Completion 2

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Introduction to well completion
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(Part.II)
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Stimulation & Artificial lifting
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II 1
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(Part.II) - Table of contents

1 Stimulation Objectives 5
2 Hydrochloric acid 6
3 Types of stimulation 9
4 Matrix acidizing 11
5 Types of acid depends on formation 12
6 Sandstone asidizing procedure 14
7 Acid additives 15
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7.1 Corrosion inhibitors 16
7.2 Surfactants/Friction reducers 17
7.3 Iron sequestering agents 18
7.4 Other additives 19
7.5 Diverting agents 20
8
9
10
General stimulation guidelines
Acid placement methodology l.c
Carbonates acid recipe-Case history
10.1 With single casing packer before completion

21
24
25
25
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10.2 Selective treating with straddle packers before completion 27
10.3 Open hole stimulation with O.E.D.P 28
10.4 With coiled tubing after completion 29
11 Emulsified acid 30
12 Disadvantages of pre-completion stimulation 32
13 Artificial lift systems 33
14 Sucker rod pump
36
14.1 Sucker Rod Pump operation
37
II 2
(Part.II) - Table of contents - continued

14.2 Sucker rod components 39
14.3 Disadvantages/Limitations 40
15 Electric submersible pump 41
42
15.1 Electric submersible pump description
43
15.2 ESP components
44
15.3 Multistage centrifugal pump
46
15.4 Total dynamic head
52
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15.5 ESP size and capacity range
53
15.6 Factors affecting pump performance
54
15.7 Most common causes of ESP failure
55
15.8 Advantages of ESP
56
15.9 Disadvantages of ESP
58
15.10 ESP case histories
16
15.11 ESP applications
Hydraulic pumping system
16.1 Piston pump l.c 59
61
63
64
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16.2 Jet pump
66
17 Gas lifting
67
17.1 Background
68
17.2 Gas lift principle
69
17.3 Gas lift system
70
17.4 Gas lift valve placement
71
17.5 Gas lift valve components
72
17.6 Gas lift categories
73
17.7 Advantages of gas lift system
75
17.8 Disadvantages of gas lift system
II 3
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Stimulation
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Production/Injection Enhancement
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II 4
Stimulation Objectives
• The primary objective of any stimulation job is to
remove the formation damage so that the productivity
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or injectivity can be improved
• Above leads to increase the recovery rate of the proved
reserves but not the reserves themselves
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• Stimulation could be not sufficient to achieve above
objective if not associated with reservoir pressure
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maintenance, tubing size optimization and artificial
lifting if require
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Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

• Hydrochloric acid is a solution of hydrogen chloride gas (HCI)
dissolved in water.
• It varies from colorless to pale yellow according to purity.
• At all strengths above 10%, the acid typically evolves hydrogen
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chloride vapor with its characteristic sharp irritant odor.
• The amount of vapor is primarily dependent on the acids
strength.
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• Hydrochloric acid is highly corrosive and attacks most common
metals, including iron, steel and lead liberating the flammable
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hydrogen gas.
• Oceans are the largest source of chloride emissions (including
HCI) to the atmosphere, releasing 77 million to 660 million tons
each year.
II 6
Manufacturing of Hydrochloric Acid

• Hydrogen chloride gas can be prepared easily from common salt
and sulfuric acid, the reactions being:
NaCl+ H2SO4--> NaHSO4+ HCl and
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2NaCl+ H2SO4--> Na2SO4+ 2HCl
• Both reactions are used industrially, the reaction to NaHSO4 occur
at 150oC while the reaction to Na2SO4 occurs at 550oC.
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• Other production methods for HCl include the burning of
chlorine, produced by the electrolytic chloralkali process, in
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hydrogen:
H2(g) + Cl2(g) --> 2HCl(g)
• A chlorine burner using this reaction can produce a high-
concentration, high-quality product.
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Physical properties of HCl acid
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Conc. % 32 28 20 15 10 7.5
Specific gravity 1.16 1.14 1.10 1.075 1.05 1.04
Density, pcf
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72.38 71.14 68.64 67.08 65.52 64.9
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Limestone 4.265 3.67 2.540 1.84 1.2 1.0
solubility, lb/gal
(approx)
II 8
Acid dilution formula

