Unit 3

Syllabus
• Dozers, Power shovels, Excavators, Loaders, Scrapers, Dumpers, Drag line,

Clamp shell, Compactors, Pavers, Factors affecting performance, selection of

equipment, Various types of hoists and cranes and selection, Boom placers,

Simple numerical problems on cycle time and production rate, Economic

maintenance & repair of construction equipment.

 Earth Moving Equipment
A. Tractor
• Changes the energy of engine into tractive energy.

• Primarily used for Pushing or Pulling the load

• These are available in two types

a. Crawler Type Rubber-tired or wheel Type.

 Earth Moving Equipment
A. Tractor
Parameters to be consider while selecting tractor dozer:- • It is used for

a. Size of a dozer for a given job a. Moving earth loads

b. Type of work expected from tractor dozer. b. Can be used as base for mounting assembly
eg. Bulldozing, ripping, land clearing, pulling a like bulldozer blades, rippers, front end
scraper etc
shovel, hoes, draglines, clamshells,
c. The type and condition of haul road trenchers etc.
d. Gradient of haul road

e. Distance to be moved

f. Type of work expected to be taken from the equipment

after the present job is completed.
 Earth Moving Equipment
A. Tractor
• Coefficient of traction:-
It is a factor by which the total load on driving
tyre is multiplied to determine maximum
tractive force between the tyre and the
surface before slippage starts.

Eg. Consider a truck resting on surface .

If the total pressure between tyre and
surface is 35 kN and slippage occurs
when tractive force is 17.5 KN then
Coefficent of traction = (17.5/35) = 0.50

Drawbar Pull:- it is a pull that a tractor can exerts

on the load that is being towed by it. It is
expressed in Kg.
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRAWLER AND WHEELED TRACTORS
CRAWLER TYPE
1. Slow speed
2. More compact and powerful and
can handle heavier jobs
3. Costly
4. Cost of operation and
maintenance is high
5. Stick control for steering
6. Moves on rough roads only
7. Used for short distances
8. Requires skillful operation,
maintenance and repairs
Construction Equipments
WHEELED TYPE
1. Greater speed
2. Con handle only lighter jobs
3. Cheaper
4. Operational and maintenance cost
is less
5. Wheel steering control
6. Moves on rough as well as good
roads
7.Used for longer distances
8. Lesser skills required for
operations, maintenance and repairs
49
 Earth Moving Equipment
B.Scraper
• Scraper, in engineering, machine for
moving earth over short distances (up to
about two miles) over relatively smooth
areas.
• Either self-propelled or towed, it consists
of a wagon with a gate having a bladed
bottom.
• The blade scrapes up earth as the wagon
pushes forward and forces the excavated
material into the wagon.
• When the wagon is filled, the gate is
closed, and the material is carried to the
place of disposal. The scraper is the
dominant tool in highway construction.
 Earth Moving Equipment
B.Scraper
• A thumb rule to determine output
capacity of scrapper =

O/P in cubic meter per hour =

(100C)/(3.28D+3)

C = Struck capacity of scrapper in cubic

meter
D = Haul distance (one way) in hundred of
meters
 Excavation Equipment's
C. Bull Dozer
• A bulldozer is a tractor equipped with a
substantial metal plate (known as a blade) used to
push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, or
other such material during construction or
conversion work and typically equipped at the
rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to
loosen densely compacted materials.
• It is usually a crawler (continuous
tracked) tractor.
• Bulldozers can be found on a wide range of
sites, mines and quarries, military bases, heavy
industry factories, engineering projects
and farms.
 Excavation Equipment's
C. Bull Dozer
• These are designed for cutting and pushing
the material over relatively short distance
• A dozer is a frame ,mounted unit with a
blade , curved in its section, extending in
front of tractor
• angle dozer, tilt dozer, tree dozer, and push
dozer
• These are used for short hauls up to 100
meters only.
• Angle dozer:- nearly 25 degree to direction
of travel of dozer
• Tree dozer :- to remove trees
 Excavation Equipment's
C. Bull Dozer
• U- Blade:- Used for moving large amount
of materials over a long distance. They are
used for stockpile work, trapping for
loaders and land reclamations.

