Theory Slides 3

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Actions and Data Required
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Before the Kill
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SIDPP SICP
Shut in data
• SIDPP - Shut In Drillpipe Pressure

• SICP - Shut In Casing Pressure
• PIT GAIN
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• SIDPP - Tells you how much the formation pressure is
greater than mud hydrostatic in drillpipe.
(Underbalance in String)
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• SICP - Tells you how much the formation pressure is
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greater than hydrostatic in the annulus.
(Underbalance in Annulus)
• PIT GAIN - size of influx at shut in
Pressure stabilisation
TIME SIDPP SICP
1. 100 400
2. 200 600
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3. 300 800
4. 350 850
5. 400 900
l.c 6.
7.
450
500
950
1000
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8. 500 1000
9. 500 1000
10. 500 1000
SIDPP
1000
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800
pressure
600
400
l.c 200
Stabilisation
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0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
minutes
What Effects Shut in Pressures
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What Effects Shut in Pressures
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How long for shut in pressure
to stabilise? FAST
900 700
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Pressure
PSI PSI
HIGH LOW
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SLOW
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PERMEABILITY PERMEABILITY
Pressure
Time
Shut in Horizontal well
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Influx
Height {
Little or No loss in Hydrostatic
Gas Circulated into

Vertical Section
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Influx
Height {
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Influx
Height {
Shut In Pressures - Gas in

Horizontal Section
Casing
Drillpipe
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Influx
Height {
Shut In Pressures- Gas

in Vertical Section
Casing
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Drillpipe
Influx
Height
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Gas migration
• Gas is lighter than the mud and
will try to migrate up the hole.
• The speed of migration will
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depend on;
– mud properties- weight and viscosity
– hole angle
l.c• The gas cannot expand so will

carry Formation Pressure upwards
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causing ;
SICP to increase
BHP to increase
SIDPP to increase (if no Float)
How Can You See Gas migration

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
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pressure
600
400
l.c 200
0
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Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
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pressure
600 Stabilisation
400
l.c 200
0
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Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
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pressure
600
400
l.c 200
0
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Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
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pressure
600
400
l.c 200
0
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Time

Shut In Pressure
1000
800
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pressure
600
400
l.c 200
0
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Time
Gas migration - how to deal with it

500 600 500
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Well shut in - stabilised Gas migrates - SIDPP increases Bleed mud through choke, allowing
gas to expand, keeping SIDPP at
original value
Float in drill string
Zero SIDPP How to find SIDPP

0
- Pump slowly down drillpipe and watch
600
build up
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- Correct SIDPP is as soon as SICP starts
to increase
l.cSIDPP
600
SICP
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500
Time Time
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Circulating system
(Slow Circulation Rate)
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Circulating system
• Circulating out a kick With Slow Rate.

• Why?
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– minimize annular pressure loss
– reaction time when manipulating choke
– mud mixing
–
–
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limitations of surface lines & MGS
mud pump maximum pressure limit
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• What pump rate do we use?
Normally 2 - 5 barrels per minute
Circulating system
• How?
– Bit just off bottom
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– use drill pipe gauge on choke panel
– rotate?
• When?
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– At beginning of every shift
– mud property changes
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– every 500 feet
– bit, BHA etc. changes
Circulating system
What factors determine the SPM chosen to kill the well
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•Maximum pressure the pump can handle
•Ability to mix kill mud

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•Size of choke and choke line
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•Viscosity of the mud
Circulating system
• What will the APL be at 30 spm?
APL100SPM = 200 psi
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2
 30 
APL30SPM = 200  
 100 
APL30SPM l.c
= 18 psi
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\ WE CAN NORMALLY IGNORE APL
AT THE SLOW CIRCULATING RATE
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Fractures and MAASP
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Formation tests
• Leak Off Tests

PSI PSI
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Formation Integrity
Tests
Leak off tests
PSI Purpose
• To measure the fracture
pressure of the formation at
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the shoe
• To test the cement job
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ACCURATE FORMATION
STRENGTH (LEAK OFF TEST)
1-DRILL OUT THE CASING SHOE AND APPROXIMATELY
15 FEET IN NEW FORMATION (RAT HOLE).
2-TEST SURFACE LINES.
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3-CIRCULATE TO GET UNIFORM MUD IN THE HOLE
MUT IN = MUD OUT.
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4-EXACT VERTICAL DEPTH (TVD) OF CASING SHOE.
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5-USE CEMENT PUMP.
6-ACCURATE PRESSURE GAUGE.
7-RECORD MUD VOLUME PUMPED TILL LEAK-OFF

