2.

4 Hauling and Hoisting Equipment

1

A. Hauling Equipment
 Hauling units transport materials from one place to another, such as
the earth, aggregate, rock, ore, coal, and other material.
 Hauling units may be road vehicles or rail road locomotives. Haulage
mainly consists of trailers pulled by tractors or trucks.
 In addition to the dozer and loader, hauling equipment includes
trucks, wagons, scrapers, conveyor belts, and trains.
 Trucks and Wagons
 Trucks and wagons are the most common forms of construction
hauling equipment.
 The heavy – duty rear dump truck is most widely used because of
its flexibility of use and the ability of highway models to move
rapidly between job sites.
 2.4 Hauling and Hoisting Equipment
2

 Some trucks now in use are designated as off-highway trucks because

their size and total load are larger than that permitted on public
highways. These trucks are used for hauling materials on large project
sites, where their size and costs are justified.
 Off-highway trucks are used for hauling materials in quarries and on
large projects involving the movement of substantial amounts of earth
and rock.
 Types of Trucks
 Based on the methods of dumping the load trucks can be: Rear-dump,
Side-dump, Bottom-dump truck.
 2.4 Hauling and Hoisting Equipment
3
 Types of Trucks
Rear-dump, Side-dump, Bottom-dump Truck.
 Various types of trucks
4

Highway trucks: Off highway trucks

 Various types of trucks (Cont’d…)
5

Articulated trucks that Can

operate over bad ground
 Estimating Haulers Production
6

 The productivity of a hauler unit can be computed by using different methods.

However since hauling units involve travel of excavated materials; computing the
travel time is the most important step in computing the productivity of the hauler.
 Method 1: Using Rigorous Computation

The production of a hauler unit can be generally calculated by :

Actual production of hauler or ton/hr. …..Equation *
Where:
- payload of hauler ( or ton): is the maximum recommended load of hauler

n – number of cycle of loader to fill hauler 

- nominal bucket capacity of loader & - nominal hauler capacity ()
Bucket fill factor & Load factor respectively
 Cont’d…
7
 Allowable axle load
 Allowable axle load (tons)
 Where: = Allowable axle load in tons
= loose density of Material (t/m3)

The value that gives the lower of the above two shall be the allowable payload.
 Cont’d…
8
= time required for one cycle of the hauler (min)
 Estimating Equipment Travel Time

 In calculating the time required for a haul unit to make one complete cycle, it
is customary to break the cycle down into fixed and variable components
Cycle time = Fixed time + Variable time … Equation *

- variable time component (min)

- fixed time component (min)
 Productivity of Haulers Cont’d…
9
 Productivity of Haulers Cont’d…
10

 Fixed time: represents those components of cycle time other than travel time.
It includes spot time (moving the unit position to begin loading), load time,
maneuver time, and dump time. Fixed time can usually be closely estimated
for a particular type of operation
 Variable time: represents the travel time required for a unit to haul material to
the unloading site and return. And it depends on the vehicle’s weight and
power, the condition of the haul road, the grades encountered, and the altitude
above sea level.
 In this section methods of calculating a vehicle’s resistance to movement, its
maximum speed, and travel time will be discussed.
 Resistance
11
 What is Resistance?
 It is a force that tends to oppose motion (movement) of vehicle.

 To determine the maximum speed of a vehicle in a specific

situation, it is necessary to determine the total resistance to
movement of the vehicle.
 The resistance that a vehicle encounters two distance types of
resistance in traveling over a surface is made up of two
components:
 Rolling resistance and
 Grade resistance.
Total resistance = Grade resistance + Rolling resistance
Resistance can be expressed in Kg or may be expressed in Kg/ton of
the weight where the later is termed as resistance factor.
 I. Rolling resistance
12
 Rolling resistance: is primarily due to tire flexing or stretching
and penetration of the travel surface.
 The rolling resistance factor for a rubber ‐tired vehicle equipped
with conventional tires moving over a hard, smooth, level
surface has been found to be about 20 kg/ton of vehicle weight.
 For vehicles equipped with radial tires, the rolling resistance
factor may be as low as 15 kg/ton. It has been found that the
rolling resistance factor increases about 15 kg/t for each 2.5 cm
of tire penetration.
 II. Grade resistance
13

 Grade resistance: represents that component of vehicle

weight which acts parallel to an inclined surface.
 When the vehicle is traveling up a grade, grade resistance is
positive and When traveling downhill, grade resistance is
negative.
 The exact value of grade resistance may be found by
multiplying the vehicle’s weight by the sine of the angle that
the road surface makes with the horizontal.
 1% grade (representing a rise of 1 unit in 100 units of
horizontal distance) is considered to have a grade resistance
equal to 1% of the vehicle’s weight.
 Cont’d…
14

 This corresponds to a grade resistance factor

V of 10kg/t for each 1% of grade.
 tan   sin   1%
H
Grade Re sis tan ce G.R V
  sin    1%
Weight W H
V
 G.R  W sin   w  W  1%
H
 G.R  1%  W
Where W  weight of vehile in tons
 III. Effective Grade
15
 Productivity of Haulers Cont’d…
16
 Estimating Travel Time
 The first method for estimating travel time over a haul route is to use Equations.