• Straight Blade:- easier to maneuver

because of size, penetrates material easily,
Crawler Bulldozer
Wheel Bulldozer
Mini Bulldozer
Hybrid Bulldozer
 Excavation Equipment's
C. Bull Dozer
• The performance of blade is calculated on
the basis of available horsepower and
amount of displaced material.

• Straight and Angle Blade

V = 0.8 * W * (H) *(H)
W = end to end width of blade
H = effective height of blade.
• U- blade and semi U-blade
V = {0.8 * W *(H)* (H)} + {Z *H * (W-2) *
tan (ὰ) }
 Earth Moving Equipment
D. Power Shovel
• Shovel family represents rope-operated
excavators and uses different types of front end
attachment.
• These front end attachment are
a. Power shovel or The Dipper
b. The Dragline
c. The Clamshell
d. The Backhoe or hoe.
Shovel are available with size from fraction of cu.m Power Shovel
to over hundreds of cu.m and can handle material
from few tonnes to hundred of tonnes.
 POWER SHOVEL

10
Construction Equipments
 POWER SHOVEL

11
Construction Equipments
 Output of Shovel
• Hourly production (cu.m./hr) = Q
= q * {3600/C} *Efficiency
Where q = production in cu.m. per cycle
= heaped capacity *Swell factor *Bucket factor
• They have more faster and accurate digging cycle as compared
to draglines, hoes and clamshells etc.
• Power shovel boom working is in forward strokes.
• Selection of power shovel:-
1. Quantum of work to be done
2. Depreciation expenses
3. Down time cost of power shovel
4. Cost of wages
5. Ownership and operational expenses
6. Cost of drilling, blasting, and excavating
7. Lifting excavated earth material from basement to truck
8. Size of rocks
9. Size of hauling units
10. Properties of rock materials
 DRAG LINE
• The drag line is so named because of its prominent operation
of dragging the bucket against the material to be dug.

• Unlike the shovel, it has a long light crane boom and the
bucket is loosely attached to the boom through cables.
• Because of this construction, dragline can dig and dump
over larger distances than a shovel can do.
• Drag lines are useful for digging below its track level and
handling softer materials.
BASIC PARTS:
* BOOM HOIST CABLE
* HOIST CHAIN BUCKET
* DRAG CABLE DRAG CHAIN
 DRAG LINE
APPLICATIONS:

o Dragging softer material and below its track level

o It is very useful for excavating trenches when the sides are

permitted to establish their angle of repose without shoring.
o It has long reaches.

o Excavation for canals and depositing on the embankment

without hauling units.
FACTORS CONTROLLING OUTPUT:

• TYPE OF MATERIAL DEPTH OF CUTTING

• SIZE AND TYPE OF BUCKETS SKILL OF OPERATOR

• SIZE OF HAULING UNITS & METHOD ANGLE OF SWING

• LENGTH OF CRANE BOOM JOB CONDITION

DRAG LINE
DRAG LINE

21
CAPACITY CALCULATION OF DRAGLINE
Clam Shell
2
 CLAM SHELL

24
Construction
 CLAM SHELL

25
Construction
 CLAM SHELL

26
Construction
 Earth Moving Equipment
Hoe
• This equipment also known as drag
shovel or pull shovel
• It has ability to penetrate toughest
material
• It is widely used in digging trenches.
• Like power shovel hoes also has
accurate spotting of the digging
bucket
• Digging is done by dragging material
along with bucket towards machine
 BACK HOE

13
Construction
 BACK HOE

14
Construction
 BACK HOE

15
Construction
Boom adjustment for different equipment
 Equipment for
compaction of Earth
• Compaction is a process where the particles of material are constrained to be compacted more
closely by reducing air void content in between them.
• In many civil engineering projects the compaction is important activity and thus it is required
to study compaction equipment.
• By compaction following properties of soil are improved
70 COMPACTION
Densification is accomplished by:
• Static weight (pressure)
• Kneading (manipulation)
• Impact (sharp blow)
• Vibration (shaking)
 SMOOTH – WHEEL ROLLERS:
 PLAIN STEEL ROLLERS