• Vol. Strong acid =
Vol. Week acid x % week acid x sp. gr of weak acid
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% strong acid x sp. gr of weak acid
Example:
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How many gals of 32% Hcl are required to prepare
5000 gals 15% Hcl
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Solution:
Vol. Of strong acid = 5000 x 1.075 x 0.15 = 2172
0.32 x 1.16
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HCL acid dilution chart

for 1000 gals diluted acid
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Conc. % (X) 28 20 15* 10 7.5
32 859 591 433* 283 209
28
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1000 gal (X) divide by 1.164 1.692
1000 688
2.31
504
3.53
328
4.78
243
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1000 gal (X) divide by 1 1.453 1.984 3.05 4.12
* As example; 1000 gals 15% Hcl 2.31 = 433 gals 32%

II 10
Types of stimulation
Matrix treatment
• Acts on the vicinity of the well and effective in skin
damage removal
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• Well productivity can be effectively restored if the
stimulation job is conducted properly
• Acid squeeze pressure is always less than the fracture
pressure l.c
• Productivity increase is directly proportional with the
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natural permeability value
• More efficient treatment can be achieved if the acid
is retarded to ensure deeper penetration and warm
hole formation (emulsified acid treatment)
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Matrix treatment-continued
• Not effective if the decline in well productivity is due to high
water cut, pressure depletion, string plugging, paraffin
deposition or interference with other wells
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• Acidization may result in further productivity decline if not
properly designed to suite the well condition; release of fine
particles and precipitates in sandstone, emulsion block,
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wettability inversion or impurities transfer to formation
• The initial reaction rate is proportional with acid concentration
up to 15-20%.
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• Above 20% the increase become less reaching a maximum at
25%.
• Above 25% the reaction rate is actually decrease due increased
acid viscosity and the additional effect of reaction products
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Types of stimulation
Deep treatment
• These treatments are mainly hydraulic fracturing
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designed for low permeability formation
• Used to enhance rather than to restore the natural
productivity
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• In this treatment the drainage radius is extended
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further by means of a more permeable drain way
inside the formation
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Types of acid depends on formation

Carbonates
• 15 to 28% Hydrochloric acid (Hcl) is commonly used in
carbonate stimulation due to high solubility of rate
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• Acid concentration is usually adjusted in the field by adding water
to 32% raw Hcl acid
• Weak acids, acid based emulsions and gel acids are also used to
longer warm holes l.c

slow down reaction thus maximizing penetration and creating
• Hydrofluoric acid should not be used with carbonate as it

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produces insoluble calcium fluoride
• Acid dose in the range of 50 to 75 GPF is common
• One gal of 15% Hcl can dissolve 1.7 lb carbonate
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Types of acid depends on formation

Sandstones
• Hydrofluoric acid is the most adequate for sandstone formation
treatment
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• Hydrofluoric acid is prepared on site by dissolving ammonium
difluoride in aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid
• Hydrofluoric acid only dissolves the clays and feldspars (one gal
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dissolves 0.3 –0.5 lb)
• If carbonate cement is evidenced with sand stone, preflush with
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Hcl acid to avoid calcium fluoride precipitation
• Sandstone treatment is very complicated and need careful study
to avoid permeability deterioration
II 15
Sandstone asidizing procedure

