CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

BY :- SHREYA S
4SN17AT054
 EARTH WORK EQIPMENTS

 Earth work equipment is heavy equipment, typically

heavy-duty vehicles designed for construction
operations which involve earthworks.
 They are used to move large amounts of earth, to
dig foundations for landscaping and so on.
 Earth work equipment may also be referred to as,
heavy trucks, heavy machines, construction
equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles and
heavy hydraulics.
 Most earth work equipment uses hydraulic drives as
the primary source of motion.
 Earth work equipment is mainly used in the
construction industry, but other major applications
include mining, digging and other heavy duty work.
 EARTH CUTTING AND MOVING

 Heavy earth moving and cutting equipment are heavy duty

vehicles that are often used in the mining and construction
work to move and relocate heavy materials, rocks, soil, and
mud, dirt and debris.

 There are many types of heavy earth moving equipment, but

the most common ones used by mining and construction
industry are backhoe, excavator, loader, bulldozers, shovels,
motor grader, motor scraper, heavy haul trucks, draglines, and
trencher.
1.BACKHOE LOADERS :-

 Backhoe loaders, often called backhoes, have a

body that's similar to a farm tractor and include
an adjustable shovel in front and a small bucket
in the back for digging.
 Backhoe loaders are considered medium-sized
construction equipment for smaller jobs and are
capable of working in limited space to perform
various operations.
1. wheel tractor
 They can move dirt, backfill excavations, dig 2. backacter
holes and trenches, and place pipes and other 3. arm
4. slewing boom
materials. 5. boom cylinder
6. arm cylinder
 One of the best attributes of backhoe loaders is 7. bucket cylinder
that they are wheel-driven and can be used in 8. slewing mechanism
9. suspension (base) plate
urban areas, They can even be driven to a job 10. outrigger
site. 11. front attachment (loader)

 The bucket in the back can be changed to dig

trenches of different widths.
 Backhoe loader, also called as loader backhoe,
digger, or backhoe.
2.BULLDOZERS :- 1. track (caterpillar)
2. engine
3. blade
 Bulldozers are considered one of the strongest 4. main frame
and most reliable heavy equipment used in the 5. lifting cylinder
6. tilting cylinder
construction industry. 7. bolt
8. ball-joint
 A bulldozer is a powerful and extremely heavy 9. swivel cylinders
machine used to move dirt along large open
tracts of land.
 Bulldozers have a wide, flat blade in front that
can be operated using two hydraulic pistons to
move the blade in a limited range of angles and
depths.
 They are normally used to push piles of earth
and for rough or fine grading, depending on the
size of the bulldozer also to push large
quantities of soil, sand, rubble, etc and typically
equipped at the rear with a claw-like device
known as a ripper to loosen densely-compacted
materials.
 A bulldozer's considerable weight helps it crush
large boulders, among other operations.
 SCRAPERS :-

 A scraper can move dirt and aggregates

quickly around a construction site and is used 1. tractor
primarily for digging and leveling large areas of 2. gooseneck
land. 3. scraper bowl
4. steering cylinder
 Scrapers are large heavy equipment designed 5. bowl cylinder
for open areas, where they can run at high 6. ejector
7. apron
speeds for cut and fill operations. 8. apron cylinder
9. apron rods
 Large self-propelled scrapers are called motor 10. rear engine
scrapers. (rear wheel drive)
11. cutting edge
 There are also smaller scrapers, called pull 12. discharge slide
scrapers, that are pulled behind another 13. elevator
vehicle. 14. hydro-engine
(of elevator)
TRENCHERS :-

