Completion I

https://oil-com.blogspot.
com/
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Introduction to well completion
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by
S.T.Soliman
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https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
About instructor
• Soliman S.T
• B.Sc. Degree in petroleum engineering with grade
excellent 1975
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Oil field experience (26)
• 2 years drilling instructor
• 3 years petroleum engineer
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• 1 year drilling engineer
• 12 years senior drilling engineer
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• 3 years drilling supervisor
• 3 years drilling superintendent
• 2 years senior production engineer
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Table of contents
Part I : Recovery mechanisms, flow regimes, types of
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completion, completion phases and perforating
Part II : Stimulation & Artificial lifting
Part III : Down hole completion equipment
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Part IV : Landing nipples, Scssv’s and other down hole tools
Part V : Running completion (Case histories)
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Part VI : Formation damage
Part VII : Post completion problems
Part VIII : Tubular handling
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Introduction to well completion
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(Part.I)
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Recovery mechanisms, flow regimes, types of completion,
completion phases and perforating
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(Part.I) - Table of contents

1 Summery of contents of contents 6
2 Preface 7
3 Hydrocarbon Recovery Mechanisms 8
3.1 Dissolved gas driving force 9
3.2 Gas cap drive 11
3.3 Water drive 13
3.4 Artificial lift 16
3.5 Calculation of oil in place 15
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4 Flow regime of hydrocarbons 17
4.1 Bubble flow 18
4.2 Slug flow 19
4.3 Transition flow 20
4.4 Annular or mist flow 21
5 Types of completion
5.1 Open hole or bare foot completion
5.2 Cased hole completion
5.3 Cased hole packer-less completion
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23
24
25
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5.4 Single zone packer completion 26
5.5 Dual zone completion 27
5.6 Multiple zone completion 28
5.7 Single string selective multiple zone completion 29
5.8 Artificial lift completion 31
5.9 Electric submersible pump 32
6 Phases of completion 33
6.1 Establish objectives & design criteria 34
6.2 Construct a suitable well bore 35
6.3 Communication test procedure 36
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(Part.I) - Table of contents - continued

6.4 Communication test with DHPG 37
6.5 Remedial cementation 38
6.6 Balanced cement plug 39
6.7 cement squeeze with cement retainer 40
6.8 Halliburton EZ drill SV and baker K.1 Cement retainers 41
6.9 Cement retainer or balanced plug 45
6.10 Cement squeeze with retrievable packer 46
6.11 Why not using retrievable packer 47
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7 Perforating 48
7.1 different types of perforators 50
7.2 Shaped charges components 53
7.3 Principle of shaped charges 56
7.4 Factors affecting the shaped charge performance 57
7.5 Perforations density & direction 58
7.6 Partial penetration effect
7.7 Perforation methods
7.8 Overbalanced perforating
7.9 Under balanced perforating
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61
63
65
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7.10 Tubing conveyed perforators 67
7.11 Thru tubing gun performance 70
7.12 Casing gun performance 71
7.13 General safety procedures while perforating 72
7.14 Perforation depth adjustment 73
7.15 Perforating Damage Considerations 74
7.16 Perforating Damage Mechanisms 75
8 Production initiation 76
8.1 System pressure losses distribution 77
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Introduction
• Well completion phase starts once the well is drilled to
total depth and the well bore cleaned to PBTD
• Equipment, material and completion technique selection
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shall be made following a thorough investigation of the
available reservoir data and the predicted future
reservoir performance
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• The primary objective of any completion system design
is to provide safe, efficient and economical operating
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environment
• This manual is prepared to brief the planning and
execution of oil, gas and water injection wells
completion process
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Hydrocarbon Recovery
Mechanisms
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• Dissolved gas drive
• Gas cap drive
•
•
Water drivel.c
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Artificial lift
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Dissolved gas drive

• The oil trapped in an oil reservoir contains
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some dissolved gas in place
• Pressure drop and related draw down allow
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the gas to escape from oil forcing the fluid
to enter the well bore and move up surface
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• It is the least effective reservoir mechanism
as it is yielding only +/- 20% of oil in place
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Dissolved gas drive
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Cap rock
Reservoir
Bottom rock
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Gas cap drive

