CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

AYUSH DATTA | SREEJITH | SEC- A | B.ARCH 4th YEAR

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS

Types of construction equipments

1. Hauling 2. Earthmoving 3. Hoisting 4. Excavating

5. Soil stabilization 6. Pneumatic 7. Conveying 8. Rock drilling

9. Pumping and 10. Pile driving 11. Crusher 12. Concrete

dewatering mixing

1. HAULING
Hauling units transport the earth, aggregate,
rock, ore, coal and other materials. Hauling
units may be road vehicles or rail-road lo-
comotives. Haulage mainly consist of trailers
pulled by tractors or trucks.

1.1 TRACTORS
Multi purpose machines mainely used for pull-
ing and pushing other machines.

TYPES
a) Crawler b) Wheel
Crawler tractors are made for heavier jobs and
therfor alos have lower speed where as wheel
tractors have higher speed and are made for
lighter jobs.
 1.2 TRUCKS
TYPES

a) Side dump b) bottom dump

truck truck

Side dump truck dumps through the side

of the truck , suitable for hauling wet clay,
sand, gravel quarry rocks.

Bottom dump trucks dumps by opening the

bottom of the truck, suiltable for free flowing
materials such as sand, gravel, dry earth,
hard clay.

1.2 DUMPERS

Dumpers are high speed pneumatic wheeled

trucks with short chasis and strong bodies.

They are suitable for short hauls on rough

roads and especially where a shuttle move-
ment is required.

2. EARTH MOVING MACHINES

Earthmoving equipment is heavy equipment, typically heavy-duty vehicles de-
signed for construction operations which involve earthworks. They are used
to move large amounts of earth, to dig foundations for landscaping.
Most earthmoving equipment uses hydraulic drives as the primary source of
motion.
2.1 BULLDOZER
Bulldozers are essentially a heavy steel blade mounted on the front of the tractor.

classifications based on mounting:-

a) wheel mounted
b) crawler mounted
classification based on blades:-
a) perpendicular blades
b) Blades at an angle

2.2 RIPPER

A Ripper is an attachment used for tearing

and ripping apart of earth particularly hard
or other frozen ground & other hard to dig
materials.
The rippers are used to carry out:
Excavation for foundations.
Removing deposits of clay and gravel.
 2.3 SCRAPPERS
Compromise between best loading and
best hauling machines. These are unique
for long distance hauling.

TYPES
a) Crawler tractor b) Wheel tractor

3. HOISTING EQUIPMENTS

3.1 CHAIN HOIST

The chain hoists are the popular mecha-

nism for lifting loads upto tones.The system
consists of two sets of chains, namely the
hand and load chain. The hand chains are
particularly useful for the isolated location,
where an electric motor or other types of
mechanical equipments are not available.

3.2 WINCH
A winch is a mechanism in the shape of a
cylinder or drum, over which rope or chain
is wound. If a winch is used only for raising
and lowering, it is sometimes referred to
as hoist.

3.3 CRANE
A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains,
and sheaves, It can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontal-
ly. It is mainly used for lifting heavy things and transporting them to other places
3.3.1 DERRICK CRANE
Loading and unloading cargoes
at ports. to handle loose mate-
rials like sand, ballast, coal. In
construction projects, industrial,
multistoreyed building construc-
tion.

TYPES

a) Guy derrick b) Stiff leg

derrick

3.3.2 MOBILE CRANE

They are either crawler mounted or
wheel mounted. crawler mounted
are highly maneouverabile and op-
erate on unmade ground.
suitable for rough terrains. operate
in a limited area.
Truck mounted cranes have high
mobility

3.3.3 TOWER CRANE

It has a truss structure welded from
angle bars and channels.
ladders are provided for ease. they
can be assembled and dismentled.
used in industrail and residentail
high rise building.
also commonly used in indutrial
plants with steel structures.
3.3.4 HYDRAULIC CRANE
A hydraulic crane is a type of
heavy-duty equipment used for
lifting and hoisting. Unlike smaller
cranes, which rely on electric or
diesel-powered motors, hydraulic
cranes include an internal hydrau-
lic system that allows the crane to
lift heavier loads

3.3.4 GANTRY CRANE

A gantry crane is a type of overhead
crane that uses legs to support the
bridge, trolley, and hoist. These legs
travel on tires, usually referred to
as casters, or ride on rails implant-
ed in the ground. A gantry crane is
typically used for outdoor applica-
tions or below existing overhead
bridge crane systems.

