Drill String

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DRILLING PRACTICES
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Basic Drill String Standards
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https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
BASIC DRILL STRING STANDARDS

OBJECTIVES
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Understand the basic principles of engineering mechanics that are involved in Drill
String Standards and Drilling Tubular Failures.
Identify the various types and grades of drillpipe used on Transocean rigs, and
know how to determine the operating limits for each.
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Demonstrate a knowledge of the following :
drillpipe Ranges,Grades and Terminology.

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API and Numbered Connections.
Tool Joint Upsets.
Pipe Identification.
Drilling Tubular Function.
Fatigue Failures.
Tension and Torsion Failures.
Basic Principles
drillpipe RANGES
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drillpipe comes in three ranges or lengths:
Range API length (ft)
1 l.c 18 -22
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2 27 - 32
3 38 - 45
GRADES
The grade of a pipe is commonly given by its minimum yield strength expressed
in units of 1,000 pounds per square inch.
Grade D-55 has a minimum yield strength of 55,000 lb..../in2
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Grade E-75 has a minimum yield strength of 75,000 lb..../in2
Grade X-95 has a minimum yield strength of 95,000 lb..../in2
Grade G-105 has a minimum yield strength of 105,000 lb..../in2
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Grade S-135 has a minimum yield strength of 135,000 lb..../in2
Tensile strength of new pipe is the minimum yield strength x cross sectional area of pipe body
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5” OD S-135 19.5 lbs..../ft has a cross section area of 5.2746
in2.
135,000 x 5.2746 = 712071 lbs..
5.2746 in2
drillpipe TERMINOLOGY
Example
5” OD E grade IEU NC50 drillpipe
Nominal Size
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5”OD
l.c Nominal Weight

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Nominal Weight 19.5 lb..../ft
Approximate Weight.
PIN Approximate Weight 20.89 BOX

lb..../ft
API AND THE NUMBERED CONNECTION (NC)

Some Examples of NC interchange
NC 26 - 23/8 IF or 27/8 SH
NC 31 - 27/8 IF or 31/2 SH
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NC 38 - 31/2 IF, 31/2 WO or 41/2 SH
NC 40 - 4 FH
NC 46 - 4 IF, 41/2 XH or 4 WO
NC50
l.c 41/2 IF
5 XH
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41/2 WO
Flat
Crest Designated as V-0.038R
.065” and mates with the V-0.065
V Thread Form .038” thread form.
Round
Root
TOOL JOINTS AND UPSETS
THE PIPE BODY IS OF SEAMLESS CONSTRUCTION
EXTERNAL UPSET ( EU )
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INTERNAL UPSET
( IU )
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INTERNAL-EXTERNAL UPSET
( IEU )
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Pins usually have 350 tapered shoulders Boxes usually have 180 tapered shoulders
PIN BOX
IDENTIFICATION
TONG AREA HARDFACING
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TONG AREA
l.c 1. TOOL JOINT MANUFACTURERS SYMBOL.
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2. MONTH WELDED.
G 6 95 B E 3. YEAR WELDED.
SAMPLE MARKINGS
AT BASE OF PIN. 4. PIPE MANUFACTURERS SYMBOL.
5. drillpipe GRADE.
IDENTIFICATION
STANDARD WEIGHT
STANDARD WEIGHT STANDARD WEIGHT HEAVY WEIGHT GRADE E75 drillpipe
GRADE X95 drillpipe GRADE S135 drillpipe GRADE E75 drillpipe
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SLOT
NO MARKINGS
ONE GROOVE THREE GROOVES
l.c SLOT
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GROOVE
ONE WIDE SLOT GROOVE

TWO GROOVES GROOVE
STANDARD WEIGHT HEAVY WEIGHT HEAVY WEIGHT HIGH STANDARD WEIGHT HIGH
GRADE G105 drillpipe GRADE G105 drillpipe STRENGTH drillpipe STRENGTH drillpipe
DRILLING TUBULAR CLASSIFICATION AND CONDITION
Tool Joint Condition Bands
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Classification bands for drillpipe and tool joints
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Stencil marking for permanent classification.
One punch mark = Premium Class
Two punch marks = Class 2
Three punch marks = Class 3
* Colour bands on the pipe are for presentation purposes only and do not represent a class or condition.
DRILLING TUBULAR FUNCTIONS
The Drill String
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(1) Transmits rotary torque to the bit.
(2) Provides a conduit for circulating fluid to reach the bit.
The BHA
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(1) Prevents buckling the drillpipe by keeping it in tension.
(2) Allows weight to be applied to the bit.
(3) Help stability of the bit.