• The undissolved gas accumulate at the top
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of the reservoir forming a cap above the oil
• Pressure drop and related draw down allow
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the gas to expand forcing the fluid to enter
the well bore and move up surface
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• It is more effective than the dissolved gas
and may yield up to 50% of oil in place
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Gas cap drive reservoir
Gas cap
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Reservoir
Basement
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Water drive
• Water is always surrounding oil either inside the bore
space as connate water or lying under the oil zone
• The huge volume of water provide a store of energy
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which can aid in producing oil and gas
• The energy comes from either the water expansion due
to pressure reduction or by replacing the produced
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hydrocarbons by water injection
• Water expands 1/2500 at 100 psi
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• Water drive is the most efficient drive and may yield up
to 85% of oil in place
• 1000,000,000 bbl of water aquifer can displace around
1,200,000 of oil when pressure drops by 300 psi
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Water drive reservoir
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Reservoir
water
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Artificial lift
• After the reservoir energy depletes and oil & gas
production becomes no longer achievable at an
economical rate, introduction of artificial left may
become essential
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• Gas lift, electric submersible pump, rod pump and
hydraulic pumps are the most commonly used
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artificial lift methods currently available
• Gas lift is the only artificial lift method compatible
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with all reservoir drive mechanisms
• Selection of artificial lift method is complicated
process and undergoes an extensive engineering and
reservoir performance studies
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Calculation of oil in place

Example:
A newly discovered oil reservoir in the form of dome structure of 5
km radius and 100 ft net pay thickness.
Reservoir data:
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• Connate water saturation = 25%
• Average porosity = 20%
• Oil formation volume factor ( ) = 1.2 bbl/stb
• Recovery factor = 75%
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The reservoir pressure is supported by an active bottom water drive
1.Calculate the initial oil in place in reservoir barrels
2.Calculate the recoverable oil in stock tank barrels
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Solution:
1.Oil in place = Area x thickness x (1-sw) x porosity
= 3.14 x (5x1000x3.28)² x 100 x 0.75 x 0.2 x 1/5.62
= 2255,000,000 bbl
2.Recoverable oil = oil in place x recovery factor x 1/1.2
= 2255,000,000 x 0.75Ix 1/1.2 = 1409,375,000 stb 16
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Flow regime of hydrocarbons
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Bubble Flow
➢ Uniformly distributed gas
phase in a continuous liquid
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phase.
➢ Fewer and larger bubbles
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move faster than the liquid
phase due to slippage
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Slug Flow
➢ A series of slugs, comprising a
gas pocket, a plug of liquid
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(slug) and a film of liquid
around a gas bubble
➢ Taylor bubble is a gas pocket
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occupies almost the entire cross-
sectional area of the pipe.
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➢ The liquid slug, containing
smaller gas bubbles, bridges the
tubing thereby separating the
Taylor bubbles.
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Transition flow
➢ Gas bubbles and liquid slugs become
distorted
➢ Neither phase appears to be
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continuous and the liquid phase
appears to move both up and down
tubular.
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➢ Transition flow is considered a
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transition region between slug flow
and mist flow.
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Annular or mist flow
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➢ Continuous gas phase core
➢ Liquid flowing upwards as

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thin film on the tubing wall.
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Types of completion
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Types of completion
• Open hole or bare foot completion
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• Cased hole completion
• Cased hole packer-less completion
• Single zone completion
•
•
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Dual zone completion
Multiple zone completion
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• Single string selective multiple zone completion
• Artificial lift completion
• Electric submersible pump
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Open hole or bare foot completion

• No down hole flow control or isolation
• Feasible in strong formation like
carbonates in which caving or sloughing is
remote
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• Unsupported producing formation
• Casing or liners are set and cemented at
top of the producing zone
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• The least expensive completion
• All producing zones are commingled and
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not selectively produced
• Has adverse effect on oil recovery
• No more applicable except for few low
pressure formation
• Difficult to kill or kick off (noI kill string) 24
Cased hole completion

• Perforation tunnel can penetrate the invaded
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damaged zone around the well bore and reach the
undamaged formation
• Selective production or injection can be achieved
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to maintain the reservoir energy and maximize the
oil recovery
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• Zonal isolation can be achieved prior to complete
the well in any specific zone
• Support unconsolidated formation and avoid
solids production
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Cased hole packer-less completion
Key features
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• Circulation capability (well killing
or kicking off)
• Improves hydraulic performance
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• Limited casing protection
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• Faster running and pulling
• Less expensive
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Single zone packer completion