STARTS.
HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

MEASURED?
1/ LEAK OFF TEST (L.O.T)
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MEASURED?
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Pump Pressure
FRACTURE PRESSURE
= MUD psi + L.O.T. psi
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Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
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Pump Pressure
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Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
TREND LINE
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Pump Pressure
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Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
TREND LINE
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Pump Pressure
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Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
TREND LINE
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Pump Pressure
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Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
TREND LINE
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Pump Pressure
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Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
TREND LINE
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Pump Pressure
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Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
Point of Leak Off TREND LINE
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Pump Pressure
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Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
Leak Off
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Pressure
Pump Pressure
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Volume Pumped

MEASURED?
Leak Off
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Pressure
Pump Pressure
FRACTURE PRESSURE
= MUD psi + L.O.T. psi
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Volume Pumped
Fracture pressure
PFRAC = (MWHOLE x TVDSHOE x0.052) + PLOT
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Maximum mud weight
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MWMAX = (PLOT  TVDSHOE  0.052) + MWHOLE
MAASP
• Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure
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• Definition
– the surface pressure, above mud hydrostatic which will
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cause the formation at the shoe to take mud (losses)
• MAASP versus LOT
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– just after the LOT, the LOT pressure is the MAASP
• As the mud weight increases, the MAASP will
decrease
MAASP
Calculation
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MAASP = (MWMAX - MWHOLE) x TVDSHOE x 0.052
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PRINCIPLES OF
KILL METHODS
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PRINCIPLE OF KILL METHOD

RESTORE PRIMARY CONTROL
HOW?
CLEAN OUT INFLUX
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REPLACE OLD MUD WITH KILL MUD
ALL THE TIME
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MAINTAIN CORRECT BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE.
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HOW?
USE INDUSTRY APPROVED KILL METHOD
ONE THAT MAINTAINS CORRECT AND CONSTANT BOTTOM

HOLE PRESSURE
BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE
• PRESSURE EXERTED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE.
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BHP = MUD HYDROSTATIC
+
BACK PRESSURE HELD AT REMOTE CHOKE
+
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ANNULAR PRESSURE LOSS (APL)
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• MOST TIMES APL IS SMALL AND CAN BE IGNORED.
ROLE OF CHOKE
•THE CHOKE (REMOTE OR MANUAL) IS A DEVICE FOR

ADJUSTING BACK PRESSURE.
•A KICK IS DUE TO LACK OF MUD HYDROSTATIC.
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•THE CHOKE PROVIDES A BACK PRESSURE TO COMPENSATE
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FOR LACK OF MUD HYDROSTATIC.
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•WHEN HEAVY MUD IS PUMPED THE OPERATOR REDUCES
BACK PRESSURE.
START UP PROCEDURE
• THIS PROCEDURE STARTS THE KILL CORRECTLY.
• IT ENSURES THAT BHP IS CORRECT FOR THE KILL.
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• IF CARRIED OUT CORRECTLY IT WILL GIVE YOU THE TRUE
CIRCULATING PRESSURE.
HOW? l.c
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BRING PUMP UP TO SPEED HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT.
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KILLING METHODS
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Wait and weight method

• One circulation
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• Kill mud pumped at the same time as the influx is
removed
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Wait and weight
500
900
method
0 SPM Single circulation
• Bring pump to kill rate,
HOLDING CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
• Once at kill rate,switch to drill pipe
pressure
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Mud wt KMW • Drill pipe pressure should be
I.C.P. = SCRP + SIDPP
10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
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300 psi
TVD 10000’
Wait and weight
800
900
method
pressure
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10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
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300 psi
TVD 10000’
Wait and weight
700
950
method
pressure
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10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
l.c • Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
ICP = 800
to
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300 psi FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
as kill mud is pumped to the bit
TVD 10000’
Wait and weight
500
1000
method
pressure
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10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
ICP = 800
to
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300 psi FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’
Wait and weight
400
1100
method
pressure
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10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
ICP = 800
to
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300 psi FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’
Wait and weight
330
1100
method
pressure
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10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
ICP = 800
to
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300 psi FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’
Wait and weight
330
1300
method
pressure
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10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
ICP = 800
to
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300 psi FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’
Wait and weight
330
1500
method
pressure
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10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
ICP = 800
to
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300 psi FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
TVD 10000’
Wait and weight
330
1000
method
pressure
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10 ppg 11 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
SCR
30 spm
ICP = 800
to
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300 psi FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
• Hold FCP until kill mud reaches surface
TVD 10000’
Wait and weight
330
0
method
• Bring pump to kill rate, HOLDING CASING
PRESSURE CONSTANT
pressure
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• Drill pipe pressure should be
= 300 + 500 = 800 psi
• Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
l.c ICP = 800