(4) Minimise directional control problems.
DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE FAILURES

drillpipe Drill Collars
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Near Slip Damage,
Mashes or Dents
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Near Internal Upsets
Near Last Engaged

Thread Roots
DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE FAILURES

HOW FATIGUE HAPPENS
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Compression
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Tension
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Pipe Buckles Due Collars Buckle
To Excessive When Weight Is
Pipe Bends Due
Weight Being Applied To Bit
To Hole Shape
Applied
DRILLING TUBULAR TYPES OF FATIGUE FAILURES

SLIP CUTS, MASHES AND DENTS CAN LEAD TO PREMATURE FAILURE
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Notch in pipe focuses Fatigue crack starts at Crack propagates through
and accelerates fatigue bottom of notch pipe until failure occurs
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INTERNAL UPSETS CAN LEAD TO PREMATURE FAILURE
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100
80
% 60
l.c Box End
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40
Pin End
20
0
0 8 16 24 32 40 48
Distance From Box and Pin Ends (Inches)

BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY CONNECTION FAILURE
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SOLUTION
Stress Relief
Groove on Pin
Bare back on
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Box
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PROBLEM
Stress Concentrator Areas Cold Rolling Thread Roots

BOTTOM HOLE ASSEMBLY STIFFNESS RATIO
5” OD x 3” ID 8” OD x 3” ID
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Abrupt changes in OD Selecting the correct
combination of pipe sizes
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and ID of collars.
reduce stress levels.
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9” OD x 3” ID
9” OD x 3” ID
For routine drilling or very low failure rate experience, keep (SR) below 5.5
For severe drilling or significant failure rate experience, keep (SR) below 3.5
DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE BHA Design

Drilling Mud
Corrosion
Rate
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Stress Relief
Features
Toughness
Of The
Material Bending
Strength
Ratio
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Weight On Bit Sharp
Transitions
Cold Rolling Vibration

Thread Roots
TENSION FAILURE TORSION FAILURE
DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE
Simultaneous Tension
Reduces Torsional Yield DRILLER STARTS
Strength in Pin Weak ROTATING PIPE.
Connections
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DRILLER STARTS
PULLING ON PIPE.
EXCESSIVE TORQUE
CAUSES PIN TO BE
PIPE IS LITERALLY
TORN APART WHEN
PULL EXCEEDS
LOAD CAPACITY.
l.c SCREWED INTO BOX
UNTIL IT FAILS IN
TENSION.
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Simultaneous Torsion
Reduces The drillpipe Tube
Tensile Capacity
TENSION FAILURE TORSION FAILURE

CONNECTION WASHOUTS
Leak at Seal Area
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Helical Pathways in
Thread Root.
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COLLAPSE AND BURST PRESSURE
EXTERNAL PRESSURE INTERNAL PRESSURE
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EXTERNAL LOAD EXCEEDS INTERNAL LOAD EXCEEDS
TUBE YIELD STRENGTH AND TUBE YIELD STRENGTH AND
PIPE COLLAPSES PIPE SPLITS
MECHANICAL FAILURES
MUD
JARS MOTORS
BITS
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HOLE IBOP’s
OPENERS
SAFETY
l.c VALVES
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OTHERS
MWD
TOOLS
SHOCK UNDER
REAMERS
SUBS