Where: Usual values of speed factor ()

- power or output of motor (kw) Starting from 0 or coming to stop 0.6
- payload (KN) Increase speed within a section 0.7

- empty weight of Hauler (KN) Short section < 100 0.3

= sum of effective grade

- Average speed
- Maximum speed
h = efficiency of drive (0.85 by mechanical gear, 0.75by torque converter)
Average speed factor
 Cont’d…
17

Method 2: Use of travel time charts

 A second method for estimating travel time over a section of haul route is to
use the travel time curves provided by some manufacturers for the particular
equipment.
 Separate travel‐time curves are prepared for loaded (rated payload) and
empty conditions, as shown in Figures 2 ‐ 12 and 2 ‐ 13. As you see, travel
time for a section of the haul route may be read directly from the graph given
section length and effective grade. As with the formula and performance and
retarder curves, if the total distance comprises of different sections with
different effective grades, one has to find the travel times of each section and
sum up to find total time to cover the total distance.
 Productivity of Haulers Cont’d…
18

Figure 2 - 12 Travel Time - Loaded

 Productivity of Haulers Cont’d…
19

Figure 2 - 13 Travel Time - Loaded

 Determining the number of haul units needed
20

 Balancing Loader and Hauler

 In operation of construction equipments balancing the excavator and hauler
will yield an efficient operation. The components of the hauler cycle time are
fixed time (spot, load, maneuver, and dump) and variable time (haul and
return).
 The fixed times can be estimated by using tables and the loading time can be
calculated using Equation 2-16 and 2-17
 Cont’d…
21

 The reason for using an excavator loading rate based on 100 %

excavator efficiency in the above equation is that excavators
have been found to operate at or near 100 % efficiency when
actually loading.
 Thus the use of the 100 % efficiency loading rate is to provide
an adequate number of trucks so that the excavator will not
have to wait for a truck.
 Cont’d…
22

 The number of trucks theoretically required to keep a loader or

excavator fully occupied and thus obtain the full production of
the loader or excavator may be calculated by the use of
Equation 2 – 18 and 2 ‐ 19.
Example - 1
1. From a 30m deep gravel pit gravel is to be loaded and transported. The
route of the hauler is as indicated below and the rolling resistance of
which 3%.

Given:
Hauler:
Material density () = 14.5 KN/ Volume Capacity = 31.3
Load factor = 0.9 Power = 447Kw
Bucket fill factor = 1.10 = 830 KN
Loader capacity = 4.5 (empty weight of vehicle) =378KN
Actual cycle time = 35sec = 0.583min  = 0.75
23
 Example - 1 Cont’d…
Maximum speed as specified by the manufacturers = 60km/hr
Average speed factors:
• Empty = 0.7
• Loaded = 0.55
Dump time = 60sec
Maneuver time = 10sec
Calculate :
a) Effective production of the loader
b) Effective production of the hauler
c) Number of trucks required for this operation
Assume maximum down hill velocity of 30km/hr
Solution:
d) Production of loader is given by:

=B

24
 Example - 1 Cont’d…
b) Production of Hauler is given by:
, where: B

Allowable = 830 – 378 = 452KN, 452KN 

Therefore the truck can be loaded up to its volume capacity.

  cycle time (min)

Load time (
Travel time:
i. Loaded:
,




25
 Example - 1 Cont’d…
Travel time:
ii. Empty:
,
> maximum down hill velocity of 30km/hr (8.33 m/sec), so take the
maximum value (8.33 m/sec)



Dump time = 60 sec

Maneuver time = 10 sec
Total cycle time
 cycle time (min)

= 22.003 min or 0.367 hr

Hence Hauler production

26
Class Activity - 1
Given the following information on a shovel/truck combination:
 Ideal Shovel out put =
 Shovel swing – depth factor = 1.03
 Job efficiency = 0.75 ,
 Truck capacity =
 Truck cycle time, excluding loading = 0.5 hr
Calculate:
a) The number of trucks theoretically required and the
production of this combination.
b) The expected production if two trucks are removed form the
fleet.
B. Hoisting equipment
 Hoisting Equipments
 Cranes are a broad class of construction
equipment used to hoist and place
loads.
 Each type of crane is designed and
manufactured to work economically in
a specific site situation.
 Types of crane
A) Mobile Cranes
 The most basic type of crane consists of
a steel truss or telescopic boom mounted
on a mobile platform, which could be a
rail, wheeled, or even on a truck.
 The boom is hinged at the bottom and
can be either raised or lowered by cables
or hydraulic cylinders.
 Types of crane (cont…)

B) Telescopic Crane
 This type of crane offers a boom
that consists of a number of tubes
fitted one inside of the other.
 A hydraulic mechanism extends
or retracts the tubes to increase or
decrease the length of the boom.
Types of crane (cont…)

C) Tower Crane

 The tower crane is a modern form

of a balance crane.