 SELF – PROPELLED (5 TO 25 TONNES)

 NO DEEP COMPACTION
 REAR WHEELS ARE LARGER IN DIAMETER AND THE FRONT ONES ARE
WIDER

 DIESEL ENGINE TYPE

COMPACTION IS BY STATIC WEIGHT OF ROLLER
SUITABILITY:

 GRANULAR SOILS

 SAND

 GRAVEL

 CRUSHED STONES
Construction Equipments
SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
SMOOTH WHEEL ROLLER
73 TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR

It is suitable for compacting all fined-

grained soils,

but is generally not suitable for use

on cohesionless granular soils.
74 TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR

• This roller compacts the soil from the bottom

of the lift to the top.
• Lift thickness is generally limited to 8 inches
compacted depth.
75 TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR

• This type roller does not adequately compact the

upper 2 or 3 inches of a lift.
• Therefore, for the last lift it should be followed
with a pneumatic or smooth-drum roller.
 Sheep – foot rollers
• Hollow steel drum with projected feet mounted at 100 to 200 mm c/c
• Weight - 15 tonnes
• Speed - 25 km/hr
• Compaction is by kneading action {shear is applied by alternating
movement in adjacent positions.}
• In convertible rollers the foot plate can be removed
• In turn foot rollers the individual sheep foot can be changed
• Suitability:
• Clay, predominantly cohesive and impervious soil
71 TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR

Leveling blade
72 PAD CONFIGURATION
Tamping
foot Pad
foot
76 TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR

Working in tandem
 SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS

56
Construction
 SHEEP – FOOT ROLLERS

57
Construction
77 SHEEPS FOOT ROLLER
78

IMPACTOR
 PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLER

59
Construction
 PNEUMATIC TYRED ROLLERS
 CONSISTS OF A BASE PLATFORM MOUNTED BETWEEN TWO
AXLES

 TRACKS OF THE REAR WHEEL LIE INBETWEEN THE TRACKS

OF THE FRONT WHEEL

 COMPACTION IS BY CONTROLLING THE GROUND CONTACT

PRESSURE

 WEIGHT OR WIDTH OF THE WHEEL CAN BE SUITABLY

INCREASED

SUITABILITY:
FINE GRAINED AND WELL GRADED SANDS
79
PNEUMATIC Roller

4 5
80 PNEUMATIC
Front and rear tire paths overlap.
 81 PNEUMATIC

All-wheel
oscillation
.
 DYNAMIC
115
COMPACTION
This is a
20 ton weight

Can achieve densification to a depths of about 30 ft using

30 ton weights and 100 ft drop heights.

from 42 feet
 DYNAMIC
116
COMPACTION

Usually only make

contact with about
50% of the actual
ground surface being
compacted.
117 VIBRATORY PLATE COMPACTOR

For
granular
soils and
asphalt.
118 RAMMER

Also known as a
backfill tamper.
Self-contained
hand operated for
use in confined
spaces.
119

TRENCH ROLLER
120

WHEEL ATTACHMENT
COMPACTORS
92 COMPACTOR SPEEDS
Speed (MPH)
Sheep foot, crawler towed 3-5
Tamping foot
First 3 passes 3-5
Walking out 8-10
Multitier pneumatic 5-15
Smooth-drum vibratory 2-4
Padded-drum vibratory 2-4
98 COMPACTION Production Estimate

16.3 WSL eff

No. of Passes
Where:
W is compacted width in feet
S is average roller speed in MPH
L is compacted lift thickness in inches
COMPACTION Practical Exercise
93
Scrapers will deliver to the project 600 LCY per hr of fill material (dry clay).

A self-propelled tamping foot roller will be used to compact the fill.(Rolling

width is 84 in.)

Test strip compaction information indicates that 9 passes at 3 MPH are required to
obtain the required density.

The fill material will be placed in 8 inch compacted lifts.