• Simple and relatively cheaper down
hole completion and surface well
installation
• One tubing string is involved
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• Isolation between the producing
zone and over or underlying
horizons is also required
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• Production packer is required to
protect the casing and allow the use
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of control devices to control the
production
• Easy to run and pull when compared
to dual completion
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Dual zone completion

• Designed to selectively produce from
more than one zone
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• Successful zonal isolation is required to
achieve an efficient dual completion
• Two tubing strings and two packers are
involved
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• More complicated and more expensive
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• More difficult to run and recover
• Higher failure rate
• Needs special safety precautions while
RIH
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Multiple zone completion

• Designed to selectively produce from more than
on producing formation
• Successful zonal isolation is required to achieve
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an efficient multiple completion
• Two tubing strings & four packers are involved
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• Complicated and much more expensive
• Very difficult to run and recover
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• Higher failure rate
• Needs special safety precautions while RIH
• Rarely used
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Single string multiple completion

• Several zones produced through one tubing string
• Flow controlled by wireline retrievable choke/One
tubing string is involved
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• Multiple single packers are involved
• Multiple sliding side door or ported nipples are
utilized
• High failure rate

• High operating cost
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• More complicated slick line operations
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• Zonal isolation is vital
• Sliding side doors prevent communication during
selective production
• Up to five zones can be produced
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Artificial lift completion

• Requires the placement of specialized down
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hole electrical or mechanical equipment
• The longevity and working life reliability is
limited
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• Gas lift, Rod pump, electric submersible
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pump, plunger pump and jet pump are the
commonly used artificial lift methods
• Higher operating cost
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Electric submersible pump

• Extremely high liquid Armored able
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production capability Cable guard
• High installation and

operating cost
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• Suitable for low to
medium gas oil ratio
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applications
• Electrical components Pump assembly
easily damaged Pump

Intake
Protector
Motor
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Phases of well completion

1. Establish the completion objectives
2. Design a suitable well bore
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3. Drill the well to the planned total depth (TD)
4. Clean well bore to PBTD
5. Install the down hole completion assembly
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Perforate (preferably under balance)
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7. Initiate production
8. Evaluate and monitor the production performance
9. React with post completion problems to maintain the
sustainable capacity
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Establish well objectives

• Reservoir data collection from logs, cores, near
by wells and tested wells
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• Knowledge of the anticipated rate, GOR, H2S,
CO2 is essential to determine the tubing size and
metallurgy as well as surface facilities
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Ensure the following objectives are achieved:-
1. Capable to satisfy production capacity
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2. Adequate monitoring and servicing
3. Flexibility for changing conditions
4. Cost effective installation and operation
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Construction of suitable well bore

• Drill the producing horizon minimizing formation
damage caused by mud invasion
• Acquire appropriate reservoir data to identify the
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completion design constrains
• Run and cement production casing or liner
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• Clean out well bore to PBTD
• Run cased hole logs as required
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• Ensure zonal isolation referring to logs or by
conducting communication tests
• Conduct remedial cementation to achieve isolation
as necessary
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Communication test procedure

1. RIH retrievable casing packer to suite the casing size and
weight. Test packer above perforations
2. Perforate the zones of interest with 4 spf 180 degree phasing
gun or advised by well program
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3. Set packer between the zones of interest & pump brine in each
side respectively not exceeding the fracture gradient
4. Ensure the well is full and static if volumetric communication
5.
test is required
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Observe returns from either side
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6. Acidisation and monitoring response with down hole pressure
gauges may be requested
7. Cure communication if any
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Communication test with DHPG

DP's
• In case of losses
Wireline
• Hang DHPG
• Wait 4 hours for pressure
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D.H.pressure gauge
stabilization
• Pump down annulus for two
Tubing
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• Wait 2 hours for pressure
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Treating packer
stabilization
Perforations
• POH to check for pressure
response if any
" LINER @ TD I 37
Remedial cementation
The primary objective of remedial cementing job is to
ensure zonal isolation between the zones to be
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produced as well as isolating the undesired fluids
from contribution with production.
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The most common procedures are:-
1. Balanced cement plug
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2. Cement squeeze with cement retainer
3. Cement squeeze with retrievable packer
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1.Balanced cement plug