to
FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
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10
• When kill mud at the surface SICP will be
ZERO.
Wait and weight
0
0
method
• Bring pump to kill rate, HOLDING CASING
PRESSURE CONSTANT
pressure
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• Drill pipe pressure should be
= 300 + 500 = 800 psi
• Allow drill pipe pressure to fall.
l.c from ICP = 800 to

FCP = 300 x 11 = 330 psi
10
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• When kill mud at the surface SICP will be
ZERO.
• When pump shut off Both pressures will
be ZERO
Wait and weight method

• Single circulation
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• Circulate mud as soon as available, following step down.
Drillpipe Pressure Casing Pressure
1500
1000
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500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Stks x 100
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Drillers method
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Drillers method
2 circulations
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• First circulation to remove influx
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• Second circulation to circulate kill mud
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500
Drillers method
900
0 SPM
Well is Shut In
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Mud wt
10 ppg
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SCR
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30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10,000’
500
Drillers method
900
30 SPM
First circulation
• Bring pump to kill rate, opening choke HOLDING
CASING PRESSURE CONSTANT
• Once at kill rate, look at drill pipe pressure
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Mud wt
10 ppg
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SCR
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30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000’
800
Drillers method
900
30 SPM
First circulation
• Drill pipe pressure should be the sum of the SCR
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and SIDPP.
Mud wt E.g. =ICP
10 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
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SCR
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30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000’
800
Drillers method
1000
30 SPM
First circulation
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and SIDPP.
Mud wt E.g.
10 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
• Hold this pressure constant until the influx is
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SCR
removed.
• Casing pressure will continue to INCREASE
because of gas expansion.
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30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000’
800
Drillers method
1500
30 SPM
First circulation
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and SIDPP.
Mud wt E.g.
10 ppg = 300 + 500
= 800 psi
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SCR
removed
• Casing pressure will continue to INCREASE and
INCREASE because of gas expansion.
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30 spm
300 psi
TVD 10000’
800
Drillers method
500
30 SPM
First circulation
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and SIDPP.
E.g.
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
l.c removed
• Casing pressure will decrease as gas is pumped
through the choke, and finally will be equal to
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SIDPP when all gas is pumped out of the well.
• Shut down HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
500
Drillers method
500
0 SPM
End of first circulation
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and SIDPP.
E.g.
= 300 + 500
= 800 psi
l.c removed
• Shut down HOLDING CASING PRESSURE
CONSTANT
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• SICP should equal original SIDPP
THINGS TO WATCH FOR

• FOLLOWING A CHOKE ADJUSTMENT THE DRILLPIPE
GAUGE TAKES LONGER TO REACT DUE TO LENGTH
OF SYSTEM
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• KILL MUD ONLY DOES GOOD WHEN GOING
DOWNHOLE. THEREFORE RE-ZERO STROKE
COUNTER
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• CALCULATED ICP IS ONLY A GUIDELINE. ACTUAL
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(TRUE) ICP IS SEEN AT START UP
• IF ACTUAL ICP IS DIFFERENT THEN RECALCULATE

GRAPH OR STEP DOWN
Gas behaviour
• Gas expands as it is circulated up the hole
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• Gas expansion reduces hydrostatic
• Casing (back) pressure increases to compensate for reduction in
hydrostatic
•
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If kill is carried out correctly;
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Pressure at any point above gas influx will be increasing
GAS As gas passes then pressure drops
Pressure at any point below gas influx will be constant
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Differences between methods
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Wait and weight
method
30 SPM
• Kill mud pumped from start

• If kill mud enters the annulus
before the gas reaches the
shoe:-
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– will result in lower casing shoe
pressure than Drillers Method
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Drillers method
30 SPM
• Kill mud not pumped until influx

removed
• Casing shoe pressure will be
higher than Wait and Weight
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Wait and weight
method
30 SPM
• Kill mud pumped from start