• Pre-flush with 10% Hcl to eliminate carbonate &
prevent hydrofluoric acid contact with the formation
water
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• Main treatment with 50- 100 gpf, 12% hydrofluoric
acid and 3% Hcl
•
•
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Over-flush to a distance of 3 ft from the well with 5%
Hcl or diesel to displace the side reactions
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In producer wells, flow back the well immediately in
order to limit the risk of of side reactions
• In injector wells, immediate injection will move away
any precipitants
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Acid additives
• Acid additives are essential in reducing the side
effects of acid
• Must be determined according to the type of
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reservoir and bottom hole conditions by lab tests
• Only the necessary additives should be used and the
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prescribed concentrations should be complied with
• Should be compatible with each other, with the
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formation and formation fluids
• Acceptable corrosion rate should not exceed 0.03
lb/ft² in 6 hrs inhibition time
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1. Corrosion inhibitors
• Forms a thin film of liquid coating the inside
of tubular to reduce the amount of metal
dissolved by acid in stimulation
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• Their effectiveness depends on bottom hole
temperature, time, acid type and concentration
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• For high temperature acid intensifiers are used
along with corrosion inhibitors
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• Corrosion inhibitor type and concentration
should be determined by adequate lab test
II 18
2. surfactants
• Affects surface tension between fluids so that
formation fluids are readily displaced
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• Improves the contact between the acid and the
formation
• Increase the reaction rate by modifying the rock
wettability l.c
• Break the emulsions that already formed
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• Prevents the formation of acid/crude emulsions
• Special surfactants may be used to stabilize
foamed acid with nitrogen
II 19
3. Iron sequestering agents

• Prevents metallic salts in the acid solution from precipitation
into the formation
• These precipitates can cause plugging and formation damage
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• Metallic salts are normally forms despite of the addition of
corrosion inhibitor as 100% inhibition is not guaranteed
• The concentration of iron sequestering agent is also
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determined by adequate lab test
4. Friction reducers
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• Reduce the friction while pumping especially through coiled
tubing thus reducing the pumping pressure
• As they are often agents, care must be taken with
compatibility with other components of treatment fluids
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5. Other additives
• Demulsifiers and anti-slugs
Prevent the formation of viscous fluids which are difficult to
remove
• Wetting agents
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Improves acid contact with formation and help acid penetration
into formation
• Clay stabilizers
damage
• Mutual solvents
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Prevent shale swelling or dispersion and related formation
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Highly soluble in both oil and water thus assist in solublising the
treating fluid in the formation fluid
• H2S scavenger
prevent the dissolusion of sulphides thus reducing the corrosion
rates II 21
6. Diverting agents
• Acid is normally goes to the highly permeable streaks leaving
the tight or damaged streaks not acidized and not contributed
to production or injection
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• Diverting agents help diverting the acid from permeable
streaks by temporarily sealing off these thief streaks
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• Polymers as well as ball sealers are some examples of
diverting agents
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7. Gelling agent
• Viscosified fluids harder to pump through the rock matrix
• This effect can be used to divert acid away from the zone to
be treated
II 22

15% HCL, 177 F (<0.05 lb/sq.ft corrosion rate)
6 Hrs protection time
Acid additive supplier T. name Gals/1000
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Corrosion inhibitor HOWCO HAI.85M 2.5
Friction reducer l.c

HOWCO SGA.HT 2.0
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Iron control HOWCO Fe.2 10
surfactant HOWCO PEN.5 1.5
II 23

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Corrosion inhibitor HOWCO HAI.85M 5.0
Emulsion preventer HOWCO 19.N 2.5
Anti-sludge
l.cHOWCO AS.7 2.5
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H2S scavenger HOWCO SCA.130 5.0
Friction reducer HOWCO SGA.HT 2.0
II 24

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Corrosion inhibitor HOWCO HAI.85M 15
Inhibitor aid HOWCO HII-124S 30
Emulsion preventer l.cHOWCO 17-N 2.5
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Anti-sludge HOWCO AS.7 2.5
H2S scavenger HOWCO SCA.130 5.0
Friction reducer HOWCO SGA.HT 2.0
II 25
General stimulation guidelines

• Pressure test all pumping lines to the max
anticipated treatment pressure
• All equipment and installations must be cleaned
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• Clean water must be used in acid mixing
• Prescribed concentrations of acid and additives
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must be ensured and properly checked
• Fracture pressure should not be exceeded
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• Preparedness for well kick off and flow back must
be ensured to clean up the well as soon as possible
• Down hole tubular should be neutralized after acid
contact
II 26
Acid placement methodology