 When fixed to the ground, tower

cranes will often give the best
combination of height and lifting
capacity and are also used when
constructing tall buildings.
Types of crane (cont…)
D) Rough Terrain Crane
 A crane that is mounted on an
undercarriage with four rubber tires,
designed for operations off road.
 These types of cranes are single
engine machines where the same
engine is used for powering the
undercarriage as well as the crane.
 Types of crane (cont…)
E) Loader Crane
 A loader crane is a hydraulically powered articulated arm fitted to a
trailer, used to load equipment onto a trailer.
 The numerous sections can be folded into a small space when the
crane isn’t in use.
 Types of crane (cont…)
F) Overhead Crane
 Also referred to as a suspended crane, this type is normally used in a
factory, with some of them being able to lift very heavy loads.
 The hoist is set on a trolley which will move in one direction along
one or two beams.
2.5 Asphalt And Compaction Equipment
2.5.1 General
 Compaction is the process whereby material particles are constrained to
pack more closely together through a reduction of air void content,
generally by mechanical means.
 Compaction can also be defined as the process of densifing or increasing
the unit weight of a soil mass through application of static or dynamic
force, with the resulting expulsion of air and in some cases moisture.
 Compaction is basically used to:

 Increase bearing strength

 Reduce compressibility
 Improve volume change characteristics
 Reduce permeability
36
2.5 Asphalt And Compaction Equipment (cont…)

2.5.2 Principles of compaction

 Applying energy to a soil by
one or more of the following
methods will cause compaction:
a) Pressure (Static weight):
 Static compaction is achieved by
pressing.
b) Kneading (Manipulation or
rearranging):
 This is a process of expelling air
from the void space by
continuously bringing the
material, to be compacted, up
and down.
Cont…

C) Vibration (Shaking):

 The vibration is done using a centrifugal force

on a plate or roller. With each rotation the

surface is lifted and is pressed back with an

impact or vibration.
D) Impact (Dynamic compaction or sharp blow):

 This involves impact and vibration. Impact and

vibration have the same methods but differ in

frequency only. Compaction above 50Hz is

vibration and anything below that is impact.

 Cont…
 The effectiveness of different compaction methods is dependent
on the individual soil type being manipulated.
 Appropriate compaction methods based on soil type are identified
in the table below.

 Equipment manufacturers have developed a variety of compactors

that incorporate at least one of the compaction methods, and in
some cases more than one, into their performance capabilities.

39
 2.5.3 Types of Compacting Equipment
 Many types of compacting equipment are available including:

40
Compaction Equipment selection guideline

41
 A) Smooth wheel rollers
 The smooth-drum compactors, whether single- or dual-drum models,
generate three compactive forces:
 pressure,
 impact, and
 Vibration.
 Cont….
 These rollers are most effective on granular materials, with particle sizes

ranging from large rocks to fine sand.

 They can be used on semi-cohesive soils with up to about 10% of the

material having a PI of 5 or greater.

 They are not suitable for producing high unit weights of compaction when

used on relatively thick layers.

 Cont….
B) Pneumatic Rubber-Tired Rollers

 These are surface rollers that apply the

principle of kneading action to affect

compaction below the surface.

 They are heavily-loaded wagons with

several rows of tires. The tires are

closely spaced, four to six in a row.

 They provide 70% to 85% coverage

under the wheels with ground contact

pressures .
 Cont….

 Pneumatics are used on small- to

medium-size soil compaction jobs,
primarily on bladed granular base
materials.
 They are also used in compacting
asphalt, recycled pavement, and
base and sub base materials.
 Cont…
 Front and Rear tires path overlap

46
 C) SHEEP'S FOOT ROLLERS

 Sheep foot rollers are drums with a

large number of projections. The
area of each of these projections
may range from 4 to 13 in2.
 The sheep foots roller is suitable
compacting all fined-grained
materials, but is generally not
suitable for use on cohesionless
granular materials.
D) Tamping Foot Compactor