• If the gas reaches the shoe
before the kill mud enters the
annulus:-
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– Will result in the same shoe
pressure as the Drillers Method
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Drillers Wait and Weight
If the drill string volume is less than the open hole

volume, the Wait and Weight method will result in
lower casing shoe pressures
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Drillers Wait and Weight
In all cases the wait and weight method will result

in lower surface pressures
INFLUX SIZE v’s SHOE PRESSURE
SICP
SICP
600
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300
psi
10 ppg 10 ppg
psi
2900 3200
psi
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5000 ft
psi
5000 ft
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SHOE SHOE
PRESSURE PRESSURE
INFLUX
Casing shoe pressure

• Shoe is assumed to be the weak point
• Pressure on shoe at shut in
= Mud hydrostatic + SICP
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• Bigger the influx
the bigger the SICP
the bigger the shoe pressure
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• If SICP exceeds MAASP at shut in then formation will break
down.
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KEEP KICKS SMALL
SHUT IN EARLY
Problems during well control
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operations
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Well control problem Drillpipe Casing BHP
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Choke plugging
Choke washout
Nozzle plugging
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String washout
CHANGING PUMP SPEED

KILLING A WELL
40 SPM
900 psi DRILL PIPE PRESSURE
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IF SPM WAS INCREASED TO 50 AND DRILL PIPE
PRESSURE HELD AT 900 psi
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? WHAT HAPPENS TO BHP?
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INC DEC STAY SAME
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Volumetric and stripping operations
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STRIPPING
Non Return
Valve
psi
Volume to Bleed
= Closed end Displacement
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psi
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Casing Pressure rises as
you strip into bubble
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By how much approx???
VOLUMETRIC
• - WHEN OFF BOTTOM
- WHEN OUT OF HOLE
- WHEN BIT PLUGGED
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• STEPS
CHOOSE SAFETY FACTOR
CHOOSE WORKING PRESSURE
e.g. - 100 psi
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CALCULATE WORKING VOLUME in bbls
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ANNULAR VOLUME is at SURFACE PIPE

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Theory Slides 3

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https://oil-com.blogspot.

Actions and Data Required

• SIDPP - Shut In Drillpipe Pressure

• PIT GAIN - size of influx at shut in

What Effects Shut in Pressures

What Effects Shut in Pressures

Shut in Horizontal well

Little or No loss in Hydrostatic

Gas Circulated into

Shut In Pressures - Gas in

Shut In Pressures- Gas

l.c• The gas cannot expand so will

How Can You See Gas migration

How Can You See Gas migration

How Can You See Gas migration

How Can You See Gas migration

How Can You See Gas migration

Gas migration - how to deal with it

Float in drill string

Zero SIDPP How to find SIDPP

• Circulating out a kick With Slow Rate.

What factors determine the SPM chosen to kill the well

•Ability to mix kill mud

• Leak Off Tests

Leak off tests

2-TEST SURFACE LINES.

6-ACCURATE PRESSURE GAUGE.

7-RECORD MUD VOLUME PUMPED TILL LEAK-OFF

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

HOW IS FORMATION STRENGTH

PFRAC = (MWHOLE x TVDSHOE x0.052) + PLOT

PRINCIPLE OF KILL METHOD

ONE THAT MAINTAINS CORRECT AND CONSTANT BOTTOM

BOTTOM HOLE PRESSURE

• PRESSURE EXERTED ON THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE.

•THE CHOKE (REMOTE OR MANUAL) IS A DEVICE FOR

•A KICK IS DUE TO LACK OF MUD HYDROSTATIC.

• THIS PROCEDURE STARTS THE KILL CORRECTLY.

• IT ENSURES THAT BHP IS CORRECT FOR THE KILL.

Wait and weight method

l.c ICP = 800

l.c from ICP = 800 to

Wait and weight method

THINGS TO WATCH FOR

• IF ACTUAL ICP IS DIFFERENT THEN RECALCULATE

GAS As gas passes then pressure drops

Pressure at any point below gas influx will be constant

• Kill mud pumped from start

• Kill mud not pumped until influx

• Kill mud pumped from start

If the drill string volume is less than the open hole

In all cases the wait and weight method will result

INFLUX SIZE v’s SHOE PRESSURE

Casing shoe pressure