• RIH the drill string tailed with +/- 600 ft of 2.7/8’ tubing
• Spot +/- 20 bbl balanced cement plug across perforations
that need to be squeezed pumping 10 bbl spacer ahead
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and 10 bbl spacer behind
• Displace cement to top of cement plug
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• Plug height = slurry volume,bbl/(pipe bbl/ft + ann. bbl/ft)
• Top of plug depth = string shoe, ft – plug height
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• POH 10 STDS and reverse out twice string capacity
• POH one more stand and hold squeeze pressure for 6 hrs
prior to POH for drilling cement & repeating the test
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2.Cement squeeze with cement retainer

• Run gauge ring/junk basket and set cement retainer between the two
sets of perforations
• RIH cement stinger & 600 ft of 2.7/8” tubing on drill pipes
• Sting into retainer and recheck for communication. If commn is
confirmed sting out & proceed to next step
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• Acidize to improve the injection/circulation rate if required
• Carry out circulation cement squeeze job through retainer with 15 bbl
cement slurry (or as required) noting to keep the stinger into retainer if
behind cement) l.c

injection rate is >2 BPM (pump 10 bbl spacer ahead and 10 bbl spacer
• Squeeze 10 bbl slurry below retainer or until a lock up press. Less than
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fracture gradient is achieved and spot the rest above retainer as
balanced plug
• POH one more stand and hold squeeze pressure for 1/2 hrs prior to
POH for (WOC), drilling retainer/cement & repeating the test
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Halliburton EZ drill SV Cement retainer

• Sliding valve cement retainer for remedial
cementing operations
• The valve may be opened or closed as desired
before and after cementing
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• Permits use in wider range of casing sizes with
more clearance with casing ID
• Can be run with electric wireline or work string
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• Can be converted to bridge plug if required
• Manufactured from readily drillable materials to
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minimize drill out time
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Halliburton EZ drill SV Cement retainer specs

Csg. PPF C.No Diff. Max Max
size Press, psi Fº OD
13.3/8” 48-76.6 802.358 5,000 250 11.68
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10.3/4” 32.75-65.7 802-357 7,500 300 9.00
9.5/8” 29.3-70 802.354 7,500 350 7.750
7” 20-38
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802.349 10,000 350 5.500
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6.5/8” 28-32 802.343 10,000 350 5.320
4.1/2” 9.5-13.5 802.339 10,000 350 3.66
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Baker K.1 Cement retainer

• Wireline set N.1 bridge plug Product No.401-20 and mechanical
set N.1 bridge plug Product No.401-22 can be converted to N.1
cement retainer by changing out the guide and replacing the
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bridging plug with the correct valve assembly
• N.1 bridge plug may be ordered with cement retainer guides
instead of bridge plug guides for easier conversion to cement
retainer
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• 90 Hd packing element can be used if bottom hole temperature
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is between 100 and 400 Fº
• Manufactured from readily drillable materials to minimize drill
out time
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Baker K.1 Cement retainer specs

with 90 Hd packing element
Csg. PPF size Diff. Max Max
size Press, psi Fº OD
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13.3/8” 48-72 9AA 6,000 400 12.000
10.3/4” 32.75-60.7 7AA 6,000 400 9.437
9.5/8” 29.3-53.5
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6AA 6,000 400 8.125
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7” 17-35 3BB 6,000 400 5.687
6.5/8” 17-34 3AA 6,000 400 5.410
4.1/2” 9.5-16.5 1AA 6,000 400 3.593

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Cement retainer or balanced plug

Cement retainer squeeze Balanced plug squeeze
• Cement is kept in dynamic • Cement is left in static
condition thorough out the condition for a while before
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squeeze operation squeezing
• Cement enters the channel • Cement dehydrate & flash
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before being dehydrated
• Selective acidizing can be
set across perforation
• Squeeze into the channel
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done before cementing not possible
• Efficient remedial job • Ineffective remedial job
• More expensive • Simple & less expensive
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3.Cement squeeze with retrievable packer

