CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT

BY :- SHREYA S
4SN17AT054
 EARTH WORK EQIPMENTS

 Earth work equipment is heavy equipment, typically

heavy-duty vehicles designed for construction
operations which involve earthworks.
 They are used to move large amounts of earth, to dig
foundations for landscaping and so on.
 Earth work equipment may also be referred to as,
heavy trucks, heavy machines, construction
equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles
and heavy hydraulics.
 Most earth work equipment uses hydraulic drives as
the primary source of motion.
 Earth work equipment is mainly used in the
construction industry, but other major applications
include mining, digging and other heavy duty work.
 EARTH CUTTING AND MOVING

 Heavy earth moving and cutting equipment are heavy duty

vehicles that are often used in the mining and construction
work to move and relocate heavy materials, rocks, soil, and
mud, dirt and debris.

 There are many types of heavy earth moving equipment, but

the most common ones used by mining and construction
industry are backhoe, excavator, loader, bulldozers, shovels,
motor grader, motor scraper, heavy haul trucks, draglines, and
trencher.
 1.BACKHOE LOADERS :-
 Backhoe loaders, often called backhoes, have a
body that's similar to a farm tractor and include
an adjustable shovel in front and a small bucket
in the back for digging.
 Backhoe loaders are considered medium-sized
construction equipment for smaller jobs and are
capable of working in limited space to perform
various operations.
 They can move dirt, backfill excavations, dig 1. wheel tractor
2. backacter
holes and trenches, and place pipes and other 3. arm
materials. 4. slewing boom
5. boom cylinder
 One of the best attributes of backhoe loaders is 6. arm cylinder
7. bucket cylinder
that they are wheel-driven and can be used in 8. slewing mechanism
9. suspension (base) plate
urban areas, They can even be driven to a job 10. outrigger
site. 11. front attachment (loader)

 The bucket in the back can be changed to dig

trenches of different widths.
  Backhoe loader, also called as loader backhoe,
digger, or backhoe.
2.BULLDOZERS :- 1. track (caterpillar)
2. engine
3. blade
 Bulldozers are considered one of the strongest 4. main frame
and most reliable heavy equipment used in the 5. lifting cylinder
6. tilting cylinder
construction industry. 7. bolt
8. ball-joint
 A bulldozer is a powerful and extremely heavy 9. swivel cylinders
machine used ​to move dirt along large open
tracts of land.
 Bulldozers have a wide, flat blade in front that
can be operated using two hydraulic pistons to
move the blade in a limited range of angles and
depths.
 They are normally used to push piles of earth
and for rough or fine grading, depending on the
size of the bulldozer also to push large quantities
of soil, sand, rubble, etc and typically equipped
at the rear with a claw-like device known as a
ripper to loosen densely-compacted materials.
 A bulldozer's considerable weight helps it crush
large boulders, among other operations.
 SCRAPERS :-

 A scraper can move dirt and aggregates

quickly around a construction site and is used 1. tractor
primarily for digging and leveling large areas 2. gooseneck
of land. 3. scraper bowl
4. steering cylinder
 Scrapers are large heavy equipment designed 5. bowl cylinder
for open areas, where they can run at high 6. ejector
7. apron
speeds for cut and fill operations. 8. apron cylinder
 Large self-propelled scrapers are called motor 9. apron rods
10. rear engine
scrapers. (rear wheel drive)
11. cutting edge
 There are also smaller scrapers, called pull
12. discharge slide
scrapers, that are pulled behind another 13. elevator
vehicle. 14. hydro-engine
(of elevator)
TRENCHERS :-

