Drilling Contract Types and Their Effects

1 Drilling Contracts
Contract type Effect on Operator Effect on contractor

•No risk
•Full risk
Day rate •No incentive for speed or
•Total control
maintenance
•No risk
•Full risk
Day rate + Maintenance bonus •Incentive for maintenance
•Total control
•No incentive for speed
•Full risk •No risk

Day rate + Footage bonus
•Total control •Incentive for efficiency
•Less risk •More risk

Footage
•No control •More incentive for efficiency
•No risk •Full risk
Turnkey
•No control •Full control
Chapter 1
2
Rig types
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Chapter 2
22
Rig components
23 Rig Components
1. Power system
2. Hoisting system
3. Circulating system
4. Rotary system
5. Well control system
6. Well monitoring system
24 Power system
Most of power system is

consumed by the hoisting
and fluid circulating
system.
The hoisting and
circulating system are not
used simultaneously.
Total power requirements
for most rigs are from
1000 to 3000 hp.
25 Power system
Steam power at older rigs
Diesel Engines:
1. The diesel-electric type
2. The direct drive (compound: gear, chains, belts, clutches,…)

26 Power system
T
P
33,000
Power system performance
characteristics generally
Qi  0.000393 W f d H
are stated in terms of:
P
Et 
Qi
Output horsepower
  2 N
Torque
Fuel consumption
P = Power output, hp
= angular velocity, rad/min
T = output torque, ft-lbf
33,000 ft-lbf/min/hp
27 Power system
Where :
 P [hp] shaft power developed by engine

 [rad/min] angular velocity of the shaft
 N [rev/min] shaft speed
 T [ft-lbf] out-put torque
 Qi [hp] heat energy consumption by engine
 Wf [gal/hr] fuel consumption
 H [BTU/lbm] heating value (diesel: 19,000 [BTU/lbm])
 Et [1] overall power system efficiency
 d [lbm/gal] density of fuel (diesel: 7.2 [lbm/gal])
 33,000 conversion factor (ft-lbf/min/hp)
28 Power system
29 Hoisting system
 The hoisting system is a

large pulley system which is
used to lower and raise
equipment into and out of
the well.
 In particular, it is used to
raise and lower the drill
string and casing into and
out of the well
30 Hoisting system
The hoisting equipment itself
consists of:
1. Draw works
2. The block and tackle (crown
block , travelling block and the
drilling lines [fast and dead line]
3. Dead line anchor
4. Storage reel
5. Hook
6. Derrick.
31 Hoisting system
Derrick
The derrick is a steel framework of lattice construction whose function is

to take the weight of the drill string (140 ft)
 To support the rig floor, providing space for equipment and workers
 To provide space under floor for special large valves called BOPs
32 Hoisting system
Types of derricks:
 Triple: has the capacity of pulling 90’ stands of pipe
 Double: has the capacity of pulling 60’ stands of pipe
 Single: has the capacity of pulling 30’ stands of pipe (one 30 ft joint)
33 Hoisting system
Block and Tackle

 The crown block, the travelling block and the drilling line
comprise the block and tackle which permits the handling of large
loads
 To lift and lower the heavy loads into and out of the borehole, the
drilling line is strung multiple times between the crown and the
travelling block
34 Hoisting system
35 Hoisting system
36 Hoisting system
Block and Tackle

 The mechanical advantage
 The mechanical advantage (M) of a block
and tackle is the load supported by the
traveling block (w), divided by the load
imposed on the drawworks (Ff)
37 Hoisting system
Crown Block
A series of sheaves affixed
in the top of the derrick
used to change the
direction of pull from the
drawworks to the traveling
block.
38 Hoisting system
Hook
 Hook is located beneath
the traveling block
 This device is used to
pick up and secure the
swivel and kelly
39 Hoisting system
Traveling Block
40 Drawworks
The principal function is to convert the power source into a
hoisting operation and provide breaking capacity to stop
and sustain the weight imposed when lowering or raising
the drill string
1. Drum
2. Cathead
3. Break system
4. System of speed changes
41 Drum
The drum is housed in the drawworks and transmits the
torque required for hoisting and breaking.
It also stores the drilling line required to move the traveling
block the length of the derrick
42 Cathead
The cathead is a shaft with a lifting head that extends on either side
of the drawworks and has two major functions.
It is used in making up and breaking out tool joints in the drill string
It has also used as a hoisting device for heavy equipments on the
drill floor
43 Elevator
The elevators are used for