• RIH retrievable casing packer (i.e RTTS) on drill string or tubing
• Set packer between perforations and recheck for communication, if
communication is confirmed unseat packer & proceed to next step
• Acidize to improve the injection/circulation rate (if required)
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• Carry out circulation cement squeeze job through the packer with 15
bbl cement slurry (or as required) noting to keep the packer set if
injection rate is >2 BPM (pump 10 bbl spacer ahead and 10 bbl
spacer behind cement)
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• Squeeze 10 bbl slurry below packer or until a lock up pressure less
than the fracture gradient is achieved.
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• Unset packer and spot the rest of cement as balanced plug
• POH one more stand and hold squeeze pressure for 1/2 hr prior to
POH for waiting on cement/drilling out cement & repeating the test
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Why not using retrievable packer ?
Advantages Disadvantages
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• Cement is kept in dynamic • Excessive fishing may be
condition thorough out the encountered if the packer
squeeze operation
got stuck during cement
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• Cement enters the channel
before being dehydrated
operation
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• Efficient remedial job • Not popular operation
• Selective acidizing can be
done before cementing
• As cheep as balanced plug
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Perforating
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Casing
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Cement
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Perforating
• The objective of perforating is to establish connection between
the formation and well bore in cased off well
• Efficient Production can be achieved by selectively perforating
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the zones of interest
• Production can be maximized by optimizing the perforation
length, perforation densities, gun phasing and perforating under
balance
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• Leave enough space between the producing interval and
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neighbors (gas cap and OWC) to delay gas and water
production.
• Under balance perforating will minimize formation damage
resulting from completion fluid or gun debris
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Different types of perforators

• Perforations were originally done by bullets but
shaped charges are currently the most commonly
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used due to its deeper penetration
• Perforation depth and effectiveness depends
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largely on the perforation method and the type and
size of gun
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• Through tubing perforations for safety reasons
restrict any gun size beyond tubing string inside
diameter limitation
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2 1/8” Retrievable Phased

Enerjet System
Specifications
Gun OD 2.125 in.
Min. ID 2.25 in.
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Phasing ± 45°
Max. pressure 20,000 psi
Max. temperature(TCP) 330° F
Shot density
Debris
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6 spf
0.19 in./charge
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Penetration 23.0 in.*
Entrance hole 0.31 in.*
*Measured inside 5 1/2-in. casing API RP-43

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1.11/16” Pivot gun perforator • Specifications

Shot density 4 spf
Phasing 180°
• Description Max. gun length 15 ft
• The Pivot Gun perforator is a Max. number of shots 6
unique through-tubing gun with Min. restriction 1.79 in.
high-performance charges that Min. casing size 4 1/2 in.
Max. pressure 12 kpsi
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rotate from the closed running
Max. temperature 330° F
position to the open firing Max. deviation 45°
position. Debris(in 5 1/2-in. casing) 2.2 in./ft
• Only 1 11/16-in. in diameter when Penetration 26.73 in.
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closed, the gun is deployed and
fired to deliver API penetration of
Entrance hole 0.34 in
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almost 27 in
• Pivot Gun shot density is 4 shots
per foot with 180° phasing. Gun
length varies from 1 to 15 ft.
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Shaped charges components

• The main explosive charge
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• The cone shaped metal liner
• The primer charge
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The detonating cord
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• The external case
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Shaped charges
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Main Charge Upper Case
Prima cord
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Primer charge
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Perforation process
High pressure jet Crushed zone
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I Clean tunnel 55
Principle of shaped charges

• When the shaped charge is fired, a 20,000 ft/sec high
velocity jet of gas shoots out of the tip of inverted
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metal cone
• The estimated pressure generated from above jet is
5,000,000 psi
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• The melted cone residue which follows the jet may
block the end of perforation tunnel
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• The perforation tunnel depth depends on the width
and length of the jet
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Factors affecting the shaped

charge performance
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The type and angle of inverted cone
• The amount of explosive load
•
•
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The distance between the charge and target
The density of formation
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• The position of gun inside casing
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Perforations density & direction

• 4 to 6 shots per foot (SPF) are currently very
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common
• 4 SPF may give a productivity index similar to an
equivalent length of open hole
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• Higher shot density may reduce the pressure
losses across perforations and their vicinity
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• Multidirectional shots may increase the
productivity index by 20%
• 180 degree and 120 degree guns are currently
available in the market
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Partial penetration effect