Based on this information determine the number of rollers required to support the
scraper operation.
96 COMPACTION PE

STEP 1: COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS

Width of roller = 84 inches
Speed = 3 MPH
Compacted lift thickness = 8 in
Number of passes required = 9
97 COMPACTION PE

STEP 2: PRODUCTION
CALCULATION

16.3 WSL eff

Compacted cubic yards/hr =
No. of Passes
99 COMPACTION PE

STEP 2: PRODUCTION
CALCULATION

84
12  3  8  16.3
Compacted cubic yards/hr =
9
100
COMPACTION PE

STEP 2: PRODUCTION CALCULATION

7  3  8  16.3 = 304 CCY/hr

9
101 COMPACTION PE

STEP 3: EFFICIENCY
FACTOR
A 50 min working hour should be
possible.
Efficiency Factor of 0.83
102 COMPACTION PE

STEP 3: EFFICIENCY FACTOR

304 X 0.83 = 253 CCY/hr

103 COMPACTION PE

STEP 4: COMPACTORS
REQUIRED
104 COMPACTION PE

STEP 4: COMPACTORS REQUIRED

(LCY to CCY = * 0.74)

600 LCY  0.74

 1.8
253 CCY
104 COMPACTION PE

STEP 4: COMPACTORS REQUIRED

(LCY to CCY = * 0.74)

600 LCY  0.74

 1.8
253 CCY
106 EXERCISE

• Trucks will deliver 450 LCY per hr of fill material (dry sand) for a road
project.
• A self-propelled CAT CS-583C roller will be usedtocompact the fill.
• Using the maximum recommended compaction speed for this
roller it will require 5 passes to compact a 6 inch (compacted
depth) lift.
• Assume a 50 min-hr efficiency.
108 EXERCISE
STEP 1: COMPACTION
REQUIREMENTS

Width of CAT CS-583 roller

= 7 feet (CAT handbook)
What type of compactor is this?
109 EXERCISE

STEP 1: COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS

CAT CS-583 roller is a smooth-drum

vibratory. (CAT handbook)

Compacting Speed = 4 MPH

110 EXERCISE

STEP 1: COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS

Compacted lift thickness = 6 in
Number of passes required = 5
111 EXERCISE

STEP 2: PRODUCTION CALCULATION

7  4  6  16.3
= 548 CCY
5
112 EXERCISE

STEP 3: EFFICIENCY FACTOR

548 X 0.83 = 456 CCY/hr

113 EXERCISE

STEP 4: COMPACTORS REQUIRED

dry sand 0.87

450 LCY  0.87

 0.9
456 CCY

Therefore need 1 compactor

PAVING
MACHINES
Introduction
• A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher,
paving machine) is a piece of construction
equipment used to lay asphalt on roads,
bridges, parking lots and other such places.
It lays the asphalt flat and provides minor
compaction before it is compacted by a
roller.
Types of Paver
• The paving machines can be varied according to
the requirements with the addition of new
features including automatic level systems or
integral spray system. These machines can be
either mounted on wheels or on the tracks
depending on the nature of the pavement pavers
can be classified as follows :

 Asphalt Crawler Paver

 Asphalt Wheeled Paver
 Concrete Pavers
 What is asphalt paver ?
A self-propelled formless laydown machine with a floating screed. HMA is loaded in the
front, carried to the rear by a set of flight feeders (conveyor belts), spread out by a set of
augers, then leveled and compacted by a screed.
Asphalt Crawler
Paver
Asphalt Crawler
Paver
Asphalt Crawler
Paver
Asphalt Crawler
Paver
Asphalt Crawler
Paver
Asphalt Crawler
Paver
Asphalt Wheeled
Paver
Concrete
Pavers
Applications
• The pavers find their applications mainly in the following
areas :

 Building roads
 Highways
 Ports
 Maintenance of roads
 Parking lot
 Landscaping
 Paving of path etc.

 World Amazing Modern Road Construction

Machines, Incredible Fastest Asphalt
Paving Equipment Machine.mp4
 Hoist and Crane
• A hoist is a machine that performs a single task very
well: lifting and lowering a load on a vertical plane.