latching on to the tool joint or
left sub of the drill pipe or drill
collar
This enables the lifting and
lowering of the drill string
while making a trip.
The elevators are connected to
the traveling block by means
of bails.
44 Dead line anchor
 Anchor the last line coming from the crown
block and also stores drilling line on a reel.
 This allows new lengths of line to be fed into

the system to replace the worn parts of the
line that have been moving on the pulleys of
the crown block or the traveling block.
 The worn parts are regularly cut and removed

by a process called Slip and Cut Practice.
Slipping the line, then cutting it off helps to
increase the lifetime of the drilling line.
45 Drilling line
The drilling line is

basically a wire rope made
up of strands wound
around a steel core.
Each strand contains a
number of small wires
wound around a central
core.
46 Hoisting system
When no friction is assumed in the travelling and the crown

block (constant tension in the drilling line), the hook load W
creates a load to the drawworks with is equal the load in the
fast line Ff which in turn depends on the number the line is
strung N between the travelling and the crown block. This is
expressed with:
W = N . Ff
47 Hoisting system
The input power Pi of the block and tackle is equal to the
drawworks loads Ff times the velocity of fast line, vf
P i = F f . vf
The output power or Hook power, Ph is equal to the traveling

block load W times the velocity of traveling block, vb
Ph = W . vb
vb = vf / N
48 Hoisting system
There is inefficiency in any pulley system
 The load on the dead line will not be a function of the inefficiency because it is static
49 Hoisting system
The load applied to the derrick, FD:

50 Hoisting system
 Maximum Equivalent derrick load
 Derrick Efficiency
51 Hoisting system
52 Hoisting system
(making a connection)
53 Hoisting system
(making a trip)
54 Hoisting system
Sketch of slips for drill pipe(a), drill collar(b) and casing(c)

55 Hoisting system
Lifting pipe at the rig floor

56 Hoisting system
Sketch of a drill pipe spinner

57 Hoisting system
Storage of doubles inside the derrick

58 Circulating system
 The principal purposes of circulating fluid

are to:
1. Clean the bottomhole
2. Cool the bit
3. Flush cuttings from the hole
4. Support the walls of the well so that they do
not cave in
5. Prevent the entry of formation fluid into the
borehole
59 Circulating system
Mud:
A mixture of water, clay, weighting material and chemicals
Mixed in mud pits and then circulated downhole by pumps
Is pumped through stand pipe, kelly house, swivel, kelly and
down the string
Then is directed through flow line and solid removal equipment
60 Swivel
Whilst drilling rotation is applied to

the drilling string and to prevent the
rotation being exerted on the traveling
block
61 kelly
Is a square or hexagonal shaped

steel tube, transmit the torque,
sustains very high tensile load,
rotating whilst being lowered
through rotary table (chrome
molybdenum steel)
62 Kelly
Kelly cocks:
Is a valve installed to isolate the Kelly
from high well pressure or back flow.
Kelly saver sub

63 Shale Shaker
Shale shaker is a contaminant
removing device
The first solids-removing
device
It is located at the end of the
flow line
It is used to remove the coarser
drill cuttings from the mud
It is composed of one or more
vibrating screens through
which mud returns pass
64 Desander & Desilter & Hydrocyclone
Silt size: 0.002 – 0.063 mm

Sand size: 0.063 – 2 mm
65 Degasser
66 Mud Pumps
 Mud pumps are used for circulating the drilling fluid down the
drill pipe and out of the annulus
 These are high pressure and high volume pumps
 Pumps are generally rated according to their:
1. Hydraulic power
2. Maximum pressure
3. Maximum flow rate
67 Mud Pumps
Positive Displacement Mud Pumps

At least two pumps on each rig
Advantage of using PDM pumps:

Pump fluid containing high solid contents
Operate over a wide range of pressure and flow rates
They are reliable
Simple to operate and easy to maintain
68 Mud Pumps
There are two types of mud pumps in use today:
(1) duplex pump
(2) triplex pump
Duplex Pump:
The duplex mud pump consists of two cylinders and is double-acting.
Triplex Pump:
The triplex mud pump consists of three cylinders and is single-acting.
69 Mud Pumps
70 Mud Pumps
Positive Displacement Mud Pumps
Mechanical Efficiency Em: related to the operation of the

prime movers and transmission system (~0.9)
Volumetric Efficiency Ev: depends on the type of pump being

