Off Road Vehicles

Unit-1
• Introduction and Requirements of Off Road Vehicles :
• Machine Equipment power requirements,
• Power Plants, Chassis and Transmission, Multi-axle vehicles,
• Cranes and Tractor- Introduction and applications, Land clearing
machines,
• Earth moving machines Scrapers and graders, Shovels and Loaders, All
Terrain Vehicles (ATV),
• Off Road Vehicle Motorsports: MotoCross, Enduro along with desert
racing like Dakar Rally and Baja 1000.
Unit-2
• Dozers : Introduction,
• Performance characteristics of
Dozers,
• Pushing Material: Blades and
their performance, Dozer Safety,
• Land Clearing Machines: Types of Equipment's used, Land Clearing
Production Estimating,
• Rippers: determining the Rippability of rock, Rippers Attachments,
Stampers
Unit-3
• Scrapers and Graders (Finishing
Equipment's) :
• Scrapers: Types,
Operations,Performance charts,
Production cycle, Production
Estimation,
• Graders: Grader operation, Time
Estimates, Fine Grading Production,
Grader safety
Unit-4
• Earth Moving Vehicles I: Shovels and Loaders (Excavators) :
• Shovels: Selecting a front shovel, Calculating Shovel Production,
Height of cut effect on shovel production, Angle of swing effect on
Shovel Production, Capacity of Shovels,
• Loaders: Wheel and track loaders, Loaders Buckets/Attachments,
Loader Production rates, Calculating wheel loader and track loader
production
Unit-5
• Earth Moving Vehicles II: Cranes :
• Crane Types, Mobile Cranes:
Crawler cranes, Telescoping-Boom
truck mounted cranes, Lattice-
boom truck mounted cranes,
Rough terrain cranes, All-Terrain
cranes, Cranes Booms and Lifting
capacities,
• Tower cranes: Classification,
Operation, Tower cranes
selection, Rated loads for tower
cranes, Safety plans and programs
 Unit-6

• Draglines and Pile Driving

Equipment's :
• Draglines: Description, dragline
production, factor affecting dragline
production, Clamshells and safety
parameters,
• Pile Driving Equipment's: Classifications,
• Pile Hammers: Types, supporting and
positioning piles during driving, pile
driving safety
 What is meant by off road vehicle?
• An off-road vehicle is considered to
be any type of vehicle which is
capable of driving on and off paved
or gravel surface.
• Generally characterized by having
large tires with deep, open treads, a
flexible suspension, or even
caterpillar tracks.
 ORV requirements
• To be able to drive off the pavement,
off-road vehicles need several
characteristics:
• A low ground pressure, so as not to
sink into soft ground,
• High ground clearance to not get hung
up on obstacles,
• Keep their wheels or tracks on the
ground so as not to lose traction.
 Need of ORV’s

Adventure sports.
Agricultural works.

As construction machines. Tourism/Sight seeing.

Shovels and loaders
Loader
• Type of a tractor, usually wheeled, sometimes on tracks
• Has a front-mounted square wide bucket connected to the end of two
booms (arms) to scoop up loose material from the ground, such as
dirt, sand or gravel, and move it from one place to another without
pushing the material across the ground.
• Commonly used to move a stockpiled material from ground level and
deposit it into an awaiting dump truck or into an open trench
excavation.
ATV’s (All Terrain Vehicles)
• Also known as a quad, quad bike, three-wheeler, four-wheeler, or
quadricycle.

• Travels on low-pressure tires.

Tandem ATV’s
Can be used by the operator and one passenger
ATV’s (All Terrain Vehicles)
Used in a variety of industries for their maneuverability
and off-roading abilities:
• border patrol
• construction
• emergency medical services
• land management
• law enforcement
• small-scale forestry
• surveying

Manufacturers:
• Kawasaki, Argo, Polaris, Nebula etc.
 Its all about Power
• ORV’s basically designed for heavy off track
construction projects for handling and
processing of large quantities of bulk
materials.

