Theory Slides 1

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WELL CONTROL COURSE
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25-29 Sep. 2005
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For Precision Drilling and Agiba
Supervisors
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
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SECTION A
KEY DEFINITIONS
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Drilling Ahead
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WHAT IS A KICK?
IT IS AN INFLUX OF FORMATION FLUID
THAT CAUSES THE WELL TO FLOW.
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WHAT IS A BLOWOUT?
AN UNCONTROLLED EXIT OF THE FORMATION FLUIDS
AT THE SURFACE
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MUD HYDROSTATIC -1
VERTECAL WELL
STANDERED FORMULA WITH FT., PPG AND PSI
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MUD HYDROSTATIC HP = 0.052 X MUD WEIGHT X DEPTH
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MUD GRADIANT = 0.052 X MUD WEIGHT PSI\FT.
Pressure (psi) = Mud Weight x .052 x TVD

Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) = Mud Weight, ppg x .052
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Pressure Gradient (psi/ft) =Pressure, psi  TVD, ft
Mud Weight, ppg = Pressure Gradient  .052
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Mud Weight (ppg) = Pressure  TVD  .052
TVD (ft) = Pressure (psi)  Mud Weight (ppg)  0.052
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FORMATION FLUID
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Fluid present in the pore space of the rock.
FORMATION PRESSURE
The pressure of the formation fluids.
What is formation fluid pressure?
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Formation Pressure: is the fluid pressure in

the pore spaces of the formation.
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
IT IS THE TOTAL PRESSURES EXERTED AT

THE BOTTOM OF THE WELL.
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WHAT IS WELL CONTROL?

1/ PREVENTING A KICK
PRIMARY MUD HYDROSTATIC
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OR
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2/ SHUTTING IN THE WELL AFTER A
KICK HAS BEEN TAKEN
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= SECONDARY BLOW OUT PREVENTERS
Primary control
MUD HYDROSTATIC
IN WELLBORE
FORMATION FLUID
PRESSURE
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MUD 4800
HYDROSTATIC
5000
PSI
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MUD HYDROSTATIC PREVENTS FORMATION FLUIDS
ENTERING THE WELLBORE
Secondary Control
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Blowout Preventers
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HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?
MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS
FORMATION
PRESSURE
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FORMATION
PRESSURE
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FORMATION
PRESSURE
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OR
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MUD
HYDROSTATIC
FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

FORMATION
PRESSURE
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OR
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MUD
HYDROSTATIC
FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

Mud Hydrostatic and Formation Pressure
HP
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Always Remember that HP and
FP are two opposite forces.
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CAUSES OF KICKS
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WHAT CAUSES MUD

HYDROSTATIC TO DROP?
PRESSURE = 0.052 X MUD WT X TVD
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HOW CAN HYDROSTATIC

PRESSURE CHANGE?
Mud Wt
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Rig Floor
Mud Level 300 ft {
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True Vertical
Mud Wt = 11 ppg
Level Drop = 300 ft
What is loss of hydrostatic pressure?
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CAUSES OF KICKS
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(REDUCTION IN MUD WEIGHT)
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RUNNING INTO A BUBBLE
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CIRCULATING HOLE CLEAN
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GAS IN THE WELLBORE
• DRILLED GAS
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Effect Of Gas Expansion in Open Well

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8 16
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2
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1
0 0 0 0 0 0
Why Monitor the Hole Fill?
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swabbing
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What is swabbing?
Swabbing is a temporary
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drop in BHP as the
string is pulled upwards.
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PSI https://oil-com.blogspot.com/
Swabbing
Main causes;
– Pull pipe too fast
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– Balled bit/BHA
– Viscous mud
– Narrow annulus
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All these make it more difficult for mud
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to move past the bit to fill space created
by pulling drill string.
Surface indications of swabbing

• Swabbing can be recognized by
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– incorrect hole fill
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• Monitoring the trip tank is of vital
importance
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Actions to be taken if swabbing is

observed
• The acknowledged procedure is:-
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– Flow check
– If negative, run back to bottom
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– Circulate bottoms up (consider taking
returns via the choke)
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Swab Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure
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Mud Hydrostatic
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Swab Pressure
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Surging
THE OPPOSITE OF SWABBING As mud is forced into

IS SURGING one formation,
formation fluid may
flow into the well from
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another
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Temporary increase of fluid
hydrostatic while tripping 4800 5000
in as mud tries to move up
around the bit
https://oil-com.blogspot.com/ PSI
Surge Pressure
Bottom Hole Pressure
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= Mud Hydrostatic
+
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Effect of Pipe Slugging
RIG RIG RIG

FLOOR FLOOR FLOOR
FLOW FLOW FLOW

LINE LINE
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LINE
BACKFLOW TO
TRIP TANK
= VOLUME OF
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BEFORE SLUG HAS AFTER SLUG HAS HEAVY SLUG KEEPS
U-TUBED U-TUBED MUD LEVEL INSIDE PIPE
BELOW RIG FLOOR
( Pulling ‘DRY’)
PUMPING LIGHT MUD
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0
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURES
PUMPING LIGHT MUD
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0 0
PUMPING LIGHT MUD
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0 0 0
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CAUSES OF KICKS
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(REDUCTION IN MUD LEVEL)
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HOW CAN HYDROSTATIC

