Theory Slides 2

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KICK WARNING SIGNS
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WHAT IS A KICK WARNING

SIGN?
A WARNING SIGN TELLS YOU:-
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THE WELL MAY BE GOING
“UNDERBALANCED”
l.c OR
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YOUR SAFETY MARGIN IS GETTING LESS.
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
Drilling normally
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg
pressured shale
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Overbalance
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
As the formation
pressure gets closer to
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Pressure
and
the mud weight, we
Porosity will observe changes
Increasing
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ROP
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Hole condition
Gas levels
Cuttings properties
Mud properties
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Increased drilling rate

9850’
9.00
Increasing
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Pressure Drill Rate
9.15
(ROP)
and
Porosity 9855’
9.30
Increasing
l.c
9860’
GEOLOGRAPH CHART
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Increased drill string
torque and drag
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Pressure
and
Porosity
Increasing
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BIT
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Cuttings size & shape
Drilled cuttings
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Pressure
and
Porosity
Increasing
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Cavings
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Flowline temperature
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Pressure
Normal
and
Pressure
Porosity
Abnormal
Increasing
Pressure
l.c
Formation Pressure 10.0ppg Temperature Increase
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Shale density
Normal Trend Line
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg Shale

9500’
Sand
9600’ Normal
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Shale
Pressure
9700’ Pressure
and Sand
9800’ Shale
Porosity
9900’
Increasing Increasing
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10000’
10100’
10200’
Sand
Formation Fluid
Pressure
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Increasing Shale Density
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Background & connection
gas
5% 10%15%
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg Hours BACKGROUND GAS
1.00
2.00
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Pressure 3.00
4.00
and 5.00
Porosity 6.00
Hours
CONNECTION GAS
Increasing
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2.00
3.00
4.00
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5.00
6.00
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Pressure Losses
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Where does Pump Pressure
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come from??
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Total Pump Pressure
= Surface Line friction
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PSI PSI
= Drillstring friction Total Pump Pressure

PSI
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= Bit (jet nozzle) friction
PSI
= Annulus friction
PSI
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What Affects Pressure Loss
PSI PSI
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30 SPM 50 SPM
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PSI PSI
30 SPM 30 SPM
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10 ppg 15 ppg
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PSI PSI
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Low Vis. High Vis.
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PSI PSI
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50 SPM 50 SPM
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Large nozzle Smell nozzle
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PSI PSI
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l.c Hole size
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Annulus Pressure Loss

PSI
30 SPM
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• Annulus pressure loss
can be quite small.
l.c • 50 -300 psi

• This pressure acts on
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hole wall and bottom
• Increases with depth,
pump speed, hole size
and pipe size.
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Effect on Bottom Hole

Pressure
PSI
90 SPM
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• If Annulus friction = 150 psi.
• Mud Weight = 11 ppg
l.c •
•
TVD = 8700 ft
What is the pressure on the
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bottom of the hole?
= (11 x .052 x 8700) + 150
= 5126 psi
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Bottom Hole Pressure
Static Dynamic
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Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control
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l.c Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi
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11 ppg
mud
BHP=
7114 psi
12000’
Formation Pressure = 7000 psi
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Connection Gas
PSI Circulation Stopped
Formation Not Under Control
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l.c Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 0 psi
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11 ppg
mud
BHP=
6864 psi
12000’
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Connection Gas
3000 psi
PSI Mud Circulating
Formation Under Control
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l.c Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi
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BHP=
7114 psi

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3000 psi
Connection Gas
PSI
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Annulus
Pressure Loss
= 250 psi Action to take
l.c •Increase mud weight.
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BHP= •Control drilling.
7114 psi
Formation Pressure = 7000 psi •Minimize the connection time.
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Background & connection
gas
5% 10%15%
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg Hours BACKGROUND GAS
1.00
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2.00
Pressure 3.00
4.00
and 5.00
Porosity 6.00
Increasing
l.c Hours
1.00
2.00
3.00
CONNECTION GAS
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4.00
5.00
6.00
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg Warning signs
Tell you overbalance