• Power required is the power needed to

overcome resisting forces and cause
machine motion.
• Magnitude of resisting forces establish this
requirement.
Its all about Power
• A constructor must select the
proper equipment to relocate
and/or process materials
economically.
• Matching the best possible
machine to the project task
requires consideration of the
mechanical capabilities of the
machine.
• On heavy construction projects
major portion of the work
consists of handling and
processing bulk materials.
• The constructor must select the
proper equipment to relocate
and/or process materials
economically.
PAYLOAD
• Payload of hauling equipment may be expressed either gravimetrically or
volumetrically.
• Volumetric capacity can be stated as struck measure or in terms of:
• Loose cubic yard (lcy): measurement of the soil after excavation. When
soil is removed from the ground, it is no longer compact, and it further
swells with the addition of air.
• Bank cubic yard (bcy): calculation or measurement of 1 cubic yard of
earth or rock in its natural state before it is removed from the ground.
• Compacted cubic yard (ccy): 1 cubic yard of material after compaction.
CAPACITIES
• Manufacturer's specification sheets list struck and heaped capacities.

• material measured straight across

the top of the body. • based on a 2:1 slope above
hauler bodies.
Its all about Power
What to be considered:
1. Properties of the material to be handled
2. Mechanical capabilities of the machine.

Required power:
(i) Rolling resistance (RR)
(ii) Grade resistance (GR)
(iii) Total=RR+GR
Rolling resistance
• Measure of the force (lb/ton) that must be
overcome to rotate a wheel over the surface on
which it makes contact.

Depends on
• vehicles which move on rubber tires the rolling
resistance varies with the size of, pressure on,
and tread design of the tires.
• For equipment which moves on crawler tracks, Tow Cable Method
such as tractors, the resistance varies primarily
with the type and condition of the road surface.
• A narrow-tread, high-pressure tire gives lower rolling resistance than
a broad tread, low-pressure tire on a hard surfaced road.

• If the road surface is soft and the tire tends to sink into the earth, a
broadtread, low-pressure tire will offer a lower rolling Resistance than
a narrowtread, high-pressure tire.
Tire type for low Rolling resistance
on
(i) A hard surfaced road?

(ii) Soft muddy road?

How can we determine the rolling

resistance?
•Rolling
  resistance in pounds per • If tire penetration is known:
gross ton:
•R= RR = [40 + ( 30 x TP ) ] x GVW

Where, Where,
P = total tension in tow cable RR = Rolling resistance in pounds
W = gross weight of vehicle TP = tire penetration in inches
GVW= gross vehicle weight
Haul routes?
Grade resistance
Grade resistance and assistance
• Force opposing movement of
machine up a frictionless slope is
known as grade resistance.

• Power required to move a

vehicle down a slope is reduced
in proportion to slope of road,
this is known as grade
assistance.
Grade resistance
Rolling resistance as grade %
Finding grade resistance
• For small angles (% grade) :

GR = 20 lb/tn ×% grade

Total Resistance =

• Rolling Resistance + Grade Resistance

• TR = RR + GR or

• TR = RR - GA
An example:
• Example: A truck with a 23 tn GVW is moving up a 4% grade. What is the force required to
overcome grade resistance?

• GR = 20 lb/tn × 23 tn × 4% grade

• GR = 1,840 lb

• Example: Our truck has dumped its load, the GVW is now 12 tn and on the return it is moving down
the 4% grade. What is the force required to overcome grade resistance?

• GA = 20 lb/tn x 12 tn x -4% grade

• GA = -960 lb
Rimpull
•  Usable force developed at the point of contact between tire and the
ground.
• Tractive force between tires of a machine’s driving wheels and the
surface on which they travel.

• Expressed in pounds.
 Drawbar pull
• The available usable power (pull) which
a crawler tractor can exert on a load that
is being towed.
The difference between rimpull and
drawbar
• Both rimpull and drawbar pull measured in the same units, pounds
pull.
• Both subjected to adequate traction being developed.