 Tamping foot compactors are high

speed, self propelled, non-
vibratory rollers.
 These rollers usually have four
steel-padded wheels and can be
equipped with a small blade to help
level the lift.
 It is suitable for compacting all
fined-grained soils, but is generally
not suitable for use on cohesion
less granular soils.
E) Vibrating compactors

 Vibration can be attached to the following type of rollers:

1) Smooth wheel rollers,

2) Pneumatic rubber tired rollers, and

3) Sheep foot rollers.
 Cont…
1) Smooth drum vibratory compactors
 This roller uses vibratory action in conjunction with ballast weight of
the drum to compact.
 One of the most effective means of attaining density for cohesion less
materials.
 Cont…
ii) Dual drum vibratory compactors
 Use this roller to compact cohesionless subgrade, base courses,
wearing surfaces, and asphalt.
 Cont….
F) Vibratory plate compactor
 They are used for compacting granular soils, crushed aggregate, and
asphalt concrete in locations where large compactors could not operate.
 Many of these compactors can be operated either manually as a walk-
behind unit or by remote control.
 Cont…
G) Rammer (Back fill tamper)

 Gasoline-engine-driven rammers are used for compacting cohesive or mixed

soils in confined areas.

 Performance criteria include pounds per blow, area covered per hour, and

depth of compaction (lift) in inches.

 Rammers are self propelled in that each blow moves them slightly to contact a

new area.
 Cont….
H) Wheel Attachment Compaction
 To avoid hazards of having men work in excavations of limited
dimensions, a compaction wheel attached to an excavator boom is often
used to achieve compaction when backfilling utility trenches.
 The feet on these wheels can be either the sheep foot or tamping shape.
 The wheels are designed to compact all types of soil.
 Cont….
I) Trench Roller
 Small walk-behind and/or remotely controlled vibratory rollers having
widths in the range of 24 to 38 in. are available.
 This units are designed specifically for trench work or for working in
confined areas.
 Dynamic Compaction
 The densification technique of repeatedly

dropping a heavy weight onto the ground

surface is commonly referred to as “dynamic

compaction.”

 This process primarily consists of dropping a

heavy weight repeatedly on the ground at

regular intervals.

 Can achieve densification to a depth of about

30 ft. using 30 ton weights and 100 ft. drop

heights.
 2.5.4 Rollers Production Estimating

 The compaction equipment used on a project must have a production

capability matched to that of the excavation, hauling, and spreading
equipment.
 Usually, excavation or hauling capability will set the expected maximum
production for the job.
 The actual production formula for the compactor is given as below:

• Where:
• W = width of roller or strip in mm with 10 to 15% overlap
• L = Compacted lift thickness in meters
• S = Compactors speed in km/hr
• P = number of passes required to achieve the required density
• 10 = conversion factor
• = job Efficiency 57
Exercise
 The construction of a 20km, with 7m width, requires layering of sub base
layers. The material to be acquired from a quarry located near the starting
point of the road, as indicated on the sketch. The distance from the quarry
site to the starting point is 1000m and is a level road with rolling resistance
of 2%. Thus the job requires loading, hauling, spreading, and compaction
operations. The sub base layer is designed to be 18cm thick after
compaction. Assume that the critical activity is the loading operation. (I.e.
system output is governed by the loader’s productivity) and equipment's are
acquired on rental bases

58
Material Loader
Density = 15.5KN/ Type 966F II series rom specification
Swell = 20% Available: 2 loaders rental rate is 1200birr/hr
Shrinkage = 15%
Basic theoretical time =45sec
tn = time for secondary jobs = 1.5min/hr
tz = time for additional work = 2.5min/hr
ta = time loss for non planned operation = 0 min/hr
tp = time loss due to personnel interruption = 1min/hr
ts = time loss due to unforeseen interruption = 2min/hr
fT = time factor to take care of effect of depth of cut, angle of swing, machine
influence etc. = 0.9
Useful time = 50min/hr
Bucket fill factor = 1.15
Use rated bucket capacity 59
Truck
Rental rate = 15birr/hr
Volume capacity = 10
Mass of truck = 258KN
Axle load = 500KN
Power = 300Kw
Route RRF=60Kg/ton
Max speed = 60km/hr

Grader
Rental rate = 1270bir/hr
Type = 140H from specification, L= 2.561
Average speed factor (forward and backward) = 0.5 & 0.63 respectively
Blade angle = 30
Number of passes = 4
Assume an efficiency factor of 0.85 to care of all the different factors
Compactor
Rental rate = 550birr/hr.
Type: CS563C from specification
Efficiency = 0.8
Number of passes = 10
Average speed factor = 0.8
Assume an efficiency factor of 0.85 to care of all the different factors
Questions
1. How many dump truck do you require for this operation?
2. How many graders do you need ?
3. How many compactors are required?
4. What will be the system output?
5. How long in yours will it take to complete the project?