 A trencher is used to dig trenches, usually

narrow trenches for piping and cabling.
 Trenchers come in many different types and
sizes, from small walk-behind versions to very
large trenching machines that can cut
into asphalt pavement and other hard surfaces.
 The trencher has a conveyor system that
carries the excavated material and deposits it
onto the ground next to the trench.
 Trenchers can use different digging implements
depending on the depth of the trench and
material being excavated.
 1. wheel-bogie
EARTH EXCAVATION :- 2. turn mechanism
3. slewing upper
machinery
1.EXCAVATORS :- 4. boom
5. arm
6. backacter
 Excavators are large construction equipment that 7. boom cylinders
can be driven by tracks or wheels, but tracks are 8. arm cylinder
9. bucket cylinder
more standard. 10. bucket moving rods
11. auxiliary attachment
 A conventional excavator has a long bucket arm 12. outrigger
attached to a pivoting cab that can rotate a full
360 degrees.
 The operator sits in the cab and from there has
good visibility of the site.
 Excavators are highly versatile and can be fitted
with special attachments for specialty jobs.
 The excavators most commonly used in digging
of trenches, holes, foundations, material handling,
brush cutting with hydraulic attachments, forestry
work, demolition, general grading/landscaping ,
heavy lift, mining, river dredging, driving piles,
breaking asphalt, and paving roads.
ATTACHEMENTS :-

Ripper Auger Clamshell Backacter bucket

Breaker Fingered grip Bucket-wheel Crusher adapter

 1. tractor (engine)
2.MOTOR GRADERS :- 2. articulated
carriage
 Motor graders are heavy equipment used for fine grading 3. blade
4. tilting frame
and for moving small amounts of dirt. 5. main frame
6. swivel ring
 They have a long blade that can be adjusted to meet 7. ball-joint
certain angles to create a flat surface. 8. lifting cylinder
(jack)
 They can also be fitted with a second blade in front of the 9. tilting cylinder
10. swivel cylinder
front axle and in some instances can be used for
underground mining.
 Motor graders are typically used to fine-grade dirt or
gravel roads or to prepare the road base course before
placing asphalt.
 Graders can also be used to create sloped surfaces or
drainage ditches with shallow V-shaped cross-sections,
3.TRACTORS :-
• It is an important equipment for earth movement. It converts engine
energy into tractive energy.Tractors are usually worked by diesel
engines

4.BULLDOZERS :-
• These machines are high powered tractors with caterpillar or crawler
tracks fitted with a mould board or blade at the front for stripping
excavation up to a depth of 400mm.