1.With single casing packer before completion
• RIH with retrievable casing packer tailed with
tubing enough to cover all perforated intervals
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• Test packer above all perforations
• With packer unset, pump acid and displace to
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cover perforations. Set packer
• Squeeze acid and over displace with fresh water or
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diesel not exceeding fracture gradient
• Unset packer and reverse out excess acid
• Observe well for loss or gain prior to POH
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Single and straddle packers treating assemblies
DP's DP's
Displacing fluid Displacing fluid
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Acid Acid
Tubing Tubing
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Treating packer Upper treating packer
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Tail pipe
Perforations
Lower treating packer
" LINER @ TD " LINER @ TD

II 28
Acid placement methodology -continued

2.Selective treating with straddle packers before
completion
• RIH straddle packers assembly with perforated spacer pipe
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in between noting that upper packer is compression type
without slips
• Accommodate the interval to be stimulated between the two
packers
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• Displace acid to have bottom at packers depth
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• Set packers , squeeze and over displace acid not exceeding
fracture gradient
• Unset packers and reverse out twice string capacity
• Observe well for loss or gain prior to selectively treating the
rest of intervals II 29
Acid placement methodology -continued

3. Open hole stimulation with O.E.D.P
• RIH open ended drill pipe tailed with 600 ft tubing
• Selectively treat formation by changing the string
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shoe depth from top to bottom
• Close the annular preventor while squeezing the acid
• This method is commonly used in treating long open
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hole sections of carbonates in water supply wells
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• Proper acid distribution is not possible as no control
on acid flow across the formation face
• Acidizing from top to bottom may give better
formation coverage while acid moving up to the
stimulated zone II 30
Acid placement methodology-continued

4. With coiled tubing after completion
• Rig up and test C/tubing reel and BOP as per client standard practice
• RIH with coiled tubing to perforation depth circulating crude oil or
diesel to avoid losses after stimulation
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• Conduct frequent pull tests while RIH to early detect any anomalies
• Pump acid as per program until reaching the coiled tubing shoe
• Close return line and squeeze acid while reciprocating C/T shoe
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across perforation to ensure adequate acid distribution
• Over displace acid as programmed while POH to 3000’
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• Open well to flow and if unable to flow, N2 lift with 300-500 scf
/min while RIH to a max depth 2000 ft above perforations or as
specified by well program
• Bullhead tubing with crude oil if the well failed to flow to get rid of
any spent acid
II 31
Emulsified acid
• Traditionally used in acid fracture jobs and more recently in
carbonates matrix acidizing
• The retardation nature is useful in generating longer etched
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fractures and deeper warm holes
• Has higher viscosity than straight acid which reduces fluid loss
during fracture jobs and distributes acid more uniformly across
treatment l.c
formations with high permeability contrast during matrix
• Some field case histories showed that, the emulsified acid

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improved production two to four times in dolomite formation
• High temperature emulsified acid retardation time may reach 18
times the straight acid at temperatures between 250 and 350 Fº
II 32
Example of emulsified acid formulation

• Diesel oil as an external emulsion formed by a 70:30
HCl-to-diesel oil ratio
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• Emulsifying agent to suite the formation static
temperature
• Suitable surfactant
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• Corrosion inhibitor to suite the formation temperature
• Diesel is mixed with emulsifier and acid with corrosion
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inhibitor and surfactant separately
• Intense agitation is needed to form emulsion
• Stability time may reach 5 days at ambient temperature
II 33
Disadvantages of pre-completion
stimulation
• High possibility of completion fluid or brine water
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losses into the formation
• Unsafe environment to POH the treating string
with the well unstable and the need to spot non
damaging LCM
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• Difficulty to kick off the well after running
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completion due to fluid losses
• Extra cost for lost brine or repeated treatment to
remove LCM if used
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Artificial lift system
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A secondary recovery method
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II 35
Artificial lift system

• The primary objective of installing an artificial lift
system is to apply a draw down pressure to enable
reservoir fluids to flow to surface.
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• Artificial lift is normally applied on oil wells and
water supply wells required for water injection
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pressure maintenance
• Maintaining the required flowing bottom hole
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pressure is the design basis for all artificial lift
installations.
• If the appropriate draw down can be maintained, the
future management of the reservoir and completion
can be conducted efficiently.
II 36
Artificial lift methods

• Sucker rod or beam pump
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• Electric submersible pump
• Hydraulic pump system
• l.c
Gas lift system
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II 37
Sucker rod pump

