Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Stabilisation Technique
•Mechanical Stabilization
•Soil Cement Stabilization
•Soil Lime Stabilization
•Soil Bitumen Stabilization
•Lime Fly ash Stabilization
Mechanical Stabilization
•Adequate Strength
• Incompressibility
• Less Changes in Volume
• Stability with Variation in water content
• Good drainage, less frost Susceptibility
• Ease of Compaction
Factors Affecting Mechanical Stabilization
Gradation
• A well graded aggregate soil mix results in a mix
with high dry density and stability values
Properties of soil
• A mix with Plasticity Index, results poor stability
under soaking conditions. Hence it is desirable to
limit the plasticity index of the soil
Presence of Chemicals
•Presence of Salts like Sulphates and mica are
undesirable
• Presence of Calcium Chloride is Beneficial
Compaction
• Effective Compaction is desirable to produce
high density and stability mix
Mix design: Factors to be considered in the
design of mix are; gradation & proportioning,
density, index properties and stability
Soil Cement Stabilization
• Soil
• Cement
• Pulverisation and Mixing
• Compaction
• Curing
• Additives
Soil
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Cement
A increase in cement content generally causes
increase in strength and durability
Pulverisation and Mixing
• Better the pulverisation and degree of mixing,
higher is the strength
• Presence of unpulverised dry lumps reduces the
strength
Compaction
• By increasing the amount of compaction dry density
of the mix, strength and durability also increases
Curing
Adequate Moisture content is to be retained in
order to accelerate the strength
Additives
There are some additives to improve properties
• Lime
• Sodium hydroxide
• Sodium Carbonate
• Calcium Chloride
Design of Soil –Cement Mix
• Soil – Cement specimens are prepared with
various cement contents in constant volume
moulds
• The compressive strength of these specimens
tested after 7 days of curing
• A graph is plotted Cement content Vs compressive
strength
• The Cement Content Corresponding to a strength
of 17.5 kg/cm2 is taken as design cement content
Soil Lime Stabilization
Lime Content
• Generally increase in lime content causes
slight change in liquid limit and considerable
increase in Plasticity index
• The rate of increase is first rapid and then
decreases beyond a certain limit
• The point is often termed as lime fixation
point
• This is considered as design lime content
Type of Lime
• Compaction
• Compaction is done at OMC and maximum dry density.
Curing
• The strength of soil-lime increases with curing
• period upto several years. The rate of
increase is rapid during initial period
• The humidity of the surroundings also affects
the strength
Additives
• Sodium metasilicate, Sodium hydroxide and
• Sodium Sulphate are also found useful
additives
Soil- Bituminous Stabilization
• The Basic Principles of this stabilization are
Water Proofing and Binding
• By Water Proofing inherent strength and
other properties could be retained
• Most Commonly used materials are Cutback
and Emulsion
• Bitumen Stabilized layer may be used as
• Sub-base or base course for all the roads
Factors affecting properties of soil-bitumen
Soil
• The particle size, shape and gradation of the
soil influence the properties of the soil-bitumen
mix.
Types of Bitumen
• Cutbacks of higher grade should be preferred
• Emulsions generally gives slightly inferior
results than Cutback.
Amount of Mixing
• Increasing proportion of bitumen causes a
decrease in dry density but increases the stability
after a certain bitumen content
• The optimum bitumen content for maximum stability
generally ranges from 4 to 6%
Mixing
• Improved type of mixing with low mixing period
may be preferred
Compaction
Effective Compaction results higher stability
and resistance to absorb water
Additives
• Anti stripping and reactive chemical
additives have been tried to improve the
properties of the mixes
• Portland cement can also be used along with
the soil bitumen
Use of Locally Available Materials in
Road Construction
Necessity
• Scarcity of good quality aggregates / soil for road construction
Earth
Earth
Cover
Cover
Bottom ash or
Pond ash
Length of stretch – 54 km
Height of embankment – 3 to
4m
Fly ash utilisation – 2 Million
cubic metres
7.8 to
5.9 m
Laying of geogrids
Hanuman Setu flyover approach embankment
– Length of embankment – 90 m
– Maximum height – 5.25 m
– Embankment opened to traffic in Feb 2001
– Polymeric friction ties used for reinforcement
Laying of friction ties
Arrangement of friction
ties before laying pond ash
Compaction of pond ash
using static and vibratory
rollers
GSB 350 mm
DLFC 100 mm
Compaction of stabilised
pond ash using road roller
Construction of roller
compacted concrete
pavement
Soil cover
Bottom ash
Demonstration road
project using fly ash
near Dadri (U.P)
• IRC 68 ‘Tentative guidelines on cement fly ash concrete for rigid pavement construction’
• IRC 74 ‘Tentative guidelines for lean cement concrete and lean cement fly ash concrete as
a pavement base or sub-base’
• IRC 88 ‘Recommended practice for lime fly ash stabilised soil as base or sub-base in
pavement construction’
Guidelines for use of fly ash in road
embankments
• Published recently by Indian Roads Congress (SP-
58:2001)
• Includes design aspects also
• Handling and construction
• Loose layer thickness of 400 mm can be adopted if
vibratory rollers are used
• Moisture content - OMC + 2 per cent
• Use of vibratory rollers advocated
• Minimum dry density to be achieved - 95 per cent of
modified Proctor density
• Ash layer and side soil cover to be constructed
simultaneously
Utilisation of steel slags
• Total production of slag from steel industries is
about 8.0 million tonnes
• Types of slags
• Blast furnace slag
• Granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS)
• Air cooled slag
• Steel slag
Granulated blast furnace slag
Non – reactive
Suitable for use as
coarse aggregates
CRRI work on utilisation of
steel slags
• Characterisation of slags produced at different steel plants
• Laboratory studies on Lime-GBFS mixes
• Semi-field studies on Lime-GBFS concrete
• Test track studies on usage of slags in road works
Properties of air cooled slag
Property Durgapur Bhilai Rourkela Delhi Specification
Quartzite requirements
Specific 2.78 – 2.82 – 2.97 – 2.67 -
gravity 2.82 3.33 2.99
Water 1.53 – 0.58 – 0.74 – 0.48 2% Max
absorption 1.72 1.38 1.29
(%)
Los 18.80 25.00 14.28 34.00 40% Max
Angeles
abrasion
value (%)
Impact 15.79 14.80 16.90 24.50 30% Max
value (%)
Soundness 1.66 1.17 0.33 0.17 12% Max
value (%)
Percentage 46.40 43.90 43.10 43.80 -
voids
Steel slags
• Obtained as a waste product during production
of steel
• Particle size varies from 80 mm to 300 microns
• Compared to blast furnace slag, steel slag
contains lower amount of silica, higher
amounts of iron oxide and calcium oxide
• Due to presence of free lime, steel slag should
be weathered before using it in construction
Road projects executed under CRRI guidance
using slags
• Plant roads at Visakhapatnam
• Test tracks in collaboration with AP PWD using slags from
Visakhapatnam Steel Plant
• Test tracks in collaboration with Orissa PWD using slags from Rourkella
Plant
• Test tracks at R&D Centre for Iron & Steel, Ranchi using Slags from
Bokaro Plant
Construction of
test track using
slag at Orissa
View of finished
surface of road
constructed using
slags at Orissa
Processed municipal wastes