• In the mechanical process of developing rimpull or drawbar pull there

are power losses.
Traction

• Assume that the rubber-tired tractor has a total weight of 18,000 lb on the two
driving tires. The maximum rimpull in low gear is 9,000 lb. If the tractor is
operating in wet sand, with a coefficient of traction of 0.30, the maximum
possible rimpull prior to slippage of the tires will be

• 0.30 X 18,000 lb = 5,400 lb < 9,000lb

• Note: Regardless of the power of the engine, not more than 5,400 lb of
tractive effort can be used because of the slippage of the wheels.
Multi-Axle Vehicles
 Multi-Axle Vehicles
•A multi-axle has more axles than the
conventional two axles, usually three (known as
a tri-axle vehicle), or more rarely, four (known
as a quad-axle vehicle).

• Extra axles are usually added for legal weight

restriction reasons, or to accommodate different
vehicle designs such as articulation, or rarely, to
implement trailer buses.
 Multi-Axle Vehicles
• Every country in the world has an "axle load capacity limitation".

• Reason: There are bridges,big and small, culverts, soft underfoot

conditions even if it is an asphalted road, which get damaged or

ruined, due to over weight.

• As INDIA and few other countries has a 10 Metric ton or 10,000

kg restriction, i.e. if the Gross Combined Weight ( means the self

weight of the vehicle, the cargo, allowed weight of the luggage,

etc) does not exceed 20,000 kg, the vehicle need only two axles

with a wheel base to get the best traction. If it exceeds 20,000kg

to 29999kg you need three axles.

Trucks/Tractors
• They are hauling units.

Advantages:
• High travel speeds
• Low hauling costs
• High degree of flexibility
• Can be operated over any haul road
 Trucks/Tractors
Classification methods:
• The method of dumping the load – Rear dump, Bottom – dump, Side –
dump
• The type of frame – rigid frame or articulated
• The size and type of engine – gasoline, diesel, butane, or propane
• The kind of drive – two wheel, four wheel or six wheel
• The number of wheels and axles
• The class of material hauled – earth, rock, coal or ore
• The capacity – gravimetric or volumetric
 Trucks/Tractors capacities
Gravimetric: the load it will carry expressed as weight.

Struck volume: the volumetric amount it will carry , if the load is water level
in the body.

Heaped volume: the volumetric amount it will carry , if the load is heaped
on a slope 2:1 slope
Rigid frame rear dump truck
Articulated
rear dump
trucks
Tractors with bottom dump trailers

Considered when:

• Material is free flowing .

• Unrestricted loading an dump sites.
• Haul route grade less than 5%.
Performance charts
• Published by equipment manufacturers.
• Allow the equipment estimator/planner to analyze a machine's ability
to perform under a given set of job and load conditions.
• Graphical representation of the power and corresponding speed that
the engine and transmission can deliver.
• The load condition is stated as either rimpull or drawbar pull.
Enduro
• Off Road Motorcycle sports

• Time trial against the clock

• 200 km

• Maximum 30% can be on paved roads

Enduro
• Off Road Motorcycle sports
Enduro
Enduro
• Off Road Motorcycle sports

• Time trial against the clock

• 200 km

• Maximum 30% can be on paved roads

Enduro
Enduro
• Enduro 1 (E1) – 100 to 125 cc 2-stroke or 175 - 250 cc 4-stroke

• Enduro 2 (E2) – 175 to 250 cc 2-stroke or 290 - 450 cc 4-stroke

• Enduro 3 (E3) – 290 to 500 cc 2-stroke or 475 - 650 cc 4-stroke

Enduro and Rallies?
BAJA 1000
• Last in the series of the SCORE Desert Challenge, the SCORE San Felipe 250 & the
SCORE Baja 500

• An off-road race in Mexico's Baja California Peninsula.

• 800-mile loop, starting and ending in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

• First official race from Tijuana to La Paz was to be held on November 1, 1967

• Allows various types of vehicle classes to compete on the same course – from small
and large bore motorcycles, production vehicles, buggies, Trucks, and custom
fabricated race vehicles.