Horsehead
Walking beam
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Prime mover l.c Stuffing box and
polished rod
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Production valve
Gearbox and
counterbalance
II 38
Sucker Rod Pump operation

• Rod pumps are configured with a downhole pump and surface power
source connected by a rod string.
• The reciprocating pump assembly comprises relatively few components.
• The standing valve remains stationary and allows flow from the wellbore
to the pump but stops reverse flow.
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• The traveling valve is attached to the rod string and therefore
reciprocates with the string
• Upstroke - the traveling valve is closed, forming a low pressure area
beneath the plunger and drawing wellbore fluid through the standing
valve.
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• Down stroke - the plunger (containing the traveling valve) moves through
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the liquid that has flowed into the pump.
• The liquid, trapped by the standing valve, is forced through the traveling
valve, into the tubing.
• The new fluid pushes all the other liquid in the tubing up by the volume
of liquid in the pump.
II 39
Sucker Rod Pump operation - continued

• Free gas is generally vented up the annulus.
• Factors which influence the operation and efficiency
1) Oil viscosity
2) Pump size
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3) Pump speed
4) Restrictions in the equipment surrounding the pump
5) Dissolved/free gas.
• Wells producing viscous fluids require pumps equipped with
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large diameter valves, less restrictive pump openings and
slower pump speeds.
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• A test instrument (dynamometer), measures the forces on the
rod and is used to optimize the operation of the pump and
string.
• The dynamometer is attached to the polish rod which is the
uppermost rod in the string.
• The polished rod, passes through
II the stuffing box 40
Sucker rod pump components

Sucker rod
Tubing
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l.c Travelling valve
Standing valve
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Perforations
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Disadvantages/Limitations
▪ Crooked wellbores can present a rod/tubing friction and
wear problem.
▪ Wells having a high solids production can be problematic.
▪ Volumetric (pump) efficiency is reduced with free gas.
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▪ Systems are depth limited, primarily due to rod tensile
strength restrictions.
▪ Relatively large surface equipment is obtrusive in urban
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locations and too heavy/bulky for offshore applications.
▪ Pump system is susceptible to paraffin problems.
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▪ Tubing cannot be internally coated for corrosion
protection.
▪ H2S limits depth at which a large volume pump can be set.
▪ Downhole pump design constrained in small diameter
casing.
II 42
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Electric submersible pump
l.c ESP
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II 43
Electric submersible pump description

• ESP is multistage centrifugal pump driven by electric
motor
• Each stage comprises an impeller and diffuser
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assembly which provides energy to the fluid and directs
it to the intake of the following stage
• Complete pump assembly may contain 500 stages
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• The motor is normally installed at bottom of assembly
to dissipate the heat generated by fluid flow
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• The pump rotates at an average of 3000 to 3500 RPM
• The ESP size is controlled by the casing inside
diameter and productivity (150 – 100,000 bpd)
II 44
ESP components
• Three phase electric motor
• Protector or seal section
• Gas separator
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• Multistage centrifugal pump
• Check valve
•
•
Flat cable
Round cable l.c
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• Wellhead pack-off/penetrator
• Three phase transformer
• Switch board
II 45
Multistage centrifugal pump

• Each stage contain an impeller and diffuser
• The impeller is attached to the shaft while the diffuser is
held stationary
• The impeller has 7-9 curved vanes
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• The impeller design is determined by flow rate and
discharge head
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• The impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid which is
directed to the diffuser, converting the kinetic energy into
head
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• Head is the height to which a pump stage will lift the fluid
• The geometry of a pump stage determines the max volume
that can pass through it ( 2000 bpd stage is same as 5 or 50
stages of same size)
II 46
ESP pump stages

Impeller Shaft
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l.c Pump stage
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Diffuser
ESP pump stages and fluid path

II 47
Total dynamic head

=
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Hydrostatic press at the depth of pumping fluid level
(Net vertical lift)
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Friction losses inside tubing above pump
+
Back pressure at well head
II 48
Pump intake
Standard intake
• Has no effect on gas separation
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• Applicable in little or no gas flow
Gas separator intake
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• Dynamic or rotary separator are the most
efficient for gas separation
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• The gas separated goes to annulus while the
gas free liquid enters the pump
II 49
Gas separator
Gas bubble vented to annulus

