WELL PLANNING

DRILL : to bore a hole in the earth, usually to findand

remove subsurface formation fluids such as oil and gas.

WELL PLANNING OBJECTIVE:

To drill a well that has following characteristics
o Safe
o Minimum cost
o Usable
 DRILLING RIG
A drilling rig is a device used to drill, case and cement oil and gas wells.
TYPES OF RIGS:
• Land rigs
• Offshore rigs
There are two types of offshore rigs:
1. Floating rigs:
• Semisubmersible
• Drillships
2. Bottom-supported rigs:
• Jack-ups
• Platform
• Barge
SCHEMATI
C OF
OIL RIG
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=hdpU9lVz6cg&t=1808s
DRILLING
RIG
COMPO
NENTS
ROTARY DRILLING RIG COMPONENTS
1. Derrick or Mast and Substructure

2. Power and Prime Movers

3. Hoisting Component

4. Rotating Component

5. Circulating Component

6. Well Control Component

7. Tubular and Tubular Handling

Equipment
8. Bit
1.DERRICK OR MAST AND SUBSTRUCTURE

• Derrick (main component)is a

steel structure of sufficient
height & strength.

FUNCTIONS :
Supports all equipments &
provides vertical clearance to 1
raising & lowering the drill
string into & out of hole during
drilling operations.

TYPES :
• Standard.
• Portable.
DERRICK OR MAST AND SUBSTRUCTURE
DERRICK TYPES:
STANDARD DERRICK:

It is of bolted construction, assembled part by part & not raised to a

working position as a unit. For transportation, it must be
disassembled.

PORTABLE DERRICK (MAST):

A portable derrick that can be raised as unit is known as mast.

DERRICK OR MAST AND SUBSTRUCTURE
SUBSTRUCTURE:
The foundation in which the derrick or mast and usually the
Drawworks sit. In contains space for storage and well control
equipment.
FUNCTIONS:
Support of derrick (derrick’s rest), placement of equipments,
working platform for rig crew, installment place of BOPs.
 2. POWER AND PRIME MOVERS
FUNCTION:
Generates power (depending upon rig size, well depth & engine size).

SUPPORTING OPERATIONS:
power consumes in mud pumps, draw works,
crew cabins, continuous drilling operations, etc.

ENGINES USED:

Steam engine – first rotary drilling prime movers, now rarely used except where
continuous and large quantity of water is available.

Electric motor – used for special applications like in city drilling where power
availability & noise restrictions have made in practical.

Internal combustion engine – most drilling rigs are powered by IC engines,

burns natural gas, gasoline or diesel.
 3. HOISTING COMPONENT
The hoisting system consists of:

Drawworks
Crown Block
Dead Line Anchor
Travelling Block
The Hook
Supply Reel
Drilling Line
 HOISTING COMPONENT
DRAWWORKS:
The hoisting mechanism on a drilling rig. It is essentially a winch that
spools off or takes in the drilling line and thus raises or lowers the
drillstring.
• This is an assembly of a rotating drum, a series of shafts, clutches,
chains and gears.
• The drilling line is wound a number of times around the drum, the end
of the line then passes on the crown and travelling block.
 HOISTING COMPONENT
CROWN BLOCK
• A block located at the top of the derrick. It contains a number
of sheaves on which is wound the drilling line.
• The crown block provides a means of taking the drilling line
from the hoisting drum to the travelling block.
• Each sheave inside the crown block acts as an
individual pulley.
 HOISTING COMPONENT
DEAD LINE ANCHOR

An equipment that holds down the deadline part of the wire rope. It
is usually bolted on to the substructure.
 HOISTING COMPONENT
TRAVELLING BLOCK
• A diamond-shaped block
containing a number of
sheaves which is always less
than those in the crown
block.
• The drilling line wound
is continuously
andontravelling
the blocks, with
crown
the
two outside ends being
wound on the hoisting drum
and attached to the deadline
anchor respectively,
 HOISTING COMPONENT
THE HOOK
• Connects the Kelly or topdrive with the travelling block. The
hook carries the entire drilling load.

SUPPLY REEL
• A spool that stores the unused portion of the Drilling Line.

