CHAPTER-TWO

DOZER
 Dozer
• A dozer is a tractor unit which has a
substantial metal plate (known as a blade) .
• The blade used to push large quantities of soil,
sand, rubble, or other such material during
construction or conversion work
• Dozers typically equipped at the rear with a
claw like device (known as a ripper) to loosen
densely compacted materials
 Function/Purpose

• The major functions of Dozers are used in many

construction projects such as;
Clearing land of timber and stumps
 Moving earth and rock for short haul (push) distances,
 Spreading earth and rock fills
 Back-filling trenches
 Helping to load tractor-pulled scrapers
 Clearing the floors of borrow and quarry pits
 Opening up pilot roads through mountains and rock
terrian
 Applications of dozer
the typical applications of dozer used in many construction
projects are:
 Land clearing
 Dozing (pushing materials)
 Ripping
 Towing other pieces of construction equipment, and
 Assisting scrapers in loading
Dozing

5
Leveling

6
Ripping

7
Land clearing

8
Assisting scrapers in loading
 Types of dozers
1. Crawler type (track laying) tractor
2. Wheel type tractor
a. Single axle
b. Two axle
i. Single axle drive
ii. Two axle drive

Wheel type tractor Crawler type tractor

 Crawler dozer
• A crawler dozer is the machine that travels on
endless chains called tracks driven by sprockets
and has been developed as the most powerful and
compact machine for pulling and pushing of all
purpose.
 major components dozer
The major components of dozers are vary among makes, modes, and
configurations. For general understanding the figure below shows the
major components of the D11R dozer.

Figure: Caterpillar D11R dozer

Main components and accessories of a dozer
 Engine
Dozers are powered by diesel engine. The engine provides
power to all operating systems.

figure: The caterpillar D11R diesel engine.

 BLADES
The bulldozer blade is a heavy metal plate on the
front of the tractor, used to push objects, and shoving
sand, soil and debris.
Universal Blade (U) - This blade is best for lighter or
relatively easily dozed material. The large wings on
this blade make it the most efficient for moving large
loads over a long distance.
Semi-Universal (SU) - SU-blades combine the desirable
characteristics of U-blades and S-blades into one. The addition
of short wings increases blade capacity. The wings provide
improved load retention while maintaining the blade’s ability
to penetrate and load quickly in tightly packed material, and to
handle a wide variety of materials in production applications.
Straight (S) - Straight blades provide excellent
versatility. Because they are smaller than SU- or U-
blades, they are easier to maneuver and can handle
a wider range of materials. S-blades are more
aggressive in penetrating and obtaining a blade load,
plus they can handle heavy material easily.
 Blade- Dozer performance;
Bull dozers pushing potential is measured by two standard ratios;
1. Horsepower per foot of cutting edge
2. Horsepower per loose cubic yard of material retained in front
of the blade.
 Horsepower per foot (hp/ft) provides an indication of the
ability of the blade to penetrate and obtain a load.
The higher this ratio, the more aggressive the blade.
 Horsepower per loose cubic yard (hp/lcy) measures the ability
to push a load.
A higher ratio means that the bull dozer can push a load at a
greater speed
 Blade adjustments
Tilt- the vertical movement of a blade end is known
as tilt. This movement is within the vertical plane of
the blade. Tilting permits concentration of tractor
driving power on limited length of blade.

Tilting
Pitch: The control which allows the operator to vary the angle
of attack of the blade cutting edge with the ground is a pitch. It
is the movement of the top of the blade toward or away from the
tractor.
Angling: Turning the blade so that it is not
perpendicular to the direction of the tractor’s travel is
angling. This causes the pushed material to roll off
the trailing end of; the blade Rolling material off one
end of the blade is called “side casting”.
 Undercarriage unit