3. HOISTING EQUIPMENTS
These consists of an excavator hauling unit also has a revolving unit through
which an excavator can be swinged to any direction horizontally .This combi-
nation of travel unit and revolving unit is called basic shovel to which different
attachment are made to produce different excavating and hauling equipment.
 4.1 POWER SHOVEL
A power shovel (also stripping shovel or front shovel or electric mining shovel or electric
rope shovel) is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging
and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction.
TYPES

a) Wheel mounted b) Craawler mounted

4.2 DRAGLINE
A dragline usually refers to a large
bucket excavator that is controlled
by a system of pulleys, chains, and
ropes that hoist the bucket. Dra-
gline buckets are enormous ma-
chines that can move many tons of
dirt, rock, and overburden.
Unlike the shovel, it has a long
light crane boom and the buck-
et is loosely attached to the boom
through cables. • Because of this
construction, a dragline can dig and
dump over larger distances than a
shovel can do.
4.3 CLAMSHELL
This is so named due to resemblance
of its bucket to a clam which is like a
shell-fish with hinged double shell.
The front end is essentially a crane
boom with a specially designed
bucket loosely attached at the end
through cables as in a drag line.

4.4 DRAG SHOVEL

An excavating machine for cutting
trenches; a boom-mounted buck-
et moves toward the machine, cut-
ting the ground like a hoe; then the
machine turns away from the cut to
permit the operator to dump the soil.

4.4 DREDGER
For dredging, equipment called
dredger is used to remove the depos-
ited sediments from an inlet creek,
waterway or ocean floor. Dredging
process is a blended essence of fol-
lowing three independent elements:
excavation, transportation of exca-
vated material and then usage or
proper disposal of dredged material.

TYPES
a) Dipper dredger
b) ladder dredger
c) Suction dredger
5. SOIL STABILIZATION
Compaction of the earth to increase its density thereby increasing its bearing
power and strength and to give impermeability on earth structure. Compaction is
also done to tar pavement to increase its bearing power.

5.1 TAMPING ROLLER

The tamping roller is a type of road
roller that’s mainly used in com-
pacting dirt effectively. It works
similarly with a normal smooth
drum roller but the main difference
you can find is the actual texture
and shape of the tamping roller. In-
stead of a smooth drum, you’ll find
that the drum has a lot of bumps
and knobs
Hollow steel drum with projected
feet mounted at 100 to 200 mmc/c
weight - 15 tonnes
speed - 25 km/hr

5.2 SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER

Smooth-wheel rollers, as the name
implies, uses one large, smooth
steel drum in the front and either
one or two wheels on the rear
end for compaction. These are ei-
ther tandem (two-wheel) or three-
wheel rollers. Smooth wheel rollers
are ideal for gravel, sand, ballast,
and surface dressings.
5.3 PNEUMATIC ROLLER
Pneumatic rollers, sometimes
called pneumatic tyred rollers, are
a type of large, ride-on roller with
several rows of rubber tires on the
front or rear end. The rubber tires
provide an 80% coverage area and
uniform pressure throughout the
width of the tires

5.4 VIBRATING ROLLER

A vibratory roller is a compactor
having a drum* (roll or horizontal
cylinder) used to densify (compact)
soil, asphalt or other materials
through the application of com-
bined static and dynamic forces
(weight and vibrations) to increase
the load-bearing capacity of the
surface. the drum.

6. PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENTS
Industrial grade air compressors are trusted by many for construction work.
They are easy to operate and provide power to a variety of tools and on-site con-
struction equipment. These are often used to break up rocks and pavement and
can be used in landscaping as well as construction.

6.1 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSER

Reciprocating air compressors are posi-
tive displacement machines, meaning that
they increase the pressure of the air by
reducing its volume.
Reciprocating compressors use pistons
driven by a crankshaft.
6.2 ROTARY COMPRESSORS
A rotary screw compressor is a
type of gas compressor which uses
a rotary type positive displacement
mechanism. They are commonly
used to replace piston compres-
sors where large volumes of high
pressure air are needed, either for
large industrial applications or to
operate high-power air tools such
as jackhammers.

6.3 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS

The centrifugal air compressor is a dy-
namic compressor which depends on
transfer of energy from a rotating impel-
ler to the air. The Centrifugal compressor
achieves a pressure rise by adding kinet-
ic energy / velocity to a continuous flow
of fluid through the rotor or impeller. This
kinetic energy is then converted to an in-
crease in potential energy/static pressure
by slowing the flow through a diffuser.