Hook
 HOISTING COMPONENT
DRILLING LINE
• The drilling line is basically a wire rope made up of strands wound
around a steel core. Each strand contains a number of small wires
wound around a central core.
• A wire rope hoisting line, reeved on sheaves of the crownblock and
traveling block .
• Its primary purpose is to hoist or lower drill pipe or casing from or
into a well and to support the drilling tools.
• The size of the drilling line varies from ½ "to 2 ".
 4. ROTATING COMPONENT
The rotating component consist of the following:

Swivel
Kelly or Top Drive
Kelly bushing
Rotary table
 ROTATING COMPONENT
SWIVEL
• A rotary tool that is hung from the rotary hook and traveling
block to suspend and permit free rotation of the drill stem.
• It also provides a connection for the rotary hose
and a
passageway for the flow of drilling fluid into the drill stem.
 ROTATING COMPONENT
KELLY

• The heavy steel member that is

suspended from the Swivel through
the Rotary Table and connected to
the topmost joint of drill pipe to turn
the drill stem as the rotary table
turns.
• Kelly applies rotational force to drill
pipe via rotary table’s rotation
• It has a bored passageway that
permits fluid to be circulated into the
drill stem and up the annulus or vise
versa.
 ROTATING COMPONENT
KELLY SPINNER:
• A device for spinning the drill pipe.
• It is a pneumatically controlled
device mounted below the Swivel
that when actuated causes the Kelly
to spin.

KELLY BUSHING

• A device that when fitted to

master bushing transmits torque to
the kelly and simultaneously permits
vertical movement of the Kelly
 ROTATING COMPONENT
MASTER BUSHING

• A device that fits into the rotary

table to accommodate the slips and
drive the kelly bushing so that the
rotating motion of the rotary table
can be transmitted to the Kelly.
KELLY BUSHING
• A device that when fitted to
master bushing transmits torque to
the kelly and simultaneously permits
vertical movement of the Kelly
 ROTATING COMPONENT
TOP DRIVE
• The top drive is a device which consist motor that rotates the drill
string without the use of a kelly and rotary table.
• The top drive is located below the Swivel and is operated from a
control console on the rig floor.
• It allows the drilling rig to drill longer sections of a stand of drill pipe.
Chosen both for increased safety and efficiency.
 or ... Top-Drive (or
Power-Swivel)
so called because all drillstring rotation is
accomplished by a drive motor or power
swivel attached to the travelling block.
With such a system the kelly and kelly
bushing are not required, and the master
bushing and rotary table serve only as
conduits for the drillstring to be raised or
lowered into the borehole
 ROTATING COMPONENT
ROTARY TABLE
• Equipment used to turn the drill stem and support the drilling
assembly.
• It has a gear arrangement to create the rotational motion and an
opening into which the bushings are fitted to drive and support the
drilling assembly.
 5. CIRCULATING COMPONENT
CIRCULATING COMPONENT

The Rig Equipment

responsible the
of drilling fluid within
movement the
well as well as solids removal
incurred by the drilling fluid.
Normally the circulation
would start from the mud
pits, down the drill stem, up
the annulus and back to the
mud pits.
5. CIRCULATING COMPONENT
Mud Pits

The mud pits are usually a series of large steel tanks, all
interconnected and fitted with agitators to maintain solids in
suspension
Some pits will be used for circulating (eg active pits) whilst
others will be used for storing and mixing of drilling muds
Most rigs have equipment for storing and mixing bulk additives
such as barite as well as both granular and liquid chemicals. Base
fluids such as fresh water or base oil will be pumped in from
storage tanks
 CIRCULATING COMPONENT
MUD PUMPS
• The heart of the circulating system is the mud pumps. A large
reciprocating pump used to circulate the mud (drilling fluid) on a
drilling rig.
Mud Pumps

A drilling rig usually has two

(sometimes three) mud pumps, and these
are the heart of a fluid-circulating system.
Their function is to circulate the drilling
fluid under pressure from a surface pit
(usually termed mud pit), through the
drillstring, to the bit, return it up the
annulus, and back to the pit.
 CIRCULATING COMPONENT
MUD PUMPS
• Positive displacements pumps are generally used on drilling rigs
to pump high pressure and high volume of drilling fluids
throughout a drilling system.

• There are basically two types of pumps in oil industry:

