Construction Equipment

MEng5821

By Gosaye S.
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Chapter - 2:

Description – Dozers & Classification

SAE Blade specifications
Blade Performance
Tilt, Pitch, Angling
Dozer Production Estimating
Dozer

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Dozer

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 Dozer uses
• Dozers(tractors)are self contained units
that are designed to provide tractive power
for draw bar work
• Consistent with their purpose as a unit for
drawbar work, they are low center of
gravity machines. This is perquisite of a
good machine.

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 Dozer uses
• The larger the difference between the line
of force transmission from the machine and
the line of resisting force the less effective
the utilization of developed power.

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 Dozer uses
• Typical project applications are:
Land clearing
Dozing
Ripping
Towing other pieces of construction
equipment, and
Assisting scrapers in loading

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Pushing materials

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Assisting scrapers

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DOZING

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 Types of Dozers
1. Wheel type tractor
a. Single - axle
b. Two-axle
– single- axle drive
– two-axle drive
2. Crawler type tractor

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 Types of Dozers

Wheel type
tractor

Crawler type tractor

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 Performance characteristics of
tractors
• The usable force available to perform work
is often limited by traction. This limitation
is dependent on the coefficient of traction
of the surface being traversed and on the
weight on the weight carried by the drive
wheels.

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 Performance characteristics of
tractor
• Traction or requirements can also be met
by proper tire selection
• Wider tire provides greater contact area
and increase floatation.
• It should be noted that rimpull charts are
based on standard equipment including
tires. larger tires will reduce developed
rimpull.
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 Crawler Dozers
• Suitable for jobs that requires high tractive
effort
• Rated by size and weight.
• Weight is important
Tractive effort is a function of weight and
coefficient of traction
Tractive effort(Force) = coefficient of traction X Weight

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 Types of crawler dozer
1. Crawler tractors with direct drive
some manufacturers’ specifications list
two sets of drawbar pulls (rated and
maximum). Rated pull should be used for
continuous operation, while the maximum
is the draw bar pull that is exerted for a
short time period while the engine is
lugged.
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 Types of crawler tractor
2. Crawler tractor with torque convertors and
power shift transmission
 torque converter drives and power shift
transmission eliminates shifting of gears
 They allow automatic selection of speed
which is best suited for the load pulled by
the tractor
Note: the available pull which crawler tractor can exert on a load that is
being towed is called the draw bar pull of the tractor
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Performance data – Crawler

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 Wheel Dozer
• Most wheel dozers(tractors) are equipped
with torque converters and power- shift
transmissions, some are direct drive. For
this reason their performance is different.

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Performance data- wheel type dozers

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Table Dozer utilization comparison

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 Comparison of performance
• Usable pull/rimpull will depend on the
weight and traction of fully equipped dozer
• Even though engine can develop a certain
drawbar pull or rimpull force, all of the
pull may not be available to do work.
usable force = (coefficient of traction)X(weight on powered gear)

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Example 1
• Consider a track type and a wheel type
dozer having drawbar and rimpull of
45,560lb and 45,370lb, respectively. If the
project working surface is dry clay loam,
what are the usable pull for each tractor?

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• Track type Dozer
coefficient of Traction = 0.9
usable Drawpull = 45,560 X0.9 = 41,004lb
• Wheel type Dozer
coefficient of Traction = 0.6
usable Drawpull = 45,370 X 0.6 = 27,222lb

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• General notes
The two machines have approximately the
same operating weight and flywheel
power.

However, because of the effect of traction,

the track type dozer can supply one and a
half times the usable power

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 General notes (cont’d)
• The coefficient of traction for wheels is
less than that of tracks for most soil
conditions
• There fore, a wheel- type dozer must be
considerably heavier than crawler dozer in
order to develop the same amount of
usable force.

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 Pushing Materials
• General information
A dozer is a tractor unit which has a blade
attached to its front. The blade is used to
push, shear, cut and roll material a head of
the tractor.
The dozer is an effective and versatile
earth mover.

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 Pushing Materials
• Dozers are used as both supporter and
production machines on many construction
projects, where they may be used from
start to finish for such operation us:
 clearing land of timber and stump
 Moving earth and rock for short haul(push)
distance
 Spreading earth and rock fill
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 Pushing materials(cont’d)
General information
 Back-filling trench
 Helping to load tractor pulled scrapers
 Clearing the floors of borrow and quarry
pits
 Opening up pilot roads through mountains
and rock terrain

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 Pushing materials
• General information
Blades
Dozers are mounted with blades that are
perpendicular to the direction of travel,
where as angle with the direction of travel.
The former push the earth forward and
where the latter push it forward and to one
side.

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Dozer’s Blade

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Blades
• The blade attached to the tractor to create a
bulldozer must be matched to the expected
work task.
• Basic earth moving blades are curved in
vertical plane in the shape of a “C”
• Along the bottom length of the blade hard
steel plates are bolted. These plates make
up the cutting edge of the blade.
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 C- frame
Push arm
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 Blade types
• Many different types of blades can be
attached to a tractor, most commons are
1. Straight blade “s”
2. The angle blade “A”
3. Universal blade “U
4. Semi- universal blade “SU” and
5. The cushion “C” blade.
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 S blade
• Designed for short and medium distance
passes such as back filling, grading, and
spreading fill material
• Are mounted in fixed position in
perpendicular to dozers line of travel
• Can be tilted up to 10º

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S- Blade

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 A blade
• Is wider than S- blade by 1to 2 feet
• It can be angled up to maximum of 25º
• Can be tilted, but because it is attached to
the dozer C-frame mount cannot be pitched
• Angle blade is very effective for side
casting materials, specially for backfilling
or side hill cutting.

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 U blades
• Is wider than a straight blade and long
dimension out side edges are canted
forward about 25º.
• This canting of edges reduces spillage of
loose material making the u blade efficient
for moving large loads over long distance.
• Cutting ratio is lower for the U than S
mounted on similar dozer. This denotes the
blade is best suited for lighter material
• Typical usage for drifting loose of non
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cohesive materials
U- blade
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 Blade-Dozer performance
• A bulldozer’s pushing material is measured
by two standard ratio:
Horse power per foot of cutting edge
Horse power per loose cubic yard of material
retained in front of the blade.

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 Blade performance
• Horsepower per foot(hp/foot) provides an
indication of the ability of the blade to
penetrate and obtain load.
• The higher this ratio, the more aggressive
the blade
• horsepower per loose cubic yard(hp/lcy)
measures the blade ability to push a load
• A higher ratio means the bulldozer push at
a greater speed.
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 Blade adjustments
• Tilt: the vertical movement of the blade is
known as tilt.
• This movement is within the vertical plane
of the blade.
• Tilting permits concentration of tractor
driving power on limited length of blade.

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 Tilting
cylinder

Pitch
cylinder

Push arm

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Tilting

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 Blade adjustment
• Pitch: the control which allows the
operator to vary the angle of attack of the
blade cutting edge with the ground pitch.
• It is the movement of top of the blade
towards or away from the tractor

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 Blade adjustment
• Angling : turning the blade so that it is not
perpendicular to the direction of the
tractor’s travel is angling
• This causes the pushed materials to roll of
the trailing end of the blade
• Rolling material off one end of the blade is
called side casting

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Dozer production Estimating

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