Gas free fluid to
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first pump stage Casing, liner or shroud
inlet
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Diffuser
Pump intake
body
Reverse flow ESP intake gas separator

II 50
Electric motor
• Three phase, two pole
induction motor ESP Operating Range
• The horse power is matched
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to pump and flow parameters
• The pump characteristics are
based on constant rotation
speed
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• Most of failures occurs at
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connections or cable spliced
areas
• Pothead assembly & checking
is very important to ensure
max reliability
II 51
Protector or seal section

• Connects the motor shaft to the pump shaft
• Houses the thrust bearings which act against
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the thrust applied by the pump
• Balance the internal motor pressure with
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annulus pressure
• The lower part of the protector in which the
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thrust bearing & runner are located is filled
with clean motor oil
II 52
Submersible pump sizing

Optimum flow rate depends on:
• The inflow characteristics of the well
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• Formation pressure providing intake pressure
(+/- 200 psi) to prevent cavitations
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• Surface back pressure against which the pump
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operates
• Provision of an electrical power supply at the
adequate frequency
II 53
ESP size and capacity range

TDH
Casing Size Pump OD Motor OD Typical Rate Max Power Capacity
(in) (in) (in) (stb/d) (HP) (ft)
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4.5 3.38 2.75 100-1900 50-125 5000-12000
5.5 4.0 4.50 200-5000 100-300 5000-12000
7.0 5.62
l.c 5.43 1000-160000 200-650 5000-12000
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8.625 6.75 7.38 4000-26000 400-850 3000-10000
10.75 8.62 N/A 12000-33000 500-1020 2000-5000
13.375 11.25 N/A 24000-100000 500-1030 2000-3500
II 54
Factors affecting pump performance

• Start ups and restarts should be minimized
• ESP should be kept running in relatively constant
operating conditions
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• Motor protection should be considered in hot
operating environment (>250F). Motor shroud
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may be required to increase fluid velocity around
the motor (> 1 ft/sec)
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• wellhead and down hole completion safety
equipment modification may be required to
accommodate the power cable
II 55
Most common causes of ESP failure

• Poor handling and assembling procedures
• Changing of bottom hole conditions causing the
pump to operate outside the design rang
• Cable insulation is not compatible with operating
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conditions
• Presence of excess free gas
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• Sand, scale or corrosion related problems
• Excessive stop/start cycling
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• Excessive spliced areas
• Down hole completion equipment failures and
related problems (isolation packers)
II 56
Advantages of ESP
• High production capability
• Simple to operate and monitor
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• Can be fitted with data acquisition system
• Compatible with crooked and deviated holes
•
•
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Available in various sizes and capacities
Low lifting cost for high production application
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• Unobtrusive in urban locations
• Compatible for off shore application due limited space
required
II 57
Disadvantages of ESP
• Not compatible with multiple completion
• Only applicable wherever electric power supply is
available
• Risky high voltage electric power supply
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• Impractical in low productivity wells
• Adverse effect if well productivity declined
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• Power cable complicates tubing running and my violate
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safety procedures
• Adverse effect of high temperature on cable insulation
• Inadequate in deep well due to higher power
requirement
II 58
Disadvantages of ESP-continued
• Not compatible with gas and sand production
• Installation design need high skill and specialist
knowledge
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• Relatively narrow operating range
• Large casing size is mostly required to accommodate
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ESP relatively large size components
• Cannot be set below perforation unless a shroud to
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route the fluid over the motor is installed
• High cost and long time to pull/repair and run down
hole components if failed
II 59
ESP case histories

Well Type Pump type M HP AM VOLT Depth Days
A WSW M675A/26 600 143 2787 2480 1500

B WSW 10MQH 737 151 3000 2518 800
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C WSW N1050B/20 600 143 2787 2116 2000
D WSW M675A/45 975 132 4200 2292 1215
E
F
WSW JN21000/61
OIL l.c
HN13000/15+58 167
501 115 2748
99 2032
1811
3968
1600
2250
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G OIL SN8500/136 117 70 2166 7331 120
H OIL GN/7000/127 167 99 1016 7864 1500
I OIL GN/7000/204 167 99 2032 7628 60