6.4 AXIAL COMPRESSORS

Axial-flow compressors are dynamic ro-
tating compressors that use arrays of fan-
like airfoils to progressively compress the
working fluid.
They are used where there is a require-
ment for a high flow rate or a compact
design. However, they are relatively ex-
pensive, requiring a large number of com-
ponents, tight tolerances and high quality
materials.
7. CONVEYING EQUIPMENTS
Industrial grade air compressors are trusted by many for construction work.
They are easy to operate and provide power to a variety of tools and on-site con-
struction equipment. These are often used to break up rocks and pavement and
can be used in landscaping as well as construction.

7.1 CONVEYEER BELT

conveyor belt is the carrying me-
dium of a belt conveyor system. A
belt conveyor system is one of many
types of conveyor systems. A belt
conveyor system consists of two
or more pulleys, with a closed loop
of carrying medium—the conveyor
belt—that rotates about them.

7.2 SCREW CONVEYER

A screw conveyor or auger con-
veyor is a mechanism that uses a
rotating helical screw blade, called
a “flighting”, usually within a tube,
to move liquid or granular mate-
rials. They are used in many bulk
handling industries.

7.3 BUCKET CONVEYER

Bucket conveyors are used to transport
everything from dense materials such as coal
to perishable items. Products are transport-
ed and discharged gently without damage
or loss. Made of durable, sanitary stainless
steel, these conveyors are designed for easy
washdowns.
8. ROCK DRILLING EQUIPMENTS

8.1 JACK HAMMER DRILL

A Jackhammer drill is a pneumatic or elec-
tro- mechanical tool that combines a ham-
mer directly with a chisel. Larger jackham-
mers, such as rig mounted hammers used
on construction machinery, are usually hy-
draulically powered. They are usually used to
break up rock, pavement, and concrete

8.2 DRIFTER DRILL

A drifter drill or drifter is a hydraulic or pneu-
matic rock or ground drill used to make hori-
zontal holes in tunnel construction and min-
ing. It is mounted on a feed, which is like a
rail that the drill travels on or drifts. This kind
of drilling procedure is also called drifting.

8.3 WAGON DRILL

A wagon drill, also called a wagon wheel drill,
is a portable pneumatic drill that is used for
rock drilling and blasting. Wagon drills are
named for the wagon-like base upon which
they rest. A wagon drill can be used above or
below ground, and its main benefit is that it is
both powerful and portable.
8.4 BLAST HOLE DRILL
Blast hole Drilling is a technique used in min-
ing whereby a hole is drilled into the surface
of the rock, packed with explosive material,
and detonated. ... The initial hole into which
the explosives are packed is known as the
“blast hole”.

9. PUMPING AND DEWATERING EQUIPMENTS

Pumps and dewatering equipment are used to remove water from a volume of
liquid, solid material or soil. Pumps simply remove liquid from a volume of liquid,
whereas dewatering equipment separates water from another material such as
soil or sludge.

9.1 RECIPROCATING PUMP

A reciprocating pump is a class of posi-
tive-displacement pumps that includes the
piston pump, plunger pump, and diaphragm
pump. Well maintained, reciprocating pumps
can last for decades. Unmaintained, however,
they can succumb to wear

9.2 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Centrifugal pumps are used to transport flu-
ids by the conversion of rotational kinetic en-
ergy to the hydrodynamic energy of the fluid
flow. The rotational energy typically comes
from an engine or electric motor. They are a
sub-class of dynamic axisymmetric work-ab-
sorbing turbomachinery.
10. PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENTS
A pile driver is a device used to drive piles into soil to provide foundation support
for buildings or other structures. The term is also used in reference to members
of the construction crew that work with pile-driving rigs.

10.1 STEAM HAMMER

A steam hammer, also called a
drop hammer, is an industrial pow-
er hammer driven by steam that
is used for tasks such as shaping
forgings and driving piles.

10.2 STEAM HAMMER

The Casagrande Pile driving with
hydraulic hammer is a base ma-
chine for a variety of applications
thanks to the high power engine,
the parallelogram system, the tor-
sion-resistant mast and a highly
efficient hydraulic system

10.3 DEISEL HAMMER

A modern diesel pile hammer is a
large two-stroke diesel engine. ...
The weight of the piston compress-
es the air/fuel mixture, heating it to
the ignition point of diesel fuel. The
mixture ignites, transferring the
energy of the falling weight to the
pile head, and driving the weight up.
11. CRUSHERS
Crushers are mainly used for crushing stones or mineral ores, recycling con-
struction waste, and producing aggregate.This equipment aims to reduce large
solid raw material masses into smaller sizes. They also help to change waste
material form so that they can be simply disposed of or recycled.