5.DRAGLINES:
• They are used to excavate soft earth from below the ground and to
deposit or load into wagons
 LOADING
LOADER :-
 a loader is primarily used to load material such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt,
feed, gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips into or
onto another type of machinery such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper,
or railcar
 Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing
rubble.
 DUMP TRUCKS :-
 Dump trucks are needed on almost every large job site.
 They offer limited function but perform the all-important task of moving and
dumping many types of heavy material.
 They are also road-ready so they can bring material into or out of site and can travel
anywhere large equipment is permitted.
 Dump trucks come in many different sizes for different capacity and load needs,
ranging from small utility-type trucks with dumping beds to enormous machines
used in mining operations.
 CRAWLER LOADERS
 A crawler loader is a cross between an excavator and a backhoe
or bucket loader.
 Its tracks give it excellent stability, and its versatile bucket makes
it useful for moving soil and debris and for loading material onto
trucks.
 Crawled loaders are machines with a tracked chassis and a
loader that can be used for digging and moving/loading materials.
They are a versatile component of any fleet, able to perform
many tasks.
 Crawler loaders are also used for excavation on relatively small
projects. For larger-scale work, a hydraulic excavator is often
used instead of a crawler loader.
 These days, loaders are most often needed to move heavy
materials on a construction site. They are well-suited for moving
wood chips, sand, rock and recycled materials.
 EARTH CAMPACTION AND STABILIZATION
 COMPACTION :- process of increasing the density of
a soil by mechanically forcing the soil particles closer
together if performed improperly, settlement of the soil
could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance
costs or structure failure.
 Tamping roller :-
• Effective on all soil
• Working speed 8 – 12 mph
 Vibration compactor :-
• Have one or two drums
• Working speed 2 – 4 mph
 Pneumatic-tire rollers :-
• used in compacting asphalt, base and sub-base material
and etc.
 LIGHT SOIL COMPACTING EQUIPMENTS
1.RAMMERS :-
 Rammers are used for compacting small areas by providing impact load to the soil. This
equipment is light and can be hand or machine operated.
 The base size of rammers can be 15cm x 15cm or 20cm x 20cm or more.
 Rammers are suitable for compacting cohesive soils as well as other soils.
2.VIBRATING PLATE COMPACTORS :-
 Vibrating plate compactors are used for compaction of coarse soils with 4 to 8% fines.
 These equipments are used for small areas.
 The usual weights of these machines vary from 100 kg to 2 tonne with plate areas between
0.16 m2 and 1.6 m2.
3.VIBRO TAMPERS :-
 Vibro tampers is used for compaction of small areas in confined space.
 This machine is suitable for compaction of all types of soil by vibrations set up in a base plate
through a spring activated by an engine driven reciprocating mechanism.
 They are usually manually guided and weigh between 50 and 100 kg
 HEAVY SOIL COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
1.SMOOTH WHEELED ROLLERS :-
a)Static smooth wheeled rollers :-
• The most suitable soils for these roller type are well graded sand, gravel, crushed rock,
asphalt etc. where crushing is required.
• These are used on soils which does not require great pressure for compaction.These
rollers are generally used for finishing the upper surface of the soil.These roller are not
used for compaction of uniform sands.
• The performance of smooth wheeled rollers depend on load per cm width it transfers to
the soil and diameter of the drum.
• The smooth wheeled rollers consists of one large steel drum in front and two steel
drums on the rear, The gross weight of these rollers is in the range of 8-10 tonnes
b) Vibrating smooth wheeled rollers :-
• In case of vibrating smooth wheeled rollers, the drums are made to vibrate by employing
rotating or reciprocating mass.
• These rollers are helpful from several considerations like:-
(i) Higher compaction level can be achieved with maximum work
(ii) Compaction can be done up to greater depths
(iii) Output is many times more than conventional rollers
2. SHEEPSFOOT ROLLER :-
 Sheepsfoot rollers are used for compacting fine grained soils such as heavy clays
and silty clays.
 Sheepsfoot rollers are used for compaction of soils in dams, embankments,
subgrade layers in pavements and rail road construction projects.
 Sheepsfoot rollers are of static and vibratory types.Vibratory types rollers are
used for compaction of all fine grained soils and also soil with sand-gravel mixes.
 Generally this roller is used for compaction of subgrade layers in road and rail
projects.
3. PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS :-
 Pneumatic tyred rollers are also called as rubber tyred rollers. These rollers are
used for compaction of coarse grained soils with some fines.
 These rollers are least suitable for uniform coarse soils and rocks. Generally
pneumatic tyred rollers are used in pavement subgrade works both earthwork and
bituminous works.
 Pneumatic rollers have wheels on both axles. These wheels are staggered for
compaction of soil layers with uniform pressure throughout the width of the
roller.
4. GRID ROLLERS :-
 Grid rollers are used for compaction of weathered rocks, well graded
coarse soils.
 These rollers are not suitable for clayey soils, silty clays and uniform soils.
The main use of these rollers are in subgrade and sub-base in road
constructions.
 As the name suggests, these rollers have a cylindrical heavy steel surface
consisting of a network of steel bars forming a grid with squire holes.
 Grid rollers provide high contact pressure but little kneading action and
are suitable for compacting most coarse grained soils.
5. PAD FOOT / TAMPING ROLLERS :-
 These rollers are similar to sheepsfoot rollers with lugs of larger area
than sheepsfoot rollers.
 These rollers operate at high speeds, and are capable to breaking large
lumps. These rollers also consists of leveling blades to spread the material.
 Pad foot or tamping rollers are best suitable for compacting cohesive
soils.
 The static pad foot rollers also called tamping rollers have static weights
in the range of 15 to 40 tonnes and their static linear drum loads are
between 30 and 80 kg/cm.
 These rollers are more preferable than sheepsfoot roller due to their
high production capacity, and they are replacing sheepsfoot rollers.
 STABILIZATION