used (0.9-1)
Overall Efficiency: Em×Ev

71 Mud Pumps
Flow rate and discharge pressure:

The flow rate and pressure delivered by the pump depends
on the size of sleeve (liner) that is placed on the cylinders of
the pumps
𝑃𝑄
𝐻𝐻𝑃 =
1714
HHP: Power (horsepower)
P: Pressure (psi)
Q: Flow rate (gpm)
72 Mud Pumps
Duplex Pumps
 The theoretical displacement on the forward stroke:
𝜋𝑑2 𝐿
𝑉1 =
4
 d: liner diameter
 L: stroke length
 On the return stroke
𝜋(𝑑2 −𝑑𝑟2 )𝐿
𝑉2 =
4
 dr: rod diameter
73 Mud Pumps
Duplex Pumps
 Taking account of the 2 cylinders and the volumetric efficiency (Ev) the
total displacement (in gallons) of one pump revolution is:
2𝜋(𝑑 2 −𝑑𝑟2 )𝐿𝐸𝑣
2(𝑉1 + 𝑉2 )𝐸𝑣 = 4
 The pump output can be obtained by multiplying this by the pump speed
in revolutions per minutes.
 In oilfield terms 1 complete pump revolution = 1 stroke
 Therefore pump speed is usually given in stroke per minute e.g. a duplex
pump operating at a speed of 20 spm means 80 cylinder volumes per
minutes.
74 Mud Pumps
Duplex Pumps
 Pump output is given by:
(2𝑑 2 −𝑑𝑟2 )𝐿𝐸𝑣 𝑅
Q=
147
Q: flow rate (gpm)
d: liner diameter (in)
dr: rod diameter (in)
L: stroke length (in)
R: pump speed (spm)
75 Mud Pumps
Triplex Pumps
 In triplex pumps the piston discharges in only one direction and so

the rod diameter does not affect the pump output
 The discharge volume for one pump revolution is:
3𝜋𝑑 2 𝐿𝐸𝑣
3𝑉1 𝐸𝑣 =
4
76 Mud Pumps
Triplex Pumps
 The pump output is:
𝑑 2 𝐿𝐸𝑣 𝑅
Q=
98.03
Q: flow rate (gpm)
d: liner diameter (in)
L: stroke length (in)
R: pump speed (spm)
77 Mud Pumps
Example
 Calculate the following for a triplex pump having 6 in liners and
11 in stroke operating at 120 spm and a discharge pressure of
3000 psi
a. The volumetric output at 100% efficiency
b. The horsepower output of the pump when operating under the

conditions above
78 Mud Pumps
Answer
a. The volumetric output at 100% efficiency:
62 ×11×1×120
Q= = 485 𝑔𝑝𝑚
98.03
b. The horsepower output:
3000×485
HHP = = 849 hp
1714
79 Mud Pumps
Advantage of triplex pumps

 More power can be delivered using a triplex pump since higher
pump speeds can be used
 The efficiency of a triplex pump can be increased by using a
small centrifugal pump to provide fluid to the suction line
 Triplex pumps are generally lighter and more compact than
duplex pumps of similar capacity and so are more suitable for
use on offshore rigs and platforms
80 Stand pipe
A solid metal pipe attached

to the side of a drilling rig’s
derrick
It is used to conduct
drilling fluid from the mud
pumps to the Kelly hose.
81 Kelly hose
 A large-diameter (3 to 5 in. inside

diameter), high-pressure flexible
line used to connect the
standpipe to the swivel
 Flexible piping arrangement
permits the Kelly, drillstring and
the bit to be raised or lowered
while drilling fluid is pumped
through the drillstring
82 Rotary system
All the drillstring rotates

Rotary table
Top drive or power swivel
The drillstring do not rotate

Downhole motor or mud motor or turbine motor
83 Rotary system
Drillstring rotates
Rotary table
Top drive
84 Rotary system
Drillstring does not rotate
Downhole Motor
85 Rotary system
Rotary table : clockwise & anticlockwise

rotation, RPM controlled from the drilling
console
Master Bushing
Kelly Bushing
Slips
Rotary system transmits the rotary motion or

