Transport of momentum,

energy and mass

Instructor: Dr. Tamaghna Chakraborti
Ph : (0)9892770980
Momentum transport
(Fluid mechanics)
Outline
• Newton’s law of viscosity
• Generalized Newton’s law of viscosity
• Pressure and temperature dependence of viscosity
• Convective momentum transport
• Combined momentum transport
• Shell momentum balances
• Navier-Stokes equation
• Velocity distributions in laminar flow
Newton’s law of viscosity
• Concept of viscosity related to fluid’s
resistance to deformation
• Two types of resistance:
• Elastic resistance – a function of the
amount of deformation
• Viscous resistance – a function of the rate
of deformation
• Rate of deformation of fluid between
parallel slits (1-D case)
• Stress
• Rate of strain or strain rate
• In certain cases, a linear relationship
between the two
• Constant of proportionality is the viscosity
Generalized Newton’s law of viscosity
• Formula in previous slide was for a
simple one-dimensional flow of fluid
through a channel of constant cross-
section
• Velocity only a function of the spatial y-
axis in the above case
• More general case of fluid flow  all
three velocity components present and
the components are a function of all
three coordinates and time.
Generalized Newton’s law of viscosity
• A relationship between the stress
tensor and the strain-rate tensor
• 1,2,3 in the above equation
represents the x-, y- and z-axis
respectively
• The first index gives the direction
of the normal to the area over
which the stress is measured
• The second index gives the
direction of the resulting stress
component (direction of the
applied force in 1-D)
Pressure & temperature dependence of
viscosity
• Reduced viscosity given as a function of
reduced temperature and reduced
pressure
• Reduced viscosity = Actual viscosity at a
particular temperature and pressure
divided by the viscosity at the critical point
• Viscosity at the critical point determined
using empirical correlations

• Viscosity  micropoise, pressure  atm,

temperature  K and volume  cc/g-mole
Molecular momentum transport
• Viscosity a result of both:
• i) molecular collisions, and
• ii) attractive interactions between them
• Reason: Force is exerted by both molecular
mechanisms and this helps in transmission
of momentum
• The total molecular momentum
transported is given by:
• Remember the following statement:
• The first index is the direction of the normal to
the plane on which the stress is measured
• The second index gives the component of the
momentum vector which is transferred
Convective momentum transport
• In addition to molecular
momentum transport, we have
another component of momentum
transport called bulk or convective
momentum transport
• Transport of momentum due to
the volumetric flow rate of the
fluid through a 3-D region fixed in
space
• Total momentum flux is the sum of
the bulk flux + molecular flux
Introduction to shell balances
• Conditions under which shell momentum
balance can be applied
• Flow is steady  pressure, density and
velocity components do not change with time
• Flow is laminar  definition of laminar flow
• Orderly flow of fluids which is observed at low
velocity
• Direction of fluid velocity uni-dimensional
Equation for shell balances
 Procedure for setting up & solving viscous
flow problems
1. Identify the non-vanishing velocity component and the
spatial variable on which it depends
2. Write a momentum balance over a thin shell
perpendicular to the relevant spatial variable
3. Let the thickness of the shell approach zero and make
use of the definition of the first derivative to obtain the
corresponding differential equation for momentum flux
4. Integrate the above equation to get the momentum-
flux distribution
5. Insert Newton’s law of viscosity and obtain a
differential equation for velocity
6. Integrate the above equation to get the velocity profile
7. Use the velocity distribution to get other quantities,
viz., maximum velocity, average velocity, or force on
solid surfaces
Boundary conditions
• Solving differential equations generate a constant of
integration
• Boundary conditions or BCs aids in solving for these
unknown constants
• Three types of BCs:
• At fluid-solid interface, the fluid velocity is equal to the
velocity with which the solid surface is moving  applies
to both the tangential and normal component of velocity
• At the liquid-liquid interfacial plane of constant x, the
tangential velocity components as well as the molecular
stress components acting on the interface are continuous
through the interface
• At the liquid-gas interfacial plane of constant x, the stress
components acting on the interface are equal to zero
Flow of a falling film
• Flow of a liquid film falling down an inclined
plane of length L and width W
• Application of such falling films
• Wetted-wall towers
• Evaporation and gas absorption experiments
• Applications of coatings
• Postulates:
• The length of the film is far greater than the
thickness so that end effects can be neglected
• Viscosity and density of the fluid is assumed to be
constant
• There is only a single velocity component and that
is downhill
• The velocity downhill is a function of only the
distance from the wall
• Pressure is a function only of the x-coordinate
Flow of falling film – shell balance
Flow of falling film – shell balance
• On dividing the equation by
LWΔx and taking the limit Δx 
0 we get:
• Putting the values of the
combined momentum flux, we
get the relation:

• In accordance with the

postulates
Solution of the differential equation
• Differential equation for the
momentum flux reduces to:
• The differential equation is integrated
to give:
• Constant of integration determined
using BCs
• At the gas-liquid interface, value of the
stress component = 0
• We fix the coordinate system in order
to simplify the problem
Solution of the differential equation
• BC1:
• This gives:
• According to Newton’s law of
viscosity,

• Integrating the above expression,

we get,
Obtaining the velocity profile
• We now use the no-slip BC at solid-
liqud interface
• BC2:
• Putting this value, we obtain the
final velocity profile

• Also calculate the total volumetric

flow rate of liquid
Flow through a cylindrical tube
• Flow of fluids through circular tubes
encountered frequently in physics,
chemistry, biology and engineering
• We perform a momentum balance
similar to the previous case except
that, in this case, coordinate system is
cylindrical
• Problem: To find the velocity profile
and net volumetric flow rate for a
steady state, laminar flow of a fluid
with constant density and viscosity
Flow through a cylindrical tube
• Postulates:
• Tube length is very large w.r.t. the tube radius
so that end effects may be neglected
• There exists a velocity only in one direction,
i.e., it is 1-D flow
• The velocity is only a function of the radius
the pressure is only a function of the z-
coordinate