 A trencher is used to dig trenches, usually

narrow trenches for piping and cabling.
 Trenchers come in many different types and
sizes, from small walk-behind versions to very
large trenching machines that can cut
into asphalt pavement and other hard surfaces.
 The trencher has a conveyor system that carries
the excavated material and deposits it onto the
ground next to the trench.
 Trenchers can use different digging implements
depending on the depth of the trench and
material being excavated.
 1. wheel-bogie
EARTH EXCAVATION :- 2. turn mechanism
3. slewing upper
machinery
4. boom
1.EXCAVATORS :- 5. arm
6. backacter
 Excavators are large construction equipment that 7. boom cylinders
can be driven by tracks or wheels, but tracks are 8. arm cylinder
9. bucket cylinder
more standard. 10. bucket moving rods
11. auxiliary attachment
 A conventional excavator has a long bucket arm 12. outrigger
attached to a pivoting cab that can rotate a full 360
degrees.
 The operator sits in the cab and from there has
good visibility of the site.
 Excavators are highly versatile and can be fitted
with special attachments for specialty jobs.
 The excavators most commonly used in  digging
of trenches, holes, foundations, material handling,
brush cutting with hydraulic attachments, forestry
work, demolition, general grading/landscaping ,
heavy lift, mining, river dredging, driving piles,
breaking asphalt, and paving roads.
ATTACHEMENTS :-

Ripper Auger Clamshell Backacter bucket

Breaker Fingered grip Bucket-wheel Crusher adapter

 1. tractor (engine)
2.MOTOR GRADERS :- 2. articulated
carriage
 Motor graders are heavy equipment used for fine grading 3. blade
4. tilting frame
and for moving small amounts of dirt. 5. main frame
 They have a long blade that can be adjusted to meet 6. swivel ring
7. ball-joint
certain angles to create a flat surface. 8. lifting cylinder
(jack)
 They can also be fitted with a second blade in front of the 9. tilting cylinder
10. swivel
front axle and in some instances can be used for cylinder
underground mining.
 Motor graders are typically used to fine-grade dirt or
gravel roads or to prepare the road base course before
placing asphalt.
 Graders can also be used to create sloped surfaces or
drainage ditches with shallow V-shaped cross-sections,
3.TRACTORS :-
• It is an important equipment for earth movement. It converts engine
energy into tractive energy.Tractors are usually worked by diesel
engines

4.BULLDOZERS :-
• These machines are high powered tractors with caterpillar or crawler
tracks fitted with a mould board or blade at the front for stripping
excavation up to a depth of 400mm.

5.DRAGLINES:
• They are used to excavate soft earth from below the ground and to
deposit or load into wagons
 LOADING
LOADER :- 
 a loader is primarily used to load material such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, feed,
gravel, logs, raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips into or onto
another type of machinery such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar
 Loaders are used mainly for uploading materials into trucks, laying pipe, clearing rubble.
 DUMP TRUCKS :-
 Dump trucks are needed on almost every large job site.
 They offer limited function but perform the all-important task of moving and dumping
many types of heavy material.
 They are also road-ready so they can bring material into or out of site and can travel
anywhere large equipment is permitted.
 Dump trucks come in many different sizes for different capacity and load needs, ranging
from small utility-type trucks with dumping beds to enormous machines used in mining
operations.
 CRAWLER LOADERS
 A crawler loader is a cross between an excavator and a backhoe
or bucket loader.
 Its tracks give it excellent stability, and its versatile bucket makes
it useful for moving soil and debris and for loading material onto
trucks.
 Crawled loaders are machines with a tracked chassis and a loader
that can be used for digging and moving/loading materials. They
are a versatile component of any fleet, able to perform many
tasks.
 Crawler loaders are also used for excavation on relatively small
projects. For larger-scale work, a hydraulic excavator is often
used instead of a crawler loader.
 These days, loaders are most often needed to move heavy
materials on a construction site. They are well-suited for moving
wood chips, sand, rock and recycled materials.
 EARTH CAMPACTION AND STABILIZATION
 COMPACTION :- process of increasing the density of
a soil by mechanically forcing the soil particles closer
together if performed improperly, settlement of the soil
could occur and result in unnecessary maintenance costs
or structure failure.
 Tamping roller :-
• Effective on all soil
• Working speed 8 – 12 mph
 Vibration compactor :-
• Have one or two drums
• Working speed 2 – 4 mph
 Pneumatic-tire rollers :-
• used in compacting asphalt, base and sub-base material
and etc.
 LIGHT SOIL COMPACTING EQUIPMENTS
1.RAMMERS :-
 Rammers are used for compacting small areas by providing impact load to the soil. This equipment is
light and can be hand or machine operated.
 The base size of rammers can be 15cm x 15cm or 20cm x 20cm or more.
 Rammers are suitable for compacting cohesive soils as well as other soils.