torque from the power source to the drive bushing
86 Well control system
Prevents the uncontrolled flow of formation fluids from the
wellbore
Kick: if formation pressure greater than the pressure of the drilling
fluid. It causes formation fluid to enter the wellbore
Kill: to control a kick or to control flow of formation fluids
Blowout: failure to control a kick
Flow of oil and gas to rig floor
Oil or gas may lead to fire
87
Well control system
How does a kick occur?
Underbalanced kick
 Mud density is suddenly lightened
 A formation has a higher pressure than anticipated
Induced kick
 Dynamic and transient fluid pressure effects, usually due
to motion of the drillstring or casing, effectively lower the
pressure in the wellbore below that of the formation
88
Well control system
Induced kick
 Tripping out
 A vacuum pressure is created at the bottom which is
called swab pressure
The faster the pipe removal, the higher the chance to
have a kick
89
Well control system
Induced kick
 Tripping out
 Drilling fluid level drops causing the pressure of
drilling fluid on formation to decrease
Makeup mud is added by a centrifugal pump
Trip tank to monitor hole fill up volume
90
Well control system
Induced kick
 Tripping in
 An extra pressure is created which is called surge pressure
 The higher the pipe movement, the higher the surge
pressure
 Surge pressure causes formation to be fractured
 In a fractured formation we have lost circulation which leads
to decreasing drilling fluid level and finally kick
91 Well control systems functions
Detect the kick by

Pit volume indicator
Flow indicator
Close the well at the surface with pipe in or out

Provide remote locations to actuate system under emergency
situations
Accommodate maximum expected pressures
92 Well control systems functions
Circulate the well under pressure

To remove the formation fluids
To increase the mud density
Move the drillstring under pressure (strip in or out)

Divert the flow away from rig personnel
93 Blowout Preventers (BOP)
BOP stack is a series of “rams” that can be hydraulically

closed around pipe to prevent fluids from flowing up
the annulus
There is always a valve (Kelly valve, inside BOP) in
place in the drill string to allow the drill pipe to be
closed in
94 Blowout Preventers (BOP)
Ram preventers: two opposing elements that close the

well by moving to each other
Pipe rams: they match the outside diameter of pipes
Blind rams: they are closed when no pipe in the hole
Shear rams: blind rams that shear the drill string when
closed
Annular preventer (bag type preventer): a ring of
synthetic rubber that contracts in the fluid passage
95 Pipe Rams
A sealing element with a half-circle hole on the edge (to

mate with another horizontally opposed pipe ram)
sized to fit around drill pipe
Most pipe rams fit only one size or a small range of drill
pipe sizes
They do not close properly around drill pipe tool joints
or drill collars
A new style is the variable bore ram, which is designed
to properly seal on a wider range of pipe size
96 Blind Rams
They are closed when no pipe in the

hole
If they are closed with drill string in the
hole, they will flatten drill pipe but not
stop the flow from the well
97 Blind Rams
98 Shear Rams
They are closed when all pipe rams and annular

preventers fail (last resort)
They may drop the drill string in the hole
A set of pipe, or hang off rams must be placed below

the shear rams to prevent the string from falling
99 Shear Rams
100 Annular Blowout Preventer
The sealing element resembles a large rubber

doughnut that is mechanically squeezed inward to seal
on either pipe (drill pipe, drill collars, casing or tubing)
or the openhole
Advantage of annular type over ram type: to seal on a

variety of pipe sizes.
101 Annular Blowout Preventer
102 BOP stack
Most BOP stacks contain

At least one annular BOP at the top of the BOP stack
One or more ram type preventers below
103 Accumulator
The accumulator is a hydraulic system that maintains and
stores enough high pressure fluid to operate every function of
the blow out preventers (BOP’s) at least once and still have a
reasonable reserve, as defined by the governing agency rules.
The system has a pump which pumps the hydraulic fluid into
storage bottles.
The storage bottles have floats which separate the hydraulic
fluid from the gas (Nitrogen) in the upper part of the chamber.
As fluid is pumped into the chamber bottles, resulting in the
pressure needed to remove the hydraulic fluid to operate the
BOP’s.
104 Accumulator
105 Choke Manifold
This is a system of valves and lines

which are attached to the choke line,
and in some cases, kill line.
The manifold is used to help control a
well that has kicked by diverting the
flow to various functions such as an
adjustable choke.
It is designed for versatility in
diverting the mud flow after
experiencing a kick.
106 Well Monitoring System
Drilling panel (WOB, RPM, Pump Pressure, GPM, …)
Rig floor gauges: torque gauges
Mud logging
Gas detectors
107 Mud Logging
108 Chapter 3
Drilling String
The function of drilling string
To suspend the bit
To transmit rotary torque from

the Kelly to the bit
To provide a conduit for

circulating drilling fluid to the bit
109 Drill Pipe
API Range Length (ft)
1 18-22
2 27-30
3 38-45
Size (OD) [inches] Weight per ft [lb/ft] ID [inches]