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ESP applications
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Motor
l.c Protector
Fluid intake
Pump assembly
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”
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ESP applications
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Motor
Pump assembly
Protector
Fluid intake
Shroud diverts fluid

over motor to l.c
Protector
Fluid intake
Pump assembly
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dissipate heat
Motor
ESP shroud configuration Interzone injection

II 62
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Hydraulic pumping systems
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1. Piston pump
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2. Jet pump
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Hydraulic pump systems

➢ Piston pump
• Is a positive displacement pump.
• The performance of which is determined by the pump/engine size
(diameter) ratio.
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• A large engine and small pump configuration will provide more
dynamic head capacity than a small engine and large pump.
• Single or double action pumps are available in a range of stroke
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length (12-24-in. stroke).
• Pump speed (strokes/minute) is controlled by the supply rate of
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the power fluid.
➢ Jet pump
• Is relatively tolerant of lower quality power and produced fluids
when compared with other hydraulic pumping applications
II 64
Hydraulic piston pump

• A hydraulic piston pump is a close
coupled engine/pump assembly.
• Similar in operation to a steam engine.
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• Internal valves and mechanisms control
the pump cycles and the flow of power
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fluid through the pump.
• Power fluid is pumped to operate the
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down hole pump and lift the formation
fluid to surface
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Hydraulic Jet pump

• A jet pump imparts energy to the
production fluid using a power fluid
directed through a venturi system.
• No moving parts are required.
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• The venturi system comprises three
components
1. Nozzle
2. Throat l.c
oi
3. Diffuser
• Above can be sized/selected to provide
the appropriate energy input for each
installation.
II 66
How the Jet Pump Works

• Power fluid at high pressure (low velocity) is converted
to a low-pressure (high velocity) jet by the nozzle.
• The pressure at the entrance of the throat becomes
lower as the power fluid rate is increased.
om
• When this pressure becomes lower than the pressure in
the suction passageway, fluid is drawn in from the
wellbore.
• The suction fluid becomes entrained with the high
l.c
velocity jet and the pumping action then begins.
• After mixing in the throat, the combined power fluid
and suction fluid is slowed down by the diffuser.
oi
• Because the velocity is reduced, the pressure increases –
rising to a value sufficient to pump the fluid to the
surface.
• A full range of nozzle and throat sizes will be available
to allow power fluid rate and pressure to be varied.
II 67
om
Gas lift system
l.c
oi
II 68
Back ground
• The gas lift method is used in approximately 10% of the world's
oil wells.
• In fields where significant quantities of associated gas are present
and produced solids are involved, it is the preferred method of
om
augmenting the natural reservoir pressure and thus increasing
production.
• Gas lift involves separating the associated gas from crude oil as it
l.c
is produced and then compressing the gas to a pressure higher
than the reservoir pressure, typically 800 to 1200 psi.
oi
• The compressed gas is injected down the annulus between the
outside well-bore casing and the inner production tubing string
and introduced into the base of the liquid column in the tubing
string via specialized down hole gas lift valves.
• The effect is to 'aerate' the crude oil, reducing its density and
causing the resultant gas/oil mixture
II to flow up the tubing. 69
Gas lifting principle

• Most of liquids can be lifted to surface by injecting
gas into the liquid stream near the bottom of well
• As the gas rises, the gas bubble expand increasing
the velocity and decreasing the effective fluid
om
density
• The volume of gas required for efficient lifting
depends on:-
✓ Tubing size and depth
l.c
✓ Liquid volume and density
oi
✓ Bottom hole pressure
• Single gas lift valve may be sufficient for shallow
wells whereas more gas lift valves may be required
at various depths in deep wells
II 70
Gas lift system