– Duplex
– Triplex
 CIRCULATING COMPONENT
DUPLEX PUMPS –double acting
• The duplex pumps have two cylinders with double acting. It means
that pistons move back and take in drilling mud through open intake
valve and other sides of the same pistons, the pistons push mud out
through the discharge valves.
 CIRCULATING COMPONENT
TRIPLEX PLUMPS –single acting
The triplex pumps have three cylinders with single acting. The
piston moves back and pull in drilling mud through open intake
valves. When the piston moves forward, the drilling fluid is
pushed out through discharge valves.
 CIRCULATING COMPONENT
STANDPIPE
• A vertical pipe rising along the side of the derrick or mast.
• It joins the discharge line leading from the mud pump to the
rotary hose and through which mud is pumped going into the
hole.
 Shale Shakers
Once the mud has been circulated
round the system it will contain
suspended solids, perhaps some gas
and other contaminants. These must be
removed before the mud is recycled.
The mud passes over a shale shaker,
which is basically a series of vibrating
screens of various mesh sizes. Settling
tanks allow further settling of residues
before the mud is passed back to the
mud pits. Fine solids and gases can be
further removed by other auxiliary
components if required such as de-
sanders, de-silters, degassers or
centrifuges
 CIRCULATING COMPONENT
MUD HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
• Shale Shakers
An equipment the uses a vibrating screen to remove cuttings
from the circulating fluid in rotary drilling operations.
• The size of the openings in the sieve is selected to match the
size of the solids in the drilling fluid and the anticipated size of
cuttings. Also called a shaker
 CIRCULATING COMPONENT
MUD HANDLING EQUIPMENT:
• Desanders and desilters
DESILTER :a centrifugal device for removing free particles of silt
from the drilling fluid to keep the amount of solids in the fluid at
the lowest possible point.
DESANDER: A centrifugal device for removing sand from the
drilling fluid to prevent abrasion of the pumps.

• Mud Pits
A waste pit, usually an excavated earthen-walled pit
• Mud degasser
• Centrifuges and mud cleaners
 6. WELL CONTROL COMPONENT
Well Control Component
BOP STACK
• Annular Blowout Preventer

• Ram Blowout Preventer

• Diverter

• Manifold, Valves and Sensors

Normally, the hydrostatic pressure of the drilling fluid column will be
greater than the formation fluid pressures, preventing those formation
fluids from entering the borehole. Should the hydrostatic pressure drop
below the formation fluid pressure, formation fluids will enter the
borehole. If this flow is minimal, causing a slight decrease in the drilling
fluid density (mud density), the drilling fluid is said to be “gas cut”, “oil
cut” or “saltwater cut”, depending on the fluid. When noticeable amounts
of formation fluids enter the bore hole, the event is known as a “kick”. An
uncontrolled flow of formation fluids is a “blowout”. As long as the
hydrostatic pressure controls the well, circulation, as indicated by the
arrows in Figure 10, is normal, and the well may be left open.
Should a kick occur, blowout prevention equipment and accessories are required to close
(shut-in) the well. This may be done using either an annular or ram type preventer. In addition,
it will be necessary to kill the well by pumping in drilling fluids and to allow the controlled
escape of the kick fluids. Injection of heavier drilling fluid is possible either through the drillpipe
or through a kill line. Flow from the well is controlled using a variable orifice (choke). As seen
in Figure 11, the BOP stack consists of a number of different blowout preventers. Their
arrangement is decided by the degree of protection deemed necessary, and the size and type
of drillpipe in the borehole.
 WELL CONTROL COMPONENT
Well Control Component

BOPs come in two basic types: ram and annular.

Annular blowout preventer

An annular-type blowout preventer can close

around the drill string, casing or a non-cylindrical Annular blowout preventer
in open and fully closed
object, such as the kelly. Creates a doughnout type configurations.
The flexible annulus
seal.
Ram blowout preventer (donut) in blue is forced
into the drillpipe cavity by
Rams, or ram blocks, are of four common types: the hydraulic pistons
pipe rams,
blind rams,
shear rams, and
blind shear rams.
 Annular Preventer

... consists of an annular rubber

sealing element which, when pressure is
applied, closes around the drillpipe or
kelly
Since pressure can be applied
progressively, the annular preventer can
be made to close on any size or type of
drillpipe
A slight relaxation of pressure may
allow a small leakage of fluid and permit
the pipe to be rotated within the annular
preventer or pulled (stripped) through, -
slowly!
Typically placed at the top because of low
pressure rating (5k PSI , omshore)
It can allow Snubbing
 WELL CONTROL COMPONENT
Well Control Component

Pipe rams close around a drill pipe, restricting flow in the annulus between
the outside of the drill pipe and the wellbore, but do not obstruct flow within
the drill pipe.

Blind rams (also known as sealing rams), have no openings for tubing. It can
close off the well when the well does not contain a drill string or other
tubing, and seal it.

Blind shear rams (also known as shear seal rams, or sealing shear rams) are
intended to seal a wellbore, even when the bore is occupied by a drill string,
by cutting through the drill string as the rams close off the well.

Variable bore rams are special pipe rams that can close over a range of pipe
diameters.
RAMS- 10 K PSI onshore
Ram-type BOPs have steel rams that come together with great
force to seal the wellbore. Usually two or more ram-type BOP's
are mounted in the BOP stack.