2 3/8 6.65 1.815
2 7/8 10.40 2.151
3½ 9.50 2.992
3½ 13.30 2.764
5 15.50 4.602
5 16.25 4.408
5½ 25.60 4.000
5½ 21.90 4.776
5½ 24.7 4.670
110 Drill Pipe Selection
If drill pipe is stretched, it will initially go through a region of

elastic deformation.
In this region, if the stretching force is removed, the drill

pipe will return to its original dimensions.
The upper limit of this elastic deformation is called the

Yield Strength, which can be measured in psi.
Beyond this, there exists a region of plastic deformation.
In this region, the drill pipe becomes permanently

elongated, even when the stretching force is removed.
The upper limit of plastic deformation is called the Tensile

Strength.
If the tensile strength is exceeded, the drill pipe will fail.
114 Drill pipe selection
Burst Load
• Pressure up string when on a plugged bit nozzle or DST, doing a
cement squeeze with packer.
Collapse Load
• Pc = 0.052. MW. TVD
Tension Load
• Can be calculated from known weight of the DC or DP
below the point of interest.
Two consideration in tension design:

1. Max working load: should never be exceeded during
normal drilling operation. In the case of DP, this working load
should be based on a stress of 85% of the yield strength
called minimum yield strength.
2. Maximum allowable static load: the hook load when the

drill string is hanging in the hole and is equal to the string
weight in the fluid
YIELD STRENGTH = Yield Strength × 𝜋 4 (𝑂𝐷2 − 𝐼𝐷2 )

117 Drill pipe Stress and Failure
High stresses
 Tension failure
 Torque failure
 Cyclic stress fatigue
Corrosion
 Oxygen: cause pitting
 CO2
 Dissolved salts
 Hydrogen Sulphide
 Organic acids
118 Drill pipe Classification
Class Color of BANDS
1 (New) One White
Premium Two White
2 One Yellow
3 One Orange
4 One Green
Scrap One Red

119 Tool Joint
Tool joints are short section of pipe that

are attached to the tubing portion of drill
pipe by means of using a flash welding
process.
The internally threaded tool joint is called
a Box, while the externally threaded tool
joint is the Pin.
120 Heavy weight Drill pipe
Heavy wall drill pipe (or heavy weight drill pipe) has a greater wall
thickness than ordinary drill pipe and is often used at the base of
the drill pipe where stress concentration is greatest. The stress
concentration is due to:
The difference in cross section and therefore stiffness between the
drill pipe and drill collars.
The rotation and cutting action of the bit can frequently result in a
vertical bouncing effect.
121 Heavy weight Drill pipe
Increased wall thickness

Longer tool joints
Uses more hard facing
May have a long central upset section
122 Pipes
123 Drill Collar
 To provide enough weight on bit for
efficient drilling
 To keep the drill string in tension
 To provide stiffness in the BHA for
directional control
 The weakest point in the drill collars is
the connection and therefore the
correct make up torque must be
applied to prevent failure
 Anti-wall stick
 Monel collars
124 Overpull
In tight holes or stuck pipe situations, the operator

must know how much additional tension, or pull, can
be applied to the string before exceeding the yield
strength of the drill pipe.
This is known as Overpull, since it is the pull force
over the weight of the string.
125 Overpull
For example, in a vertical hole with 12 ppg mud, a drill

string consists of 600 feet of 7.25 inch × 2.25 inch drill
collars and 6000 ft of 5 inch, New Grade E drill pipe
with a nominal weight of 19.5 lb/ft and an approximate
weight of 20.89 lb/ft.
First, the hookload is determined:
Hookload = Air weight × Buoyancy Factor = [(6000 ×
20.89) + (600 × 127)] × 0.817 = 164658 lb
126 Overpull
Referrin to the API RP 7G, the yield strength in pounds

for this grade, class, size and nominal weight of drill
pipe is 395595 lb
Therefore: Maximum Overpull = Yield Strength in
Pounds – Hookload = 395595 – 164658 = 230937 lb
The operator can pull 230937 pounds over the
hookload before reaching the limit of elastic
deformation (Yield Strength)
127 Buoyancy
 Drill string weigh less in weighted fluids than in air due to a fluid
property known as buoyancy.
 Therefore, what is seen as the hookload is actually the buoyed
weight of the drill string.
 Archimedes’s principle state that the buoy force is equal to the
weight of the fluid displaced.
 Another way of saying this is that a buoy force is equal to the
pressure at the bottom of the string multiplied by the cross
sectional area of the tubular.
128 Buoyancy
𝑀𝑊
𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1 − MW = Mud Density (ppg)
65.5
𝑀𝑊
𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1 − MW = Mud Density (pcf)
489.5
1 ppg = 7.48 pcf
Hookload = Air weight × BF