• Distribution of perforations over the pay zone has
significant impact on the productivity index if the
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vertical permeability is much less than the horizontal
permeability
• High density perforations may help compensating the
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plugged and not contributing perforations
• Selective perforating of permeable streaks within the
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pay zone is good practice to minimize the partial
penetration effect
• Selective perforating may require more trips of guns
and higher cost but the benefit achieved is justified
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Partial penetration lead to reduced

productivity
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Perforation methods
1. Overbalanced perforating prior to run completion
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2. Overbalanced perforating after running completion
3. Under balanced perforating after running
completion
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4. Tubing conveyed perforating (TCP) run at tubing
end ether to avoid the restricted through tubing
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perforation or as part of permanent completion
5. Tubing conveyed perforating (TCP) run at tubing
end in highly deviated hole not accessible with
electric line conveyed perforators
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Effect of gun position on penetration
Perforation phasing Penetration
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Stand-off
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Stand-off
Penetration
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Overbalanced perforating
• Normally carried out with the well full of brine that provides
sufficient over balance pressure to prevent the well from flow
after perforating
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• The gun is run through tubing as precautionary measure to
control the well if losses are encountered after the perforations
• Larger gun can be run inside casing in water injection wells with
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remote possibility to flow provided that well control facilities
are installed on well head
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• Loss of brine into the perforation may elongate the kick off
operations during production initiation
• Perforations may be plugged if brine water solids if not clean
• Perforations may be plugged with gun debris
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Dirty fluid invasion by overbalance
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Casing
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Dirty Fluid
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Reduced Permeability
Zone ( k' )
Cement
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Underbalanced perforating
• Normally conducted after running completion during
which the well is circulated to lighter fluid like fresh
water, diesel or crude oil
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• Relatively smaller guns are run through the
completion string
• Possibility of gun sticking at completion string shoe
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after firing as it may expand or deform
• Perforation plugging is reduced or avoided
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• Losses of completion fluid into perforations is avoided
which encourages natural flow
• Coiled tubing intervention to circulate lighter fluid is
avoided unless stimulation is required
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Dirty fluid expelled out by under

balance flow
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Casing
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Cement
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Tubing conveyed perforators

Advantages
• This method combines the advantages of the
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previous two methods by using larger diameter
guns and firing under balance if desired
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• Long interval can be perforated in one run
• High shot density can be used
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• Can be run in highly deviated hole that are not
accessible with standard electric line
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Disadvantages
• Larger volume of gun debris is lift in hole
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• Charges temperature resistance and performance
decrease with time
• Difficult to check that all charges have been fired
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unless the TCP is pulled
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• Longer rig time to run and pull the BHA
• TCP are mostly used with temporary strings hence
under balance perforations is not possible
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components
• Gun carriers
• Firing heads
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• Gun release system
• Circulating devices to circulate lighter fluid if required
•
before firing
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Tubing isolation device to run dry string if required
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• Shock absorbers
• Radioactive depth reference to adjust the gun depth
• Mechanical, hydraulic or electrical firing devise to fire
the gun
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Thru tubing gun performance

Size phasing SPF Charge, g hole penetration
2” HSD 60 6 6.5 0.20” 18.6”
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2.1/4” HSD 60 6 8.5 0.27” 22.8”
2.1/2” HSD
2.7/8” HSD
60
60
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6
6
10.5
15.0
0.32”
0.36”
25.2”
27.7”
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3.1/8” HSD 45 10 15.0 0.63” 5.0”
3.3/8” HSD 60 6 22.7 0.36” 38.6”
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Casing gun performance

Size phasing SPF Charge, g hole penetration
4” HSD 180 5 24.5 0.48” 37.7”
om
4.1/2”HSD 72 5 38.6 0.42” 54.1”
4.5/8”HSD 60 21 15 0.32” 21.0”
5” HSD 45 l.c
8 24.0 0.54” 20.2”
oi
6.5/8”HSD 60 18 34.5 0.54” 20.2”
7” HSD 45 12 38.8 0.39” 43.8”
I 71
General safety procedures while

perforating
• BOP and lubricator to suite the well pressure must be
om
installed over the wellhead
• Sufficient over balance to overcome formation
pressure in case of temporary string
l.c
• Pump and kill line are ready to kill well if required
• Switch off radio and telephone
oi
• Only essential personnel to stay in assembling area
• Extra precaution when pulling after miss fire
• Close monitoring of well pressure after firing
I 72
Perforation depth adjustment