Major warning signs are:
• Increasing ROP
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Pressure
• Increasing torque/drag
and • Increased quantity/size of cuttings
Porosity • Increased background gas
•
Increasing
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•
Connection gas
Increasing temperature
Decreasing shale density
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What if we ignore them?
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What is happening?
• The formation pressure
is increasing and may
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Pressure lead to Underbalance
and
Porosity
Increasing
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What will happen?
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg • Underbalance
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Pressure
and • Permeable formation
Porosity
Increasing
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Kick
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What happens?
• Underbalance
Formation Pressure 9.0ppg • Stuck
• As shale has very low
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Pressure
and
permeability, the well
Porosity cannot flow so the hole
Increasing
l.c will collapse and we

will get stuck.
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg Warning signs
Tell you overbalance

Major warning signs are:
• Increasing ROP
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Pressure
• Increasing torque/drag
and • Increased quantity/size of cuttings
Porosity • Increased background gas
•
Increasing
l.c •
•
Connection gas
Increasing chlorides
Increasing temperature
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• Decreasing shale density
What should we do?
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Warning Signs
Mud Weight 10.0 ppg
What should we do?

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Pressure Flow Check
and
Porosity
Circulate Bottoms Up
Increasing
l.c Raise Mud Weight

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KICK INDICATORS
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Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
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Console
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PADDLE
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Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
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Console
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PADDLE
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Kick Indicators
GAUGE
on
Driller’s
Console
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Kick Indicators
GAUGE
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on
Driller’s
Console
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Trip Tank
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Trip Tank Level
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PUMP
TRIP TANK Stands Pulled
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Kick Indicators
What are the indicators that

the well is flowing?
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• Increase in Flow Rate
• Increase in Pit Level
l.c • Drop in pump pressure with
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an increase in spm
What Action Should Be
Taken?
Check to see if well is
flowing with the pump off. 39
KICK DETECTION IN OIL BASE MUD
•OIL AND GAS ARE HYDROCARBONS.

•GAS IS SOLUBLE IN OIL BASE MUD.
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•GAS IS NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER BASE MUD.
•GAS IN SOLUTION DOES NOT EXPAND UNTIL NEAR
SURFACE.
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DRILLER WILL SEE PIT GAIN IN WBM EASIER
THAN OBM WITH THE SAME KICK SIZE.
40
KICK DETECTION IN OIL BASE MUD
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Top hole drilling
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Flowline
The diverter system includes: Bell Nipple
• Diverter - a low pressure annular preventer used to

seal the wellbore from the flowline.
Diverter
• Vent lines - large diameter piping used to flow the
fluids downwind of the rig (port and starboard). Vent line Valves
• Vent line valves - full opening valves used to select
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and isolate the desired vent line.
• Hydraulic control system - functions the diverter and

automatically opens the selected vent line valve. Vent lines Drive Pipe or
Conductor casing
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Large diameter drive or conductor pipe is usually installed below the mud line for spudding in an
offshore location and a casing string is set and cemented at shallow depth for land locations. This pipe
provides a seal capable of supporting the hydrostatic of the mud column from the base of the casing to
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the flow nipple outlet. The diverter system is installed on the drive or conductor casing.
The working pressure of the diverter and vent lines is not of prime importance, rather they are sized to
permit high flow rate diversion of wellbore fluids while minimizing wellbore back pressure.
43
Top hole drilling
Problems
• Shallow gas
– Can cause loss of rig due to explosion or capsizing.
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• Weak Formation
• Losing the hole
location l.c
– Might require re-spudding in a slightly different
• Charged Formations
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• Is it series problem???
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SHALLOW GAS INCEDENT
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SHALLOW GAS INCEDENT
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Shallow Gas
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What will happen as
the formation is
l.c penetrated?
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Shallow Gas
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Shallow gas
Top hole kick prevention
• Drill pilot hole
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• Be careful when hole opening
• Control drilling
• l.c
Keep hole clean
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• Keep mud weights low to prevent losses
• Pump out of hole
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Shut in procedures
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Hard shut in while drilling
Lined up with remote choke