129 BHA Weight & weight on Bit
BHA design:
1. Burst, collapse and tension
2. Bending strength
3. Provide all of the weight required for drilling
4. Stabilized BHA
One important consideration in designing the BHA is

the number of drill collars and heavy-weight drill pipe
required to provide the desired Weight on Bit.
When drilling vertical wells, standard practice is to

avoid putting ordinary drill pipe into compression.
This is achieved by making sure that the buoyed

weight of the drill collars and heavy-weight pipe
exceed the maximum Weight on Bit.
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑊𝑂𝐵 × 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐻𝐴 =
𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Where:
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛

𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1 +
100
132 Example
 Drilling 17.5 inch hole with a roller cone bit, we want to use
45000 lb WOB in the tangent section at 30º inclination. What air
weight of BHA is required to avoid running any drill pipe in
compression? The mud density is 10 ppg. Use a 10% safety
margin.
45000 × 1.1
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝐻𝐴 = = 67500 𝑙𝑏
0.847 × 𝑐𝑜𝑠30°
133 Neutral Point
The neutral point is usually defined as the point in the drill

string where the axial stress changes from compression to
tension.
The location of this neutral point depends on the weight on bit
and the buoyancy factor of the drilling fluid.
In practice, since the WOB fluctuates, the position of the neutral
point changes. It is therefore quite common to refer to a
“transition zone” as the section where axial stress changes from
compression to tension.
134 Neutral Point
 Vertical well, Neutral point in the drill collars

𝑊𝑂𝐵
𝐿𝑛𝑝 =
𝑊𝐷𝐶 × 𝐵𝐹
Where
• 𝐿𝑛𝑝 is the distance from the bit to the neutral point
• 𝑊𝐷𝐶 is the weight per foot of the drill collars
• BF is the buoyancy factor of the drilling mud
𝑇 × 𝑓 − 𝑀𝑂𝑃 − 𝑊𝑏ℎ𝑎 × 𝐵𝐹
𝐷𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ =
𝑊𝑑𝑝
135 Example
Determine the neutral point in 7.25 inch × 2.25 inch

collars if the WOB is 30000 lb and mud density is 11
ppg.
30000
𝐿𝑛𝑝 = = 284 𝑓𝑡
127 × 0.832
136 BHA
A bottom hole assembly (BHA)

is a component of a drilling rig.
It is the lowest part of the drill
string, extending from the bit to
the drill pipe.
The assembly can consist of drill
collars, subs such as stabilizers,
reamers, shocks, Jar, mud
motors and the bit.
137 Stabilizer
 Reduce buckling and bending

stresses on drill collars
 Allow higher WOB since the
string remains concentric even in
compression
 Increase bit life by reducing
wobble
 Help to prevent wall sticking
 Act as a key seat wiper when
placed at top of collars.
138 Roller Reamer
 Roller reamers are used to replace near bit and string stabilizers in
bottom hole assemblies where high torque and swelling or abrasive
formations are encountered.
139 Shock Sub
 A shock sub is normally located above the bit to

reduce the stress due to bouncing when the bit is
drilling through hard rock
 The shock sub absorbs the vertical vibration

either by using a strong steel spring or resilient
rubber element
140 Jar
 Jars provide a means of supplying powerful upward or downward

blows to the stuck drill string
141 Downhole motors
142 BHA
143 Chapter 4
Drill Bit
Drill Bit
Fixed Roller
Cutter Cone
Mill
PDC Diamond Insert
Tooth
144 Drill Bit
PDC
145 Drill Bit
Diamond
146 Drill Bit
Milled Tooth
147 Drill Bit
Insert Bit
148 Drill Bit
Core bit
149 Drill Bit
The Ideal Bit

The ideal bit will depend on the type of formation to be
drilled
1. High drilling rate
2. Long life
3. Drill full-gauge, straight hole
4. Moderate cost
* (Low cost per foot drilled)
150 Drill Bit
151 Drill Bit
Advantages of Milled tooth bits:

