raised bucket would be lost in one
of these. Location too keep that during the transport no good will fall out of it.

The invention avoids diesel disadvantages in that, in a cable excavator, his poker while avoiding
special suspension ropes on the one hand on a scraper and on the other. a return rope is attached,
wherein both ropes each with a winch in one of the towers moving on both sides of the pit
between the scraper and the as. Lifting rope used for the return rope on: the supporting frame is
tensioned. the front end of the scraper can be tilted is stored, while the rear end of this scraper
with the support frame through a releasable pawl is connected. With such a cable excavator you
can go under Saving the carrying cable of the filled bucket after it has been lifted at each any.
Empty the body. This is of great advantage because: you get that. Good considerable height. fall
at any point to be precisely observed. permit can, so that the good is stored with the necessary
density and, as a result, itself a stable heap.

It is expedient in a kebab excavator according to the invention on the scraping rope a: Auxiliary
rope attached, which is guided over a pulley connected to the hoist rope and on a part of the
scraper that protrudes upwards beyond the tilt joint is attached. Above all, this has the
advantage that by means of the auxiliary rope tensile force acting on the bucket of the
tendency of the bucket to oscillate at the emptying point is counteracted.

Applications

With huge loadage capacities the cable excavators find their

applications in number of fields like :

 Demolition and excavations

 Surface mining
 Dig foundations
 Road construction
 Digging sewers, pipes and drains.
 F. BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR
A bucket-wheel excavator (BWE) is a large heavy equipment machine used in surface mining.

The primary function of BWEs is to act as a continuous digging machine in large-scale open-pit
mining operations, removing thousands of tons of overburden a day. What sets BWEs apart from
other large-scale mining equipment, such as bucket chain excavators, is their use of a large wheel
consisting of a continuous pattern of buckets used to scoop material as the wheel turns.

STRUCTURE OF BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR

A bucket wheel excavator (BWE) consists of a superstructure to which several more components
are fixed. The bucket wheel from which the machines get their name is a large, round wheel with
a configuration of scoops which is fixed to a boom and is capable of rotating. Material picked up
by the cutting wheel is transferred back along the boom. In early cell-type bucket wheels, the
material was transferred through a chute leading from each bucket, while newer cell-less and
semi-cell designs use a stationary chute through which all of the buckets discharge.A discharge
boom receives material through the superstructure from the cutting boom and carries it away
from the machine, frequently to an external conveyor system.

A counterweight boom balances the cutting boom and is cantilevered either on the lower part of
the superstructure (in the case of compact BWEs) or the upper part (in the case of mid-size C-
frame BWEs). In the larger BWEs, all three booms are supported by cables running across
towers at the top of the superstructure.Beneath the superstructure lay the movement systems. On
older models these would be rails for the machine to travel along, but newer BWEs are
frequently equipped with crawlers, which grant them increased flexibility of motion

OPERATION OF BUCKET WHEEL EXCAVATOR

They use their cutting wheels to strip away a section of earth (the working block) dictated by
the size of the excavator. Through hoisting, the working block can include area both above and
below the level of the machine (the bench level). By slewing, the excavator can reach through a
horizontal rangBWEs are used for continuous overburden removal in surface mining
applications. They use their cutting wheels to strip away a section of earth (the working block)
dictated by the size of the excavator. Through hoisting, the working block can include area both
above and below the level of the machine (the bench level). By slewing, the excavator can reach
through a horizontal range. The overburden is then delivered to the discharge boom, which
transfers the cut earth to another machine for transfer to a spreader. This may be a fixed belt
conveyor system or a mobile conveyor with crawlers similar to those found on the BWE. Mobile
conveyors permanently attached to the excavator take the burden of directing the material off of
the operator.[4] The overburden can also be transferred directly to a cross-pit Spreader, which
reaches across the pit and scatters overburden at the dumping ground.
Applications
Bucket wheel excavators and bucket chain excavators take jobs that were previously
accomplished by rope shovels and draglines. They have been replaced in most applications by
hydraulic excavators, but still remain in use for very large-scale operations, where they can be
used for the transfer of loose materials or the excavation of soft to semi-hard overburden.

Lignite mining

The primary application of BWEs is in lignite (brown coal) mining, where they are used for soft
rock overburden removal in the absence of blasting. They are useful in this capacity for their
ability to continuously deliver large volumes of materials to processors, which is especially
important given the continuous demand for lignite.

Because of the great demand for lignite, lignite mining has also been one of the areas of greatest
development for BWEs. The additions of automated systems and greater manoeuvrability, as
well as components designed for the specific application, have increased the reliability and
efficiency with which BWEs deliver materials.

Materials handling

Bucket wheel technology is used extensively in bulk materials handling. Bucket wheel
reclaimers are used to pick up material that has been positioned by a stacker for transport to a
processing plant. Stacker/reclaimers, which combine tasks to reduce the number of required
machines, also use bucket wheels to carry out their tasks.