 Soil conditions are often unstable, they are subject to

differential expansion and shrinkage when undergoing
changes in moisture content, improvement through
chemical and/or mechanical stabilization
 Soil density tests to determine if proper soil
compaction is achieved for any specific construction
application, several methods were developed. The most
prominent by far is soil density. Why test soil testing
accomplishes the following:
• Measures density of soil for comparing the degree of
compaction vs specs
• Measures the effect of moisture on soil density vs
specs
• Provides a moisture density curve identifying optimum
moisture
 STABILIZING LOOSE SOIL STRUCTURE
Steps in soil stabilization :-
• ripping the soil by rippers (1)
• crushing (breaking) soil by bucket-
wheels (2)
• improving soil structure by adding
missing soil-fragments, or cement
(3) and water (4), or lime, or
asphalt, and spreading it
• mixing additives and on-site soil by
bucket-wheels (5)
• compacting solidified layer by
surface vibrators (6) and roller
compactors (7) Soil stabilizing and resurfacing train

Train units:
 resurfacing unit
 water or slurry tank
 asphalt emulsion tank
 vibratory steel- and
rubber-wheel rollers
 HAULERS
Hauling equipment, in particular, is used to move building/drilling supplies, soil, and other
materials. Below is an overview of the types of hauling equipment commonly used in
construction and more:
1.CRANES :-
 Equipped with wire ropes, sheaves, and a hoist, cranes are used to lift and move materials
and supplies during construction. Cranes are also useful for demolishing buildings and
other structures. In construction, the two basic types of cranes are mobile and fixed.
1. Mobile cranes – Consist of trusses mounted onto mobile platforms, such as trucks or
flatcars.
2. Fixed cranes – Are able to lift heavier loads and have better reach due to their increased
stability. Tower cranes, used in high-rise building construction, are an example of a fixed
crane mounted on top of a steel tower.
2. BULLDOZERS :-
Though commonly used to refer to the entire vehicle, the term bulldozer actually refers to
the front-mounted dozer plate, which is attached to a separate tractor. The bulldozer is used
to loosen hard soils and shift dirt, and can work on tough terrain. It is also great for creating
pilot roads, as it can clear land from trees and stumps. Bulldozers can be wheel-based or
track-based. For muddy or sandy terrains, track-type bulldozers are best, as the tracks
distribute the bulldozer’s weight over a larger area, reducing the risk of sinking.
3. EXCAVATORS :-
Excavators are vehicles equipped with a digging bucket attached to the end of an extendable
arm. One of the more versatile types of hauling equipment, excavators are used to dig holes,
demolish buildings, and lift and load heavy supplies among others. Due to their large size,
excavators require the fewest passes when loading trucks with materials.
4. LOADERS :-
These vehicles are used to load loose materials, such as sand, dirt, or gravel, and take
them to another machine, such as a dump truck or conveyor belt. Oftentimes, these
destination machines are at a higher elevation than the location of the materials.
Loaders can also be used to transport other machinery. Similar to bulldozers,
loaders can be track-based or wheel-based, and the selection depends on the terrain
to be worked on.
5. SHOVELS :-
Shovels are used for digging and loading rocks and soil for mineral extraction. The
ability to dig into very hard material and lift large objects, such as boulders, are their
greatest strengths. Shovels can be electric powered or hydraulic powered. Electric
shovels use a revolving deck with a power plant, while hydraulic shovels have a
simpler power system that requires fewer components.
6. TRACTORS :-
Though most commonly used for pulling and pushing other equipment in
construction, the great advantage of tractors is the available parts that can be used
to accomplish different jobs. Available components include the quick hitches,
backhoes, buckets, and blades. Similar to bulldozers and loaders, tractors can be
track-based or wheel-based. Like other track-based equipment, these tractors are
able to work through muddy terrains. However, they operate at much slower speeds
 TRUCKS
Their high travel speeds allow for quicker transportation of materials when
traveling on established roads. Their low hauling costs also allow for
flexibility when determining the total hauling capacity or in the event of a
change in destination/route.
1.DUMP TRUCK :-
 A dump truck, known also as a dumper truck or tipper truck, is used for
taking dumps such as sand, gravel, or demolition waste for construction
as well as coal.
 A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed, which is hinged
at the rear and equipped with hydraulic rams to lift the front, allowing
the material in the bed to be deposited (“dumped”) on the ground