1. For any type of formation there is a suitable design of rock bit
2. Can handle changes in formation
3. Acceptable life and drilling rate
4. Reasonable cost
152 Drill Bit
153 Drill Bit
154 Drill Bit
Roller Cone Bit Cutting Mechanism
155 Drill Bit
156 Drill Bit
157 Drill Bit
158 Drill Bit
159 Drill Bit
PDC Bit
PDC : Polycrystalline Compact
PCD: Polycrystalline Diamond
TSP: Thermally Stable Polycrystalline
TSD: Thermally Stable Diamond

160 Drill Bit
PDC Bit
Increase penetration rates in oil and gas wells
Reduce drilling time and cost
Cost 5-15 times more than roller cone bits
Work better in oil based muds

161 Drill Bit
PDC Bit Cutting Mechanism
162 Drill Bit
PDC Bit Cutting Mechanism
163 Drill Bit
Anatomy of a Roller Cone Bit
164 Drill Bit
Nozzles
165 Drill Bit
166 Drill Bit
167 Drill Bit
168 Drill Bit
169 Drill Bit
Roller Cone Bit Offset
170 Drill Bit
Roller Cone Bit Offset
171 Drill Bit
Roller Cone Bit Journal Angle
172 Drill Bit
Roller Cone Bit Journal Angle
173 Drill Bit
Roller Cone Bit Bearing
174 Drill Bit
175 Drill Bit
176 Drill Bit
177 Drill Bit
178 Drill Bit
179 Drill Bit
180 Drill Bit
181 Drill Bit
182 Drill Bit
183 Roller Cone Bits IADC Classification
System
Roller-cone bits are generally classified as either

tungsten carbide insert (TCI) bits or milled-tooth bits.
To assist in comparison of similar products from

various manufacturers, the International Association of
Drilling Contractors (IADC) has established a unified
bit classification system for the naming of drill bits.
System
System
Sequence
 Numeric Characters:
 1st: Series
 2nd: Type
 3rd: Bearing & Gage
 Alphabetic Character
 4th: Features Available
System
Series
 First Character
 General Formation Characteristics
 Compressive Strength
 Abrasivity
 Eight (8) Series

 Series 1, 2 and 3: Milled Tooth Bit
 Series 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8: Insert Bit
System
Type
 Second Character
 Degree of Hardness
 Each Series divided into 4 Types
 Type 1: Softest Formation in a Series
Increasing Rock Hardness
 Type 4: Hardest Formation in a Series

System
Bearing & Gage
 Third Character
 Bearing Design and Gage Protection
 Seven (7) Categories
 1: Non-Sealed (Open) Roller Bearing
 2: Roller Bearing Air Cooled
 3: Non-Sealed (Open) Roller Bearing Gage Protected
 4: Sealed Roller Bearing
 5: Sealed Roller Bearing Gage Protected
 6: Sealed Friction Bearing
 7: Sealed Friction Bearing Gage Protected
System
Features Available
Forth Character
Features available (Optional)
Sixteen (16) Alphabetic Characters
Most significant feature listed

System
IADC Features available
 A: Air Application
 B: Special Bearing
 C: Center Jet
 D: Deviation Control
 E: Extended Nozzles
 G: Gage/Body Protection
 H: Horizontal Application
 J: Jet Deflection
 Y: Conical Tooth Insert
System
135M
Soft formation
milled tooth bit;
roller bearings with
gauge protection;
motor application
System
447X
Soft formation
insert bit; friction
bearings with
gauge protection;
chisel inserts
System
637Y
Medium-hard insert
bit; friction bearings
with gauge
protection; conical
inserts
194
Dull Grading System
Bit Record
An excellent source of offset drilling information is the

bit record.
It contains data relative to the actual on-bottom drilling

operation.
195
Dull Grading System
Bit Record
196
Dull Grading System
Bit Record
 The heading of the bit record provides information such as:

 The operator.
 The Contractor.
 The rig number.
 The well location.
 Drillstring characteristics.
 Pump data.
197
Dull Grading System
Bit Record
 The main body of the bit record provides the:
 Number and type of bits.
 Jet sizes.
 Footage and drill rates per bit.
 Bit weight and rotary operating conditions.
 Hole deviation.
 Pump data.
 Mud properties.
 Dull-bit grading.
 Comments.
198 Simple Dull Grading System
Simple Dull Grading