PRESSURE CHANGE?
Mud Wt
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Rig Floor
Mud Level 300 ft {
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True Vertical
Mud Wt = 11 ppg
Level Drop = 300 ft
What is loss of hydrostatic pressure?
LOSSES
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LOSSES
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LOSSES
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LOSSES
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STAND
RIG FLOOR
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FLOWLINE
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TOOL JOINT
RIG FLOOR
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FLOWLINE
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RIG FLOOR
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PULLING COLLARS
RIG FLOOR
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FLOWLINE
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PULLING COLLARS
RIG FLOOR
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FLOWLINE
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PULLING COLLARS
RIG FLOOR
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FLOWLINE
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FAILURE OF FLOAT COLLAR
RIG FLOOR
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FLOWLINE
MUD LEVEL
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FLOAT COLLAR
CASING SHOE
RIG FLOOR
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FLOWLINE
MUD LEVEL
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FLOAT FAILS
RIG FLOOR
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FLOWLINE
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MUD LEVEL
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CAUSES OF KICKS
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(ABNORMAL PRESSURE)
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Porosity
SOLID PARTICLES
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PORE
SPACE
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What is Permeability?
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Permeability
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FORMATION PERMEABILITY
Ability of rock to allow fluid to move between pore spaces
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HIGH LOW
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PERMEABILITY PERMEABILITY
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CAUSES OF KICKS.
REVISION:
KICKS OCCUR WHEN
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“ UNDERBALANCE ”
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CAUSES OF KICKS.
REVISION:
KICKS OCCUR WHEN
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UNDERBALANCE IS CAUSED BY :
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CAUSES OF KICKS.
REVISION:
KICKS OCCUR WHEN
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1. MUD WEIGHT REDUCTION.
CAUSES OF KICKS.
REVISION:
KICKS OCCUR WHEN
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2. DROP IN MUD LEVEL.
CAUSES OF KICKS.
REVISION:
KICKS OCCUR WHEN

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2. DROP IN MUD LEVEL.
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3. INCREASE IN FORMATION PRESSURE.
WHAT IS ABNORMAL PRESSURE?

• FORMATION FLUID GRADIANT IS
GREATER THAN RESSURE GRADIANT
OF SEA WATER.
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• 99.99+% OF FORMATION FLUIDS ARE WATER
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• FORMATION WATER EQUALS
8.9 PPG (AVERAGE) = .465 PSI/FT
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• IF FORMATION FLUIDS ARE SQUEEZED THEN
FLUID PRESSURE INCREASES.
CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PRESSURE
1/ UNDER COMPACTION
2/ FAULTING
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3/ SALT DOME
4/ ARTESIAN
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5/ GAS CAP
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Compaction
= Dewatering
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Soft
sediments
Increasing Depth
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Compacted
Sedimentary Rock
Trapped Water in Clays
Normal Pressure gradient
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Normal
Pressure Abnormal
Pressure
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Abnormal
Pressure
Sand Lens
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Normal
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Abnormal
Pressure
FAULTING
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0
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SAND A
0
FAULTING
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0
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SAND A
SAND A
0
FAULTING
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0 SAND A
0
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SAND A
0
SALT DOMES
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ARTESIAN EFFECTS
Rain
Underground
water level
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Spring 1000’
0’
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ARTESIAN EFFECTS
Rain
Underground
water level
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Spring 1000’
0’
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CALCULATE MUD WEIGHT TO BALANCE?
FORMATION WATER = .433 PSI/FT

ARTESIAN EFFECTS
Rain
Underground
water level
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Spring 1000’
0’
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CALCULATE MUD WEIGHT TO BALANCE?
FORMATION WATER = .433 PSI/FT

GAS CAP EFFECT
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8000’
.465 PSI/FT
NORMAL PRESSURE

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https://oil-com.blogspot.

STANDERED FORMULA WITH FT., PPG AND PSI

Pressure (psi) = Mud Weight x .052 x TVD

What is formation fluid pressure?

Formation Pressure: is the fluid pressure in

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE

IT IS THE TOTAL PRESSURES EXERTED AT

WHAT IS WELL CONTROL?

PRIMARY MUD HYDROSTATIC

HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?

MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?

MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?

MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

HOW CAN KICKS HAPPEN?

MUD HYDROSTATIC FALLS

FORMATION PRESSURE RISES

Mud Hydrostatic and Formation Pressure

WHAT CAUSES MUD

PRESSURE = 0.052 X MUD WT X TVD

HOW CAN HYDROSTATIC

RUNNING INTO A BUBBLE

RUNNING INTO A BUBBLE

RUNNING INTO A BUBBLE

CIRCULATING HOLE CLEAN

GAS IN THE WELLBORE

Effect Of Gas Expansion in Open Well

Why Monitor the Hole Fill?

Surface indications of swabbing

Actions to be taken if swabbing is

THE OPPOSITE OF SWABBING As mud is forced into

Bottom Hole Pressure

Effect of Pipe Slugging

RIG RIG RIG

FLOW FLOW FLOW

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PUMPING LIGHT MUD

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURES

PUMPING LIGHT MUD

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURES

PUMPING LIGHT MUD

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURES

HOW CAN HYDROSTATIC

FAILURE OF FLOAT COLLAR

FAILURE OF FLOAT COLLAR

FAILURE OF FLOAT COLLAR

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

KICKS OCCUR WHEN

WHAT IS ABNORMAL PRESSURE?

CAUSES OF ABNORMAL PRESSURE

Trapped Water in Clays

Normal Pressure gradient

FORMATION WATER = .433 PSI/FT

FORMATION WATER = .433 PSI/FT

GAS CAP EFFECT

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