CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT TUTORIALS

1. On what basis you will select the equipment for the construction?
➢ Volume of the material to be removed
➢ Size of the machine used
➢ Depth of excavation
➢ Height to be lifted
➢ Soil type
➢ Duration of period
➢ Rented or purchased
➢ Production cost
➢ Spares availability
➢ Skilled operation
2. List some excavation equipment?
Tractor a) Crawler or track type b) Wheel or pneumatic type Bull dozer & Angle dozers
Grader
Scraper
a) Crawler-drawn scraper
b) Two-axle scraper
c) Three-axle scraper
Power shovels
3. Bring out some difference between crawler and pneumatic type of wheels?

4. What are the three types of scraper?

➢ Crawler-drawn scraper
➢ Two-axle scraper
➢ Three-axle scraper
5. What is the power shovel?

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 ➢ It is used to excavate the earth of all classes and load it into wagons. They are
mounted on crawler tracks. It consist of a mountain ,cab, boon, dipper ,stric, hoist
line.
6. Name some compaction equipment?
➢ Towed static smooth compactors
➢ Static sheep foot or pad foot compactors
➢ Static three wheel self propelled compactors
➢ Static tandem compactors
➢ Three axle static compactors
➢ Rubber tyred compactors
➢ Vibrator compactors
a) Tandem vibrator compactors
b) Towed vibrator compactors
c) Sheep foot & tamping foot vibrator compactors
d) Self-propelled vibrator compactors
e) Hand guided vibrator compactors
7. What are the types of conveyors?
➢ Belt conveyors
➢ Roller conveyors
➢ Chain conveyors
➢ Pipe conveyors
➢ Elevating conveyors
7. Give some advantages of belt conveyor?
➢ Its suitable levels eliminate a good deal of lifting and lowering of material.
➢ It require no stopping or standing but is continuous operation.
➢ Transportation is affected by friction between material being transported and the
belt.
➢ It largely saves labor cost.
➢ No noise
➢ Carry the material horizontal, vertical,inclined.
➢ It can withstand 1600 C.
9. How do you calculate the output of the scraper?
➢ Size & Mechanical condition of the scraper
➢ Hauling device
➢ Condition of the haul road
➢ Characteristics of soil & work area
➢