2.VIBRATING PLATE COMPACTORS :-

 Vibrating plate compactors are used for compaction of coarse soils with 4 to 8% fines.
 These equipments are used for small areas.
 The usual weights of these machines vary from 100 kg to 2 tonne with plate areas between 0.16 m2
and 1.6 m2.
3.VIBRO TAMPERS :-
 Vibro tampers is used for compaction of small areas in confined space.
 This machine is suitable for compaction of all types of soil by vibrations set up in a base plate through
a spring activated by an engine driven reciprocating mechanism.
 They are usually manually guided and weigh between 50 and 100 kg
 HEAVY SOIL COMPACTION EQUIPMENT
1.SMOOTH WHEELED ROLLERS :-
a)Static smooth wheeled rollers :-
• The most suitable soils for these roller type are well graded sand, gravel, crushed rock, asphalt
etc. where crushing is required.
• These are used on soils which does not require great pressure for compaction. These rollers are
generally used for finishing the upper surface of the soil. These roller are not used for
compaction of uniform sands.
• The performance of smooth wheeled rollers depend on load per cm width it transfers to the soil
and diameter of the drum.
• The smooth wheeled rollers consists of one large steel drum in front and two steel drums on the
rear, The gross weight of these rollers is in the range of 8-10 tonnes
b) Vibrating smooth wheeled rollers :-
• In case of vibrating smooth wheeled rollers, the drums are made to vibrate by employing
rotating or reciprocating mass.
• These rollers are helpful from several considerations like:-
(i) Higher compaction level can be achieved with maximum work
(ii) Compaction can be done up to greater depths
(iii) Output is many times more than conventional rollers
2. SHEEPSFOOT ROLLER :-
 Sheepsfoot rollers are used for compacting fine grained soils such as heavy clays
and silty clays.
 Sheepsfoot rollers are used for compaction of soils in dams, embankments,
subgrade layers in pavements and rail road construction projects.
 Sheepsfoot rollers are of static and vibratory types. Vibratory types rollers are used
for compaction of all fine grained soils and also soil with sand-gravel mixes.
 Generally this roller is used for compaction of subgrade layers in road and rail
projects.
3. PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS :-
 Pneumatic tyred rollers are also called as rubber tyred rollers. These rollers are
used for compaction of coarse grained soils with some fines.
 These rollers are least suitable for uniform coarse soils and rocks. Generally
pneumatic tyred rollers are used in pavement subgrade works both earthwork and
bituminous works.
 Pneumatic rollers have wheels on both axles. These wheels are staggered for
compaction of soil layers with uniform pressure throughout the width of the roller.
4. GRID ROLLERS :-
 Grid rollers are used for compaction of weathered rocks, well graded coarse
soils.
 These rollers are not suitable for clayey soils, silty clays and uniform soils. The
main use of these rollers are in subgrade and sub-base in road constructions.
 As the name suggests, these rollers have a cylindrical heavy steel surface
consisting of a network of steel bars forming a grid with squire holes.
 Grid rollers provide high contact pressure but little kneading action and are
suitable for compacting most coarse grained soils.
5. PAD FOOT / TAMPING ROLLERS :-
 These rollers are similar to sheepsfoot rollers with lugs of larger area than
sheepsfoot rollers.
 These rollers operate at high speeds, and are capable to breaking large lumps.
These rollers also consists of leveling blades to spread the material.
 Pad foot or tamping rollers are best suitable for compacting cohesive soils.
 The static pad foot rollers also called tamping rollers have static weights in the
range of 15 to 40 tonnes and their static linear drum loads are between 30 and
80 kg/cm.
 These rollers are more preferable than sheepsfoot roller due to their high
production capacity, and they are replacing sheepsfoot rollers.
 STABILIZATION