• Spring loaded or pressure balanced release valves set to
open at specific operating pressures to allow annulus gas to
enter the tubing and supplement the formation gas
om
• The design and selection of gas lift system depends on the
availability and cost of gas at desired volume and pressure
• High pressure gas wells are an economical source of high
pressure gas supplyl.c
• Gas compressors may be required if above high pressure
oi
gas source is not available
• Accordingly, sufficient gas supply is the major factor
affecting the selection of gas lift system
II 71
Gas lift valve placement
om
l.c -
GLV passing through (by passing mandrel)
oi
Running tool oriented and tripped
II 72
Gas lift valve components
om
Latch mechanisms
belows
l.c Injection gas acts on

the belows
oi
check valve
II 73
Gas lift categories

Continuous flow gas lift
• Installed in highly productive wells
om
• Can lift up to 75,000 bbl/day
Intermittent flow gas lift
l.c
• Installed in low productive well
• Gas injection stops to allow liquid accumulation
oi
prior to restart injection
• Mostly used in well producing less than 250 bpd
II 74
Advantages of gas lift system

• Can handle large volume of solids with minor
problems
• Can handle large liquid volumes in high PI well
om
(>50,000 bbl/day)
• Flexible components; can be converted from a
l.c
continuous lift to intermittent as well production
declines
oi
• Unobtrusive in urban locations
• Compressor can be remotely located
• Serviceable with wire line intervention
II 75
Advantages of gas lift system-continued
• Compatible with crooked holes

• The initial equipment cost is lower than any
om
other artificial lift methods
• Operating cost is lower than any other
l.c
artificial methods
• Simplified well completion
oi
• Applicable off shore
• The utilized gas is recyclable
II 76
Disadvantages of gas lift system

• Gas supply at required volume and pressure is not
always available
• Not efficient in limited application if gas
om
compression is required
• Significant pipe line and servicing cost in widely
spaced wells
l.c
• Casing and surface equipment must be capable to
handle excessive pressure
oi
• High pressure gas lift inherent risks and safety
concerns
• Gas freezing and hydrates formation may occur
under certain circumstances
II 77

Completion 2

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Completion 2

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Introduction to well completion

(Part.II) - Table of contents

10.1 With single casing packer before completion

(Part.II) - Table of contents - continued

Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Manufacturing of Hydrochloric Acid

Physical properties of HCl acid

Specific gravity 1.16 1.14 1.10 1.075 1.05 1.04

Acid dilution formula

HCL acid dilution chart

32 859 591 433* 283 209

* As example; 1000 gals 15% Hcl 2.31 = 433 gals 32%

Types of acid depends on formation

longer warm holes l.c

• Hydrofluoric acid should not be used with carbonate as it

Types of acid depends on formation

Sandstone asidizing procedure

3. Iron sequestering agents

Carbonates acid recipe-Case history

Friction reducer l.c

surfactant HOWCO PEN.5 1.5

Carbonates acid recipe-Case history

Emulsion preventer HOWCO 19.N 2.5

Friction reducer HOWCO SGA.HT 2.0

Carbonates acid recipe-Case history

General stimulation guidelines

Acid placement methodology

Single and straddle packers treating assemblies

Displacing fluid Displacing fluid

" LINER @ TD " LINER @ TD

Acid placement methodology -continued

Acid placement methodology -continued

Acid placement methodology-continued

• Some field case histories showed that, the emulsified acid

Example of emulsified acid formulation

Artificial lift system

Artificial lift system

Artificial lift methods

Sucker rod pump

Sucker Rod Pump operation

Sucker Rod Pump operation - continued

Sucker rod pump components

Electric submersible pump description

Multistage centrifugal pump

ESP pump stages

ESP pump stages and fluid path

Total dynamic head

Gas bubble vented to annulus

Reverse flow ESP intake gas separator

Protector or seal section

Submersible pump sizing

ESP size and capacity range

5.5 4.0 4.50 200-5000 100-300 5000-12000

10.75 8.62 N/A 12000-33000 500-1020 2000-5000

13.375 11.25 N/A 24000-100000 500-1030 2000-3500

Factors affecting pump performance

Most common causes of ESP failure

ESP case histories

A WSW M675A/26 600 143 2787 2480 1500

H OIL GN/7000/127 167 99 1016 7864 1500

I OIL GN/7000/204 167 99 2032 7628 60

Shroud diverts fluid