T (Tooth) B (Bearing) G (Gage)
0-8 0-8 x/16 inch

199 IADC Roller Bit Dull Grading System
IADC Dull Grading System

B
T (Tooth) G (Gage) REMARKS
(Bearing)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Inner Outer Dull Char. Location Brng Seal Other Reason

Gage (G)
Rows (I) Rows (O) (D) (L) (B) Dull (O) Pulled (R)
Tooth Wear
Bearing Wear
bearing wear in the field is difficult since the bit would need to be
disassembled for inspection. Often the bearing wear is reported
based on the total bit running hours. Thus, a bit expected to have a
rotation time of 40 hours but rotated at bottom for 10 hours, would
bearing wear is reported as B-2, i.e.
Gage Wear
Used to report the undergage
condition of the cutting
elements that touch the wall of
the hole
Reason Pulled
BHA: Change Bottomhole Assembly HR: Hours on Bit
CM: Condition Mud LIH: Left in Hole
CP: Core Point LOG: Run Logs
DMF: Downhole Motor Failure PP: Pump Pressure
DP: Drill Plug PR: penetration Rate
DSF: Drill string Failure RIG: Rig Repair
DST: Drill Stem Test TD: Total Depth/Casing Depth
DTF: Downhole Tool Failure TQ: Torque
FM: Formation Change Tw: Twist Off
HP: Hole Problem WC: Weather Conditions
WO: Washout in Drill String
Dull Characteristics
BC: Broken Cone LT: Lost Teeth/Cutters
BT: Broken Teeth/Cutter NO: No Dull Characteristic
BU: Balled Up PN: Plugged Nozzle
CC: Cracked Cone SD: Shirttail Damage
CD: Cone Dragged WO: Washed Out Bit
ER: Erosion …
LC: Lost Cone …
LN: Lost Nozzle
Lost Cone Cracked Cone

Balled-up Bit Washed-out Bit

Drilling Contract Types and Their Effects

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Drilling Contract Types and Their Effects

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1 Drilling Contracts

Contract type Effect on Operator Effect on contractor

•Full risk •No risk

•Less risk •More risk

Most of power system is

Steam power at older rigs

2. The direct drive (compound: gear, chains, belts, clutches,…)

 P [hp] shaft power developed by engine

 The hoisting system is a

The derrick is a steel framework of lattice construction whose function is

 Triple: has the capacity of pulling 90’ stands of pipe

 Double: has the capacity of pulling 60’ stands of pipe

Block and Tackle

Block and Tackle

The elevators are used for

 This allows new lengths of line to be fed into

 The worn parts are regularly cut and removed

The drilling line is

When no friction is assumed in the travelling and the crown

The output power or Hook power, Ph is equal to the traveling

The load applied to the derrick, FD:

 Maximum Equivalent derrick load

Sketch of slips for drill pipe(a), drill collar(b) and casing(c)

Lifting pipe at the rig floor

Sketch of a drill pipe spinner

Storage of doubles inside the derrick

 The principal purposes of circulating fluid

Whilst drilling rotation is applied to

Is a square or hexagonal shaped

Kelly saver sub

Silt size: 0.002 – 0.063 mm

Positive Displacement Mud Pumps

Advantage of using PDM pumps:

Positive Displacement Mud Pumps

Mechanical Efficiency Em: related to the operation of the

Volumetric Efficiency Ev: depends on the type of pump being

Overall Efficiency: Em×Ev

Flow rate and discharge pressure:

 In triplex pumps the piston discharges in only one direction and so

 The discharge volume for one pump revolution is:

a. The volumetric output at 100% efficiency

b. The horsepower output of the pump when operating under the

b. The horsepower output:

Advantage of triplex pumps

A solid metal pipe attached

 A large-diameter (3 to 5 in. inside

All the drillstring rotates

Top drive or power swivel

The drillstring do not rotate

Rotary table : clockwise & anticlockwise

Rotary system transmits the rotary motion or

Detect the kick by

Close the well at the surface with pipe in or out

Circulate the well under pressure

Move the drillstring under pressure (strip in or out)

BOP stack is a series of “rams” that can be hydraulically

Ram preventers: two opposing elements that close the

A sealing element with a half-circle hole on the edge (to

They are closed when no pipe in the

They are closed when all pipe rams and annular

They may drop the drill string in the hole

A set of pipe, or hang off rams must be placed below

The sealing element resembles a large rubber