11.1 JAW CRUSHER

A Jaw Crusher reduces large size
rocks or ore by placing the rock into
compression.
A fixed jaw, mounted in a “V” align-
ment is the stationary breaking
surface, while the movable jaw ex-
erts a force on the rock by forcing it
against the stationary plate.
Due to their smaller physical size,
jaw crushers are also ideal for tight
spaces, such as underground min-
ing and mobile crushing applica-
tions.

11.2 IMPACT CRUSHER

An impact crusher is a machine that
uses striking as opposed to pres-
sure to reduce the size of a mate-
rial.
These are designated as a primary,
secondary, tertiary or quaternary
rotor crusher depending on which
processing stage the equipment is
being utilized.
11.3 GYRATORY CRUSHER
Gyratory crushers are principally
used in surface-crushing plants. 
The gyratory crusher consists es-
sentially of a long spindle, carrying
a hard steel conical grinding ele-
ment, the head, seated in an eccen-
tric sleeve.
The spindle is suspended from a
“spider” and, as it rotates, normally
between 85 and 150 rpm, it sweeps
out a conical path within the fixed
crushing chamber, or shell, due to
the gyratory action of the eccentric.

11.4 CONE CRUSHER

A Cone Crusher is a compression
type of machine that reduces ma-
terial by squeezing or compressing
the feed material between a moving
piece of steel and a stationary piece
of steel.
The crushed material is discharged
at the bottom of the machine after
they pass through the cavity.

11.5 ROD MILL CRUSHER

Rod mills run along with the outside
gear. Materials spirally and evenly
enter the crushing chamber along
the input hollow axis by input devic-
es.
Steel rods of different specifica-
tions are installed in the crushing
chamber. When the frame rotates,
centrifugal force is produced.
 11.5 BALL MILL ROLLER
A ball mill is a type of grinder used
to grind, blend and sometimes for
mixing of materials for use in min-
eral dressing processes, paints, py-
rotechnics, ceramics and selective
laser sintering.
It works on the principle of impact
and attrition: size reduction is done
by impact as the balls drop from
near the top of the shell.

12. CONCRETE MIXING PLANT

A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant or batching plant or a concrete
batching plant, is equipment that combines various ingredients to form concrete.
Some of these inputs include water, air, admixtures, sand, aggregate (rocks,
gravel, etc.), fly ash, silica fume, slag, and cement.

12.1 TILTING DRUM MIXERS

Tilting drum mixer means the drum
will discharge concrete by tilting
downwards. It is rapid discharge
process and used for larger pro-
jects. Rapid means it delivers con-
crete by gravity that is tilting the
drum downwards because of this
the concrete mix obtained will be
not subjected to segregation.
 12.2 NON TILTING DRUM
MIXERS

Non- tilting drum mixers are not al-

lowed to tilt and the drum rotates
about its horizontal axis. For the
discharge of concrete a chute is
arranged in inclined position which
will receives the concrete mix from
drum and discharges out.

12.3 Dry mix Concrete Plant:

A Dry mix Concrete Plant, also known as Transit Mix Plant, weighs sand, gravel and cement
in weigh batchers via digital or manual scales . All the ingredients then are discharged into
a chute which discharges into a truck. Meanwhile, water is either being weighed or volumet-
rically metered and discharged through the same charging chute into the mixer truck. These
ingredients are then mixed for a minimum of 70 to 100 revolutions during transportation to
the jobsite.

12.4 Wet mix Concrete Plant:

A Wet mix Concrete Plant, combines some or all of the above ingredients (including water) at
a central location into a Concrete Mixer - that is, the concrete is mixed at a single point, and
then simply agitated on the way to the jobsite to prevent setting (using agitors or ready mix
trucks) or hauled to the jobsite in an open-bodied dump truck.

12.5 NEEDLE VIBRATOR

Needle concrete vibrator is a small
steel cylinder with an electrical
cord at the end of the tool. The head
of the vibrator is dipped in the wet
concrete. It is a high-frequency vi-
brator designed to operate at 12,
000 to 17,000 vibrations per minute.
Amplitudes range from 0.015 to 0.08
inches. The frequency of vibrator is
about 700 cycles per minute.
12.7 PLATFORM VIBRATOR
These are rigidly built metal plat-
forms established on steel springs
and driven through electric motors.
The concrete is placed in molds
installed on the platforms and se-
curely clamped to the vibrating ta-
ble, in order that mold and concrete
vibrate in union.