 Soil conditions are often unstable, they are subject to

differential expansion and shrinkage when undergoing
changes in moisture content, improvement through
chemical and/or mechanical stabilization
 Soil density tests to determine if proper soil compaction
is achieved for any specific construction application,
several methods were developed. The most prominent
by far is soil density. Why test soil testing accomplishes
the following:
• Measures density of soil for comparing the degree of
compaction vs specs
• Measures the effect of moisture on soil density vs specs
• Provides a moisture density curve identifying optimum
moisture
 STABILIZING LOOSE SOIL STRUCTURE
Steps in soil stabilization :-
• ripping the soil by rippers (1)
• crushing (breaking) soil by bucket-
wheels (2)
• improving soil structure by adding
missing soil-fragments, or cement
(3) and water (4), or lime, or
asphalt, and spreading it
• mixing additives and on-site soil by
bucket-wheels (5)
• compacting solidified layer by
surface vibrators (6) and roller
compactors (7) Soil stabilizing and resurfacing train

Train units:
 resurfacing unit
 water or slurry tank
 asphalt emulsion tank
 vibratory steel- and
rubber-wheel rollers
 HAULERS
Hauling equipment, in particular, is used to move building/drilling supplies, soil, and other materials.
Below is an overview of the types of hauling equipment commonly used in construction and more:
1.CRANES :-
 Equipped with wire ropes, sheaves, and a hoist, cranes are used to lift and move materials and
supplies during construction. Cranes are also useful for demolishing buildings and other
structures. In construction, the two basic types of cranes are mobile and fixed.
1. Mobile cranes – Consist of trusses mounted onto mobile platforms, such as trucks or flatcars.
2. Fixed cranes – Are able to lift heavier loads and have better reach due to their increased stability.
Tower cranes, used in high-rise building construction, are an example of a fixed crane mounted on
top of a steel tower.
2. BULLDOZERS :-
Though commonly used to refer to the entire vehicle, the term bulldozer actually refers to the front-
mounted dozer plate, which is attached to a separate tractor. The bulldozer is used to loosen hard soils
and shift dirt, and can work on tough terrain. It is also great for creating pilot roads, as it can clear
land from trees and stumps. Bulldozers can be wheel-based or track-based. For muddy or sandy
terrains, track-type bulldozers are best, as the tracks distribute the bulldozer’s weight over a larger
area, reducing the risk of sinking.
3. EXCAVATORS :-
Excavators are vehicles equipped with a digging bucket attached to the end of an extendable arm.
One of the more versatile types of hauling equipment, excavators are used to dig holes, demolish
buildings, and lift and load heavy supplies among others. Due to their large size, excavators require
the fewest passes when loading trucks with materials.
4. LOADERS :-
These vehicles are used to load loose materials, such as sand, dirt, or gravel, and take
them to another machine, such as a dump truck or conveyor belt. Oftentimes, these
destination machines are at a higher elevation than the location of the materials.
Loaders can also be used to transport other machinery. Similar to bulldozers, loaders
can be track-based or wheel-based, and the selection depends on the terrain to be
worked on.
5. SHOVELS :-
Shovels are used for digging and loading rocks and soil for mineral extraction. The
ability to dig into very hard material and lift large objects, such as boulders, are their
greatest strengths. Shovels can be electric powered or hydraulic powered. Electric
shovels use a revolving deck with a power plant, while hydraulic shovels have a
simpler power system that requires fewer components.
6. TRACTORS :-
Though most commonly used for pulling and pushing other equipment in
construction, the great advantage of tractors is the available parts that can be used to
accomplish different jobs. Available components include the quick hitches, backhoes,
buckets, and blades. Similar to bulldozers and loaders, tractors can be track-based or
wheel-based. Like other track-based equipment, these tractors are able to work
through muddy terrains. However, they operate at much slower speeds
 TRUCKS
Their high travel speeds allow for quicker transportation of materials when
traveling on established roads. Their low hauling costs also allow for flexibility
when determining the total hauling capacity or in the event of a change in
destination/route.
1.DUMP TRUCK :-
 A dump truck, known also as a dumper truck or tipper truck, is used for taking
dumps such as sand, gravel, or demolition waste for construction as well as coal.
 A typical dump truck is equipped with an open-box bed, which is hinged at the
rear and equipped with hydraulic rams to lift the front, allowing the material in
the bed to be deposited (“dumped”) on the ground behind the truck at the site of