• Undercarriage units consist of two crawler units

• The driving sprockets is fitted at the rear end while the
idler wheel is fitted at the front end of the frame
• An endless chain passes over the driving sprockets and
the idler wheel and is supported in between by carriers
rollers and track rollers
• Shoes are fitted on the endless chain through out the
length
• The tensioning arrangements is fitted between the
crawler frame and the idler wheel to adjust the chain sag
BULLDOZERS –TRACKED- OVAL DRIVE
 BULLDOZERS –TRACKED-Delta drive
Advantages of delta drive:
• due to elevated engine and drive
risk of getting dust (mud) in is less
• longer operation (life) time
increased bulk clearance
Disadvantages of delta drive:
• higher costs of manufacturing
• more components long crawl belt.
 Power transmission
• Power delivered from the engine is distributed for the travelling of the
machine and for the engine is delivered to the main gear box through
the main clutch and a an usually mounted on the outside track frame.
• However there are some designs' where the frames are fixed on the
inside of the track frame intermediate brake.
• The gear box has two output shafts one is power take off shaft to drive
the cable control unit and other drives a bevel gear shaft , which in
turn drives two sprockets through steering clutch and reduction gear
box.
 Power transmission
• For running auxiliary components like steering
pump , main clutch pump , power control unit
and drive shaft , power is taken through a
suitable gearing arrangements
• The machine is steered by controlling the
steering clutches individually. During the
forward motion of the machine both the
steering clutches are fully engaged, while the
steering clutches at the left and the right are
engaged or disengaged accordingly to turn left
or right
 Power flow path on tractor
The bevel pinion and the bevel gear direct the power into the
right and left directions. Steering clutches (7) at both ends
left and right of the bevel gear shaft control the transmission
of power from the bevel gear shaft to the final drive,
providing a means for steering the machine in
corporation with brakes (8) installed on each steering clutch.
Driving power from diesel engine (1) is transmitted to
transmission (4) through main clutch or torque converter
(2) and universal joint (3). The power, altered through
selection of a proper gear speed arrangement within the
transmission according to load, is transmitted to bevel pinion
(6) at the rear end of the transmission.
The bevel pinion and the bevel gear direct the power
into the right and left directions. Steering clutches (7)
at both ends left and right of the bevel gear shaft
control the transmission of power from the bevel gear
shaft to the final drive, providing a means for steering
the machine in corporation with brakes (8) installed
on each steering clutch.
 Hydraulic System
• A dozer blade controlled hydraulically
• The oil is sent to control valve from the gear pump
installed in the hydraulic tank.
• Here the oil pressure is developed for operation the
blade in four position
1. Raise
2. Hold
3. Lower
4. float
• The safety valve is designed to control an abnormal
pressure rise beyond limit and to release the oil into
the tank
 Hydraulic system
• The pressurized oil coming from the gear pump flow into the control
valve after passing through a check valve , which serves to check the
backflow of oil
• A suction valve is provided to suck in make oil from the hydraulic tank
for filling up oil in the hydraulic cylinders.
• For example during the float the piston is lowered by the weight of
the blade and a vacuum is created in the upper chamber s of the
hydraulic cylinders
• The valve draws oil from hydraulic tank to prevent such a negative
pressure with in the cylinders
 Hydraulic system
• The hydraulic tank is located in front of the radiator,
with in the tank are the gear pump and control valves
• The oil filter is fitted at the top and the oil drain plug
is fitted at the lower part for draining purposes.
• The oil strainer is installed with in the oil filter to
prevent entry of dust and dirt into the tank when the
tank is replenished with oil
• The oil level in tank can be checked by the oil level
gauge installed in the oil filter
The power from the steering clutch goes to
final drive (9) consisting of a train of gears
to turn sprocket. The sprocket drives track
to cause the machine to travel.
Comparisons of wheel dozer and crawler dozer
Performance characteristics of tractors

• The usable force available to perform work is

often limited by traction. This limitation is
dependent on coefficient of traction of the
surface being traversed and on the weight
carried by the drive wheels.
• The larger the difference between the line-of-force
transmission from the machine and the line of resisting
force, the less effective the utilization of developed power
• Traction or requirements can also be met by proper tire
selection. Wider tires provide greater contact area and
increase floatation.
• It should be noted, that rim pull charts are based on standard
equipment including tires. Larger tires will reduce
developed rim pull.
 Specification terms

There are a number of terms used for specifying the

capacity or size of the dozers. The following are
some of them which you must be familiar with
when talking to sales people or customers.
Length of track on ground (mm): The center distance
between a sprocket and an idler of a tractor equipped with
the tracks consisting of the specified number of track shoes.
- Track gauge (mm): the center distance between the
tracks
- Ground clearance (mm): The height of the lowest
point near the center line of a tractor from the ground line.
Since the track shoe grousers are sunken below the ground
line, the grouser height is not included in the ground
clearance.
• Operating weight (kg): Total weight of a tractor with
full fuel tank as well as with lubricants and coolant in the
specified amounts (not including any personnel on
board).
• Maximum loading capacity (kg): Maximum load
allowable to be put into a specified location of a loading
equipment like a bucket
• Ground pressure (kg/cm2): Weight to be imposed on a
unit area of the portion of a tractor in contact with
ground. It is normally indicated in the unit of kg/cm2.
• Maximum tilt (mm): The distance from the ground
line to the cutting edge when the blade is tilted to the
limit at its left (or right) shoulder.
• Blade capacity : Volume of dirt to be theoretically
obtained in the hauling operation with the blade. Its
formula is B = LxH2. Where, L = blade width, m
(yd), H = blade height, m (yd)
• Maximum lift above ground (mm): The
distance from the ground line to the tip of
cutting edge when the blade is lifted all the
way up
• Maximum drop below ground (mm): The
distance from the ground line to the tip of
cutting edge when the blade is lowered all the
way down
• Height to bucket hinge pin, fully raised (mm):
The height of bucket hinge pin from the ground line
when the bucket is raised fully.
• Dumping clearance (mm): The height of bucket tip
measured from the ground line when the bucket is
raised fully at a 450 discharge angle (not including
the bucket teeth).
• Dumping reach (mm): The horizontal distance
measured from the front most point of a tractor to
the bucket tip when the bucket is raised fully at a
450 discharge angle (not including the bucket teeth).