• Hoists are situated on the primary horizontal beam of

the crane, called the bridge girder. The hoist, when
connected to the trolley, moves back and forth across
the bridge girder.

• Chain hoists are excellent at lifting loads below 5 tons

with little maintenance required, while wire rope
hoists are the optimal choice for 5 tons and above.

• Single-reeved hoists use a single piece of rope on the

rope drum, while double-reeved hoists provide true
vertical lift through the use of two ropes on a single
drum
Hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by
means of a drum or lift-wheel around which rope or
chain wraps. It may be manually operated,
electrically or pneumatically driven and may use
chain, fiber or wire rope as its lifting medium. The
load is attached to the hoist by means of a lifting hook.
Hoists can be used to lift a heavy item or even a person.
Hoists are usually placed overhead and attached to the
sling, and may have a power supply. Hoists use a
suspension system, sling, and power supply cable.
 Advantages of Hoists
 Increased productivity
 high load capacity
 cost effective
 Versatility
 Less noise
 Higher durability
 Types of Hoists
 Boom hoist.
 Bucket hoist.
 Chain hoist.
 Electric hoist.
 Gasoline hoist.
 Hydraulic hoist.
 Platform hoist.
 Portable hoist.
 Tractor hoist.
Chain Hoist
Electric Chain Hoist
Wire Rope Hoist
Hoist Trolley
Electric Hoist
 Benefits
 Less expensive
 Less maintenance
 Secure
 Easy to use
 Less strain
 Cranes
• A Crane is a complex device used for moving loads in various directions. While a hoist by
itself can only raise and lower objects on a vertical plane, it is the component used for that
purpose as part of a crane's wider application..
 CRANES
USED IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS, SHIPPING, INDUSTRIES ETC.

* THEY MAY BE ELECTRICALLY OPERATED, DIESEL OPERATED OR

DIESEL-ELECTRIC DRIVE.

CLASSIFICATION:

* DERRICK CRANES.

* MOBILE CRANES.

* OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANES.

* TRAVELLER CRANES.

* TOWER CRANES.
Construction Equipments

101
 DERRICK CRANES

* MAST * BOOM * BULL WHEEL.

TYPES:

* GUY-DERRICK * STIFF LEG DERRICK.

OPERATION:

• THE BOOM CAN REVOLVE THROUGH 360 DEGREE.

• IT CAN CARRY LOADS UPTO 200 TONS.

• WHEN THE LOAD IS LESS THAN 50 TONS GUY ROPES ARE

REPLACED BY TRUSSED STRUCTURE.

• STIFF LEG DERRICK CAN CARRY 7- 50 TONS.

DERRICK CRANES
 DERRICK CRANES
USES:
• LOADING AND UNLOADING CARGOES AT
PORTS.

• TO HANDLE LOOSE MATERIALS LIKE

SAND, BALLAST, COAL.

• IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS,
INDUSTRIAL, MULTISTOREYED
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION.

• PLANT ERRECTION.
 MOBILE CRANE
 THEY ARE EITHER CRAWLER MOUNTED OR WHEEL MOUNTED.

 CRAWLER MOUNTED ARE HIGHLY MANEOUVERABILE AND

OPERATE ON UNMADE GROUND.

 SUITABLE FOR ROUGH TERRAINS.

 OPERATE IN A LIMITED AREA.

 TRUCK MOUNTED CRANES HAVE HIGH MOBILITY.

 SPEED - 70-75 KM/HR.

 LOAD – 3 TO 160 TONS.

MOBILE CRANE
MOBILE CRANE
 OVERHEAD OR GANTRY CRANE
 USED FOR HANDLING LOADS OVER A LONG RECTANGULAR
AREA.

 IT CONSISTS OF BRIDGE WHICH IS FIXED BY TWO GANTRY

GIRDERS AT THE ENDS SUPPORTED BY TRAM WHEELS.