closed
Pick up
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Shut down pumps
Check flow - if flowing;
1-Close BOP
l.c 2-Open HCR (hydraulic stack
valve)
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3. Record pressure
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Soft shut in while drilling

open
Pick up
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Shut down pumps
Check flow - if flowing;
1. Open HCR
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2. Close BOP*
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3. Close remote choke
4. Record pressure
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Kicks while tripping

What is different?
– String is open
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• Valves and crossover required
• Safety valves
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– Full opening safety valve
– Non return valve
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Full opening safety valve
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TIW
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Kelly cock
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Non return valve
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Gray valve
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Hard shut in while tripping
Lined up with remote

choke closed
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1. Install FOSV
2. Close FOSV
3. Close BOP*
3. Open HCR l.c
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6. Record pressure
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Soft shut in while tripping

open
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1. Install FOSV
2. Close FOSV
3. Open HCR
4. Close BOP* l.c
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5. Close remote choke
6. Record pressure
* API soft shut in states BOP
(either Ram or Annular )
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Diverting
Should only be considered on top hole where formation is
weak.
1. Stop drilling (keep pumping)
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2. Activate Diverter With One Button- this will:
- Open vent line
- Close flowline/shaker valve
- Close diverter
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3. Increase pump speed to maximum
4. Pump mud
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5. If well is still flowing after mud is pumped, line up and
pump water.
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SHUT IN PRACTICES
THINGS THAT DELAY SHUT IN.

• FLOW/PIT ALARMS NOT SET OR WORKING
• DRILL TOO FAR AFTER DRILLING BREAK
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• LACK OF ‘SHUT IN’ TRAINING
• LACK OF MAINTENANCE + TESTING
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• WAITING FOR INSTRUCTIONS
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• ACCUMULATOR UNIT NOT WORKING
• NOT MONITORING TRIPS
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Theory Slides 2

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https://oil-com.blogspot.

WHAT IS A KICK WARNING

A WARNING SIGN TELLS YOU:-

Increased drilling rate

Formation Pressure 9.0ppg

Formation Pressure 9.0ppg Shale

Total Pump Pressure

= Surface Line friction

= Drillstring friction Total Pump Pressure

What Affects Pressure Loss

What Affects Pressure Loss

What Affects Pressure Loss

Low Vis. High Vis.

What Affects Pressure Loss

Large nozzle Smell nozzle

What Affects Pressure Loss

Annulus Pressure Loss

l.c • 50 -300 psi

Effect on Bottom Hole

= (11 x .052 x 8700) + 150

Bottom Hole Pressure

Formation Pressure = 7000 psi

Formation Pressure 9.0ppg

What if we ignore them?

Formation Pressure 10.1ppg

Formation Pressure 9.0ppg • Underbalance

Formation Pressure 10.1ppg

l.c will collapse and we

Formation Pressure 10.1ppg

Formation Pressure 9.0ppg

What should we do?

What should we do?

l.c Raise Mud Weight

What are the indicators that

KICK DETECTION IN OIL BASE MUD

•OIL AND GAS ARE HYDROCARBONS.

KICK DETECTION IN OIL BASE MUD

• Diverter - a low pressure annular preventer used to

• Vent line valves - full opening valves used to select

• Hydraulic control system - functions the diverter and

Top hole drilling

SHALLOW GAS INCEDENT

Hard shut in while drilling

Lined up with remote choke

Soft shut in while drilling

Kicks while tripping

Full opening safety valve

Non return valve

Hard shut in while tripping

Lined up with remote

Soft shut in while tripping

THINGS THAT DELAY SHUT IN.

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