behind the truck at the site of delivery.
 Their high travel speeds allow for quicker transportation of materials
when traveling on established roads. Their low hauling costs also allow
for flexibility when determining the total hauling capacity or in the event
of a change in destination/route.
 Dump trucks used to move clay, dirt, soils, and sands. Side and rear
dump trucks dispose of materials through the body attached to the
chassis of the truck. Bottom dump trucks have two gates that open
from the bottom to dispose of materials. For tougher terrain, articulated
dump trucks are used.
2.HAULING TRUCKS :-
 Used to transport a fleet of equipment for general, military, or service
construction from one location to another.
CONCRETE EQUIPMENT
 Concreting Equipment is significant for construction companies. With great quality concrete equipment machinery, construction
organizations can complete quality construction work in a lesser measure of time.
 It can hence eliminate its work expenses and increment benefits by giving the quality construction service to its customers in a
quicker manner. With the headway in advancements, today various construction equipment types of gear have come up for the
utilization of construction companies for improved construction processes.
1.CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT :-
 A concrete batching plant is a significant gear for the concreting equipment.The concrete batching plant utilized for the is created by
the appropriate blending of the considerable number of fixings like sand, rock, water, and cement and after that moved to concert
building site prepared to be poured for use.
 Concrete batching plants can be of two structures either the stationary heavy production units or the well-known mobile batching
plants which can be utilized to both produce and transport the solid blend from site to site. One can likewise get a batching plant
according to their creation necessities.
 Since today group plants are accessible in different generation limits as well. 20 cum/hr batching plant, 30 cum/hr concrete plant, 45
cum/hr, 60 cum/hr, 90 cum/hr, 120 cum/hr batching plant are a portion of the famous types of cement grouping plants utilized by the
construction organizations.
2.CONCRETE MIXER :-
 A concrete mixer is the best source for the construction that
wants to save their precious raw material from waste that cannot
be tolerated. Mixers used to mix all the elements like cement,
gravel, and water for better mixing and it also saves time because
of its high efficiency while they working.
 There are too many varieties available in concrete mixers like Self-
loading concrete mixer, Transit mixer that mounted on a truck,
Stationary concrete mixer, Electric Concrete Mixer, Concrete
mixer enables with lift, reversible concrete mixer is the types of
Concrete mixer.
3. CONCRETE VIBRATOR :-
 Concrete vibratory is the mechanical device used to create
vibration in wet material. This machinery alien with the motor and
connected with pipes that create the vibration inside the concrete
mix.
 And remove the all air in between the concrete mix. So gives more
strength and life to concrete. This concrete equipment almost used
by the entire civil contractor from small civil work to bridge
construction.
4. CONCRETE PAVER :-
 Concrete paver has advanced the construction technology by securing
the concrete from unexpected wastage. Paver is a kind of moveable
construction machine that consists of a paving area used to store the
material while working on busy roads, highways, and other public
places where traffic or pedestrians can cause the deficiencies while
they working.
5. CONCRETE PUMP :-
 A concrete pump is one of the fastest concrete equipment that gets
fame in the construction market because of its reliability and cost-
effectiveness. Pumps save the labor cost, time, and material with high
power consumption are used for pumping the concrete from the
mixer and send it directly to the construction site.
6. CONCRETE CRUSHER :-
 Concrete crushers have two types: One is a mobile concrete crusher
similar to a bulldozer but has an attachment with its boom arm use to
crush the big rock pieces into small gravels. The second type mostly
can be seen in the industrial used for crushing medium-sized rocked
into power or gravels form. Concrete crushers are the best source for
saving labor costs and time.
 HOISTING EQUIPMENT
 For vertical lifting of freely suspended, heavy, bulky loads,
hoisting equipment (or hoists) works in conjunction with
overhead cranes and workstation cranes.
 Their lifting capacities depend on their construction.
 Their travel is directed by an operator, either manually or with
a wired pendant station or wireless controls.
 Typical applications include helping operators in manufacturing,
warehousing and construction to lift loads in support of
production or storage activities, loading and unloading, or one
process to the next.