• Ensure the availability of cased hole logs (Mainly GR
and CCL) prior the job to correlate the perforation depth
• The gun is normally run with CCL only if CCL log is
om
already available
• GR /CCL to identify the formation top must be run if
CCL log was not run
l.c
• The distance between top shot and CCL must be
measured
oi
• Do not go deeper than what is required for correlation to
avoid sticking
• Slow down while passing restrictions or tubing shoe
I 73
Perforating Damage Considerations

1. Was the casing and tubing cleaned prior to perforating?
2. Was too much pipe dope used?
3. Was the perforating fluid filtered?
om
4. If not what was the solid content?
5. Was the well to be perforated overbalanced?
6. If yes, what was the differential pressure?
l.c
7. Was the well perforated under-balanced?
8. If yes, what was the differential pressure?
9. What is the theoretical depth of penetration of the charge used?
oi
10. What is the shot density?
11. Did all the shots fired?
12. Was the choice of perforation charge size and shot density correct
for the lithological characteristics?
I 74
Perforating Damage Mechanisms

• Perforating Overbalanced with dirty fluids.
• Perforating Under-balanced with dirty fluids.
• Inadequate depth of penetration, especially if penetration
om
beyond the cement sheath is not accomplished.
• Perforation debris, compacted or crushed zone, which results in
reduced permeability.
l.c
• Diameter of perforations and the number of shots per foot.
oi
Perforation jobs should be designed to achieve as near to an
open hole performance as possible (normally 12 SPF).
• Inadequate SPF will put an undue stress on the formation matrix
and cause sand production if any.
I 75
Production initiation
• If no perforations, displace tubing to lighter fluid
before landing completion string
• Perforate under balance to initiate production without
om
coiled tubing intervention
• Flow the well to clean up and conduct PBU test to
explore the skin value
l.c
• Unload the well with N2 lifting using coiled tubing if
failed to sustain natural flow
oi
• Consider stimulation with inhibited acid using coiled
tubing to remove well bore damage if skin is indicated
• Ensure the well is cleaned out from any acid remains to
avoid corrosion
I 76
Pressure Losses distribution

Surface choke Gas
Separator
Wellhead
om
SSSV Liquid
Downhole
restriction
l.c (near wellbore)
(boundary)
oi
Wellbore Node
I 77

Completion I

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Completion I

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Introduction to well completion

(Part.I) - Table of contents

(Part.I) - Table of contents - continued

Dissolved gas drive

Dissolved gas drive

Gas cap drive

Gas cap drive reservoir

Water drive reservoir

Calculation of oil in place

Annular or mist flow

➢ Liquid flowing upwards as

Open hole or bare foot completion

Cased hole completion

Cased hole packer-less completion

Single zone packer completion

Dual zone completion

Multiple zone completion

Single string multiple completion

• High failure rate

Artificial lift completion

Electric submersible pump

• High installation and

easily damaged Pump

Phases of well completion

Establish well objectives

Construction of suitable well bore

Communication test procedure

Communication test with DHPG

l.c hrs at < 0.65 psi/ft gradient

1.Balanced cement plug

2.Cement squeeze with cement retainer

behind cement) l.c

Halliburton EZ drill SV Cement retainer

Halliburton EZ drill SV Cement retainer specs

9.5/8” 29.3-70 802.354 7,500 350 7.750

4.1/2” 9.5-13.5 802.339 10,000 350 3.66

Baker K.1 Cement retainer

Baker K.1 Cement retainer specs

10.3/4” 32.75-60.7 7AA 6,000 400 9.437

6.5/8” 17-34 3AA 6,000 400 5.410

4.1/2” 9.5-16.5 1AA 6,000 400 3.593

Cement retainer or balanced plug

3.Cement squeeze with retrievable packer

Why not using retrievable packer ?

Different types of perforators

2 1/8” Retrievable Phased

*Measured inside 5 1/2-in. casing API RP-43

1.11/16” Pivot gun perforator • Specifications

Shaped charges components

High pressure jet Crushed zone

Principle of shaped charges

Factors affecting the shaped

Perforations density & direction

Partial penetration effect

Partial penetration lead to reduced

Effect of gun position on penetration

Perforation phasing Penetration

Dirty fluid invasion by overbalance

Dirty fluid expelled out by under

Tubing conveyed perforators

Tubing conveyed perforators

Tubing conveyed perforators