Blind Ram= Seal Empty Wellbore

Pipe Ram- seals annulus around a specific pipe size
Shear Rams- Cut the pipe in the hole (donot create a seal , just
cut the pipe)
Blind shear Rams- cut the pipe and seal the well bore
Variable bore rams are special pipe rams that can close over a
range of pipe diameters.
Ram Preventer

Ram preventers use pairs of

hydraulic rams and solid ram
blocks to close around the pipe
or shut off the hole.
Ram Preventers

Pipe rams- have a rubber face moulded to fit around a certain size
of drillpipe. If more than one size drillpipe is in use, there must be
one set of pipe rams for each size of pipe.
Blind rams- completely close off the borehole. As such, they are
used only when there is no drillpipe in the borehole;
Shear rams- have specially designed cutting structures, which
when closed on drillpipe, will cut through the drillpipe and
completely close off the borehole.
In an emergency, the ram preventers may be manually closed (but
only on land rigs and jack-ups).
Choke and Kill Lines

After the BOP is closed, high-pressure fluid can be released at carefully

controlled rates by use of a hydraulically controlled valve (“choke valve”). The
choke line carries these high pressure fluids to the choke. From here the flow
goes through the “poor-boy” de-gasser which removes the free gas. It then
returns to the pits for treatment and further de-gassing with the vacuum de-
gasser
The kill line is used to introduce heavy drilling fluid to the well through a
check-valve on the BOP in order to control high formation pressures. It fills
the borehole from the top (instead of using the drillpipe to fill the borehole
from the bottom). It is also used to fill the annulus when pipe is being tripped
out
BOP Stack in
Various
Operational
Modes
Accumulator

The BOP control system, called an accumulator, provides

the energy to operate the blowout preventers.
This system of consists of:
•Compressed gas bottles,
•Regulator valves,
•Pumps,
•Hydraulic reservoir,
•Control manifold, and
•Control valves.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PviysC26s5A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z23KGzQHrAk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R966J1VGfkA
 7. TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
Tubular and Tubular Handling Equipment

Drill Pipe

Drill Collar

Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

Kelly

Subs
 TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
Drill Pipe
• The heavy seamless tubing used to rotate the bit and circulate
the drilling fluid. Joints of pipe 30 feet long are coupled together
with tool joints.
• Basic Parts of a Drillpipe:
NECK SHOULDER
SHOULDER

TONG SPACE TONG SPACE

NECK PIN BOX

BODY
7. TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
Drill Pipe Grades:
 TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
DRILL PIPE CLASSIFICATION

The drill pipe is classified to account for the degree of wear.

• New: No wear, has never been used.

• Premium: Uniform wear and a minimum wall thickness of 80% of

new pipe.

• Class 2: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 65% of

new pipe.

• Class 3: Drill pipe with a minimum wall thickness of 55% of

new pipe.
 TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
DRILL COLLAR

• A heavy, thick-walled tube, usually steel, used between the drill pipe and the
bit in the drill stem. It is used to put weight on the bit so that the bit can drill.
TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
HEAVY WEIGHT DRILLPIPE (HWDP):

• HWDP is used between standard drillpipe and

drillcollars to provide a smooth transition between
the section moduli of the drillstring components.

• The HWDP has the same OD as a standard drillpipe

but with much reduced inside diameter.
 TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
STABILIZERS:
• Stabilisers are tools placed above the drill bit and along the bottom
hole assembly (BHA) to control hole deviation, dogleg severity and
prevent differential sticking.

• Function: Keeps the drill string / bottom hole assembly centered

and stabilized (mechanically) in the hole.

• Improved bit performance is another beneficiary of good

stabilisation.
 TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:
ELEVATORS
Clamps that grip a stand of casing, tubing,
drillpipe or drill collars so that the stand or
joint can be raised from or lowered into
the hole opening of the rotary table.
ELEVATOR LINKS
Equipment attached onto the Traveling
Block in order to suspend the Elevators

ELEVATOR LINKS CENTER LATCH ELEVATOR

 TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:
SLIPS:
A wedge shape piece of metal with teeth or other gripping
elements that are used to prevent pipe from slipping down into
hole or to hold the pipe in place.
 TUBULAR AND TUBULAR HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
TUBULAR HANDLING EQUIPMENTS:
TONGS:
Large wrenches used to make or
break out tubulars.
 8. DRILL
DRILL BIT BIT
Function: bit cuts the rock, make hole into the ground.
TYPES:
• Roller cone bit
• Milled tooth bits
• Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Bits (PDC)
• Diamond and TSP( Thermally stable PDC)

SHORT PDC BIT NATURAL TSP BIT

MEDIUM PDC BIT LONG PDC BIT
DIAMOND BIT