delivery.
 Their high travel speeds allow for quicker transportation of materials when
traveling on established roads. Their low hauling costs also allow for flexibility
when determining the total hauling capacity or in the event of a change in
destination/route.
 Dump trucks used to move clay, dirt, soils, and sands. Side and rear dump trucks
dispose of materials through the body attached to the chassis of the truck.
Bottom dump trucks have two gates that open from the bottom to dispose of
materials. For tougher terrain, articulated dump trucks are used.
2.HAULING TRUCKS :-
 Used to transport a fleet of equipment for general, military, or service
construction from one location to another.
CONCRETE EQUIPMENT
 Concreting Equipment is significant for construction companies. With great quality concrete equipment machinery, construction organizations
can complete quality construction work in a lesser measure of time.
 It can hence eliminate its work expenses and increment benefits by giving the quality construction service to its customers in a quicker manner.
With the headway in advancements, today various construction equipment types of gear have come up for the utilization of construction
companies for improved construction processes.
1.CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT :-
 A concrete batching plant is a significant gear for the concreting equipment. The concrete batching plant utilized for the is created by the
appropriate blending of the considerable number of fixings like sand, rock, water, and cement and after that moved to concert building site
prepared to be poured for use.
 Concrete batching plants can be of two structures either the stationary heavy production units or the well-known mobile batching plants which
can be utilized to both produce and transport the solid blend from site to site. One can likewise get a batching plant according to their creation
necessities.
 Since today group plants are accessible in different generation limits as well. 20 cum/hr batching plant, 30 cum/hr concrete plant, 45 cum/hr, 60
cum/hr, 90 cum/hr, 120 cum/hr batching plant are a portion of the famous types of cement grouping plants utilized by the construction
organizations.
2.CONCRETE MIXER :-
 A concrete mixer is the best source for the construction that wants
to save their precious raw material from waste that cannot be
tolerated. Mixers used to mix all the elements like cement, gravel,
and water for better mixing and it also saves time because of its
high efficiency while they working.
 There are too many varieties available in concrete mixers like Self-
loading concrete mixer, Transit mixer that mounted on a truck,
Stationary concrete mixer, Electric Concrete Mixer, Concrete mixer
enables with lift, reversible concrete mixer is the types of Concrete
mixer.
3. CONCRETE VIBRATOR :-
 Concrete vibratory is the mechanical device used to create vibration
in wet material. This machinery alien with the motor and connected
with pipes that create the vibration inside the concrete mix.
 And remove the all air in between the concrete mix. So gives more
strength and life to concrete. This concrete equipment almost used
by the entire civil contractor from small civil work to bridge
construction.
4. CONCRETE PAVER :-
 Concrete paver has advanced the construction technology by securing
the concrete from unexpected wastage. Paver is a kind of moveable
construction machine that consists of a paving area used to store the
material while working on busy roads, highways, and other public
places where traffic or pedestrians can cause the deficiencies while
they working.
5. CONCRETE PUMP :-
 A concrete pump is one of the fastest concrete equipment that gets
fame in the construction market because of its reliability and cost-
effectiveness. Pumps save the labor cost, time, and material with high
power consumption are used for pumping the concrete from the mixer
and send it directly to the construction site.
6. CONCRETE CRUSHER :-
 Concrete crushers have two types: One is a mobile concrete crusher
similar to a bulldozer but has an attachment with its boom arm use to
crush the big rock pieces into small gravels. The second type mostly
can be seen in the industrial used for crushing medium-sized rocked
into power or gravels form. Concrete crushers are the best source for
saving labor costs and time.
 HOISTING EQUIPMENT
 For vertical lifting of freely suspended, heavy, bulky loads,
hoisting equipment (or hoists) works in conjunction with
overhead cranes and workstation cranes.
 Their lifting capacities depend on their construction.
 Their travel is directed by an operator, either manually or with
a wired pendant station or wireless controls.
 Typical applications include helping operators in
manufacturing, warehousing and construction to lift loads in
support of production or storage activities, loading and
unloading, or one process to the next.