EXCESSIVE SPLIT/BELLED BOX PIN STRETCH
TORQUE EXCESSIVE
TORQUE
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EXCESSIVE
TORQUE
l.c Belled
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Split
Thread Profile Gauge Box
Box
Stretched Threads
DRILLING TUBULAR CORROSION
ACIDS: Corrode metal by lowering the pH and dissolving protective films.
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DISOLVED SALTS: Chlorides, Carbonates and Sulphates increase electrical conductivity of the drilling fluids. This
increases electrochemical reactions and may result in higher corrosion rates.
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HYDROGEN SULPHIDE: Is weaker and less corrosive than Carbonic Acid when dissolved in water. However a more
significant problem is the effect known as Hydrogen Embrittlement or Sulphide Stress Cracking.
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OXYGEN: Causes rusting and pitting leading to washouts, twistoff’s and fatigue failure.
CARBON DIOXIDE: When dissolved in water forms a weak solution of Carbonic Acid that corrodes steel in the same
manner as other acids. When present with Oxygen corrosion rate is higher than the individual corrosion rates.
DRILLING COMPONENT FAILURES

WELDING
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Hole Openers Underreamers Welded Blade
Stabilisers
Rebuilt Tool
Joints
SOME OF THE BAD PRACTICES THAT PEOPLE GET UP TO
Using Wrong Thread Protectors

Using Rotary To Make-up or
Breakout
Not Spacing Pipe On Deck
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Correctly
Using One Tong Instead Of

Two For Make-up or Breakout
Picking Pipe Up By Hooking
Ends
Removing Thread Protectors

Early
l.c Setting Slips Before Pipe
Movement Stops
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No Visual Inspection And Correct Riding Slips On Pipe
Doping Before Making-up
Incorrect Stabbing (Hitting Jacking Pipe With Tools Not

Shoulder or Rolling Pin Into Box) Designed For Job ie.(Stilson)
DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE PREVENTION

BALANCING AREAS THAT ARE WITHIN OUR CONTROL
Very
Low
Environment Design
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GOOD Handling FAILURE Inspecting GOOD
SCALE
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High
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Design FAILURE
Inspecting SCALE
BAD
Environment
Handling

Drill String

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https://oil-com.blogspot.

BASIC DRILL STRING STANDARDS

drillpipe Ranges,Grades and Terminology.

Range API length (ft)

Grade D-55 has a minimum yield strength of 55,000 lb..../in2

Grade X-95 has a minimum yield strength of 95,000 lb..../in2

Grade G-105 has a minimum yield strength of 105,000 lb..../in2

l.c Nominal Weight

PIN Approximate Weight 20.89 BOX

API AND THE NUMBERED CONNECTION (NC)

TOOL JOINTS AND UPSETS

THE PIPE BODY IS OF SEAMLESS CONSTRUCTION

TONG AREA HARDFACING

ONE GROOVE THREE GROOVES

ONE WIDE SLOT GROOVE

DRILLING TUBULAR CLASSIFICATION AND CONDITION

Tool Joint Condition Bands

DRILLING TUBULAR FUNCTIONS

The Drill String

(2) Provides a conduit for circulating fluid to reach the bit.

(2) Allows weight to be applied to the bit.

(3) Help stability of the bit.

DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE FAILURES

Near Last Engaged

DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE FAILURES

DRILLING TUBULAR TYPES OF FATIGUE FAILURES

DRILLING TUBULAR TYPES OF FATIGUE FAILURES

DRILLING TUBULAR TYPES OF FATIGUE FAILURES

Stress Concentrator Areas Cold Rolling Thread Roots

DRILLING TUBULAR TYPES OF FATIGUE FAILURES

DRILLING TUBULAR FATIGUE BHA Design

Cold Rolling Vibration

TENSION FAILURE TORSION FAILURE

DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE

TENSION FAILURE TORSION FAILURE

DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE

Leak at Seal Area

DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE

EXTERNAL PRESSURE INTERNAL PRESSURE

DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE

DRILLING TUBULAR CORROSION

ACIDS: Corrode metal by lowering the pH and dissolving protective films.

DRILLING COMPONENT FAILURES

SOME OF THE BAD PRACTICES THAT PEOPLE GET UP TO

Using Wrong Thread Protectors

Not Spacing Pipe On Deck

Using One Tong Instead Of

Removing Thread Protectors

Incorrect Stabbing (Hitting Jacking Pipe With Tools Not

DRILLING TUBULAR FAILURE PREVENTION

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