 NEXT THE CRAB CONSITS OF HOISTING GEAR MOUNTED ON

FRAME OF BRIDGE.

 FRAME ITSELF MOUNTED ON ANOTHER SET OF WHEELS TO

MOVE ALONG MAIN GRIDERS.

 USED IN STORAGE, ERECTION, FOUNDRY, STEEL PLANTS ETC.,

OVER HEAD CRANE
OVER HEAD CRANE
OVER HEAD CRANE
 TRAVELLER CRANE
 THESE HAVE THEIR CRABS MOVING ON GIRDERS SUPPORTED

ON LEGS INSTEAD OF GANTRY TRUCKS AS USED IN THE

OVERHEAD CRANES.

 THE LEGS ARE CAPABLE OF MOVING ON TRACKS LAID ON THE

FLOOR.

 USED IN DUMPING YARDS, CASTING YARDS, ERECTION

INDUSTRIES ETC.,
TRAVELLER CRANE
TRAVELLER CRANE
 TOWER CRANE
 IT HAS A TRUSS STRUCTURE WELDED FROM ANGLE BARS

AND CHANNELS.

 LADDERS ARE PROVIDED FOR EASE.

 THEY CAN BE ASSEMBLED AND DISMENTLED.

 USED IN INDUSTRIAL AND RESIDENTIAL HIGH RISE BUILDING.

 ALSO COMMONLY USED IN INDUSTRIAL PLANTS WITH STEEL

STRUCTURES.
TOWER CRANE
TOWER CRANE
Introduction – Concrete Pumping
One of the techniques that have
helped the construction industry
tremendously is called concrete
pumping.
All structures from the tallest
skyscraper to the smallest
convenience store require concrete,
and concrete pumping is a great way
to get it where it needs to go.
 What Is Concrete Pumping?
Concrete pumping is a
more efficient way of
pouring concrete, using
a machine to transfer
liquid concrete. There
are two basic types of
pumps that are used,
one is known as a
‘boom pump’ and the
other is commonly called
a ‘line pump’.
 Faster Concrete Placement and Lesser Labour
Anyone who has been involved in any sort of
• Speed of the pour is always an construction job knows that labour is a big
important factor when it comes to any- part of the total expense of the project.
sized construction project.
• One of the benefits of concrete Obviously, the labour force is integral, but if it
pumping is that it is a faster way to can be reduced without affecting quality and
place concrete over more traditional safety, it will help significantly.
methods.
• Faster placement means you’re able Concrete pumping generally requires less
to stay within any deadlines and you time than other methods of concrete
can use just the one piece of pouring.
equipment to complete one pour.
• When concrete pumping isn’t used, The site will seem less congested, and you
smaller equipment may have to be can also use key personnel for other
moved around to different spots to important tasks when the concrete is
finish off one pour. placed directly.
• With concrete pumping, less water is
needed than with other methods.
This means that when the concrete
is placed, it won’t shrink and crack
at all and it will maintain its strength.

• It kind of goes without saying how

important it is for concrete to be
strong and secure over time.
Concrete pumping results in a more
stable end product, which means
the safety level of your project is
higher and the durability is also
higher.
For the customer, a more durable
concrete product means you won’t
have to pay for maintenance or a
brand new pour for a longer period
of time, which is going to save
money.
 Concrete Pouring Accuracy
Using a boom or a line pump for
pumping concrete is going to
improve your pouring accuracy.
For complex locations, high-rise
buildings or insulated concrete form
walls, accuracy is of the utmost
importance.
Accurate pumping means fewer stoppages,
fewer delays and a more professional-
looking end result.
Any company that pours concrete as its
main business knows how important it is to
present a professional result to the clients
and to the public.
Many people won’t really notice when a job
is done well, but they will certainly notice
when there are drips and spills and messy
pours.
 Convenience
Overall, using either type of
concrete pumping system is just
more convenient than the old mix
and pour methods. Boom arms
can actually reach over top of
house or other structures to place
the concrete in locations where
other types of machinery can’t
reach.
 Construction equipment repair and maintenance

• This means efforts directed towards the up-keep and the repair of that machine.

• Maintenance is responsible for the smooth and efficient working of an equipment and helps in
improving its productivity.

• Generally maintenance is divided into 2 categories

A. Breakdown Maintenance:-

• Here maintenance is required only when there is a breakdown. This may occur due to 2 reasons

1. Due to unpredictable failure of components which cannot be prevented

2. Due to gradual wear and tear of the parts such that equipment is unable to function properly.
 Maintenance of Construction Equipment

• In breakdown maintenance, defects are rectified only when machine can not perform any longer.

• After maintenance, the engineers pay attention to repair of machine only when next breakdown is
occurs.

• In this system, the whole production of firm is liable to get disturbed.

• This way of working is most expensive too because of increase in depreciation cost, payment to idle
operators, overtime to the maintenance staff and idling matching equipment's.

B. Preventive Maintenance:-

• This is also referred as planned maintenance or scheduled maintenance.

• It work as through continuous inspections identify source of trouble and remove them before
breakdown occurs.
 Maintenance of Construction Equipment
• It is based on idea which is prevention is better than cure.
• Frequency of inspection are decided as per the importance of machine.
• The repair can be done when one wants to do it . When it has least effect on the production
schedule.
Maintenance of Construction Equipment

Advantages of preventive maintenance

 Maintenance of Construction Equipment
Steps in preventive maintenance:-
1. Inspection or check ups:-

a. Here faults in machine are identified by 2 ways. First one is external where damage to
machine is by some external factors like noise, vibration, heat and smoke while second is
internal where inspection to internal parts of machine like gear box, engine is done.

b. The frequency of inspection is carefully decided as per experience of machine in past

times.

2. Servicing:-

a. Servicing includes cleaning, lubricating different parts of machine by which their life
remain undamaged through out life span of equipment.

b. This is done by preparing proper schedule on regular basis.

 Maintenance of Construction Equipment
3. Planning and Scheduling:-
a. The scheduling for maintenance of entire machine is planned
b. Here daily, weekly, monthly, half yearly and yearly scheduling is expected.
4. Records and Analysis:-
Records are kept just to understand accurate maintenance. In this
1. Operational manual of equipment
2. Maintenance instruction manual
3. History cards and history registers
4. Spare procurement registers
5. Inspection registers
6. Log Book
7. Defect register and
8. Timely cumulative cost on maintenance register.
 Maintenance of Construction Equipment
5. Training :-

• Inspectors, maintenance workers, Supervisors, Engineers must undergo training before start
maintenance.

6. Storage of Spare Parts:-

• Spare parts is most important thing is doing maintenance.

• Unavailability of small spare parts may leads to stoppage of entire production.

• Engineer who is looking after maintenance has responsibility to procure such parts timely so
that whenever it is required it can be used and production remain continue.

• Storing of such part with guideline provided by manufacturer so that it will remain in good
condition till its usage.
 Economics
• It deals with the study of working of the equipment and to compute unit cost of production.

• This actually decides whether to select an equipment or to retire it from production.

• Unit cost of production is calculated after estimating the cost of production by calculating
hourly ownership and operating cost of the equipment and knowing hourly production of that
equipment.

• Hourly Working Rate:-

• Hourly working rate of construction equipment comprises of the following costs

1. Owning Cost

2. Operating Cost
 Owning Cost
• Owning cost is made up of the following 3 different cost.
1. Investment cost
2. Depreciation cost
3. Major Repair cost
Investment Cost:-
This is a kind of a fixed cost and continue to be incurred whether the equipment is used or not.
Investment cost comprises of the following

a. Interest of money for procuring an equipment

b. Various taxes on equipment

c. Insurance expenses of equipment

d. Cost for storage of equipment.

• The investment cost of an equipment are taken as about 10 to 15 % of the total cost of
equipment. In this, the total cost comprises the following

1. FOB (free on Board) price of equipment with all attachment and accessories

2. Insurance and freight Charges

3. Expenses on un-loading, clearance and custom duty

4. Cost of transportation of the job site including loading and unloading

5. Errection and commissioning charges.

Depreciation:-

• Due to use and obsolescence, every equipment loses its value. This loss in value is called as
depreciation.

• It is calculated per year.

• Whenever any machine or equipment performs useful work, its wear and tear is bound to occur which
results in decrease in its value. Thus, Depreciation is defined as,

“ The efficiency and value of the machine constantly reduces with the lapse of time during use,
which is known as depreciation”

• To counter this loss, “some money” must be set aside yearly from the profit earned by use of that
equipment. So that when equipment becomes uneconomical, it can be replaced by new one.
• This “Some Money” is nothing but:-

Initial Cost of machine + Installation Charges + Repair Charges – Scrap Value

• For this purpose, a depreciation account for an individual equipment is opened in the companies bank and it is
known as “Depreciation fund “ or “Sinking fund.”

• Obsolescence:-

“Obsolescence is the depreciation of existing machinery or asset due to new and better invention, design of
equipment or processes.”

• It is difficult to predict these.

• How it is different then depreciation.

Suppose a manufacturer predict life of equipment as 10 years. Then the depreciation rate will be 100/10 = 10%.
Now by research, it is expected that after 8 years, equipment may become outdated due to some new invention. So,
now depreciation becomes 100/8 = 12.5% resulting in 10 % as depreciation and 2.5 % as obsolescence.
Depreciation as a Whole
 Major Repair Cost

• The minor or field repairs are carried out during the day to day working of equipment, the
major repairs are carried out after substantial use of the equipment.

• Since these require heavy amount and expenditure, the money is taken out from major
repairing funds.

• The major repair cost is spread out during the entire lifespan of equipment and a flat rate is
levied per working hour in order to have uniform rate.

• It is usual practice to consider this major repair cost as a percentage of depreciation cost and is
generally taken as 80 to 200 % of the cost of depreciation depending on the type of
equipment.
 Operating Cost
• This is the second cost on which hourly working rate of equipment depends.
• Following are the cost which are included in operation cost.
1. Cost of fuel or power
2. Cost of lubricants
3. Servicing and maintenance cost
4. Labour cost
5. Cost of on field repairs
6. Various other overheads
Maintenance of Construction Equipment
 Maintenance of Construction Equipment

Requirement of good maintenance:-

Maintenance of Construction Equipment
 Repairs
• The minor or field repairs are carried out during the day to day working of
equipment, the major repairs are carried out after substantial use of the equipment.

• Since these require heavy amount and expenditure, the money is taken out from
major repairing funds.

• The major repair cost is spread out during the entire lifespan of equipment and a flat
rate is levied per working hour in order to have uniform rate.

• It is usual practice to consider this major repair cost as a percentage of straight line
depreciation cost and is generally taken as 80 to 200 % of the cost of depreciation
depending on the type of equipment.
 Repairs
Servicing and maintenance cost :-
This cost includes
a. Checking and servicing of fuel and lubricating system
b. Checking and servicing of tyres and tubes. Also checking of crawler in case
crawler mounted equipment
c. Care of battery and electrical system
d. Cleaning of the equipment and other similar work
e. Salaries of engaged staff on maintenance and servicing.
Cost of field repairs:-
• These are the minor repairs which are carried out on site in field workshop.
• These repairs includes replacement of minor parts such as fan belts, filters,
bearings, wire ropes etc.-
 Funds for repairs
Repair and reserve funds:-
A provision for the repair of equipment for its entire life is made by charging a
percentage of its book value.
This is utilized to carry out subsequent repair operations during working of
equipment's
Percentage of some major construction equipment are as follows
1. Crawler tractor / dozer = 240%
2. Wheeled tractor /dozer = 200%
3. Shovel, dragline, hydraulic excavator , vibratory compactor, scrappers = 150 %
4. Dumper, tractor trailers = 140%
5. Crawler and mobile crane, transit mixer = 120%
6. Air compressor water pumps with diesel engine = 100%
7. Air compressor with electric motor, concrete mixers = 80%
8. Batching and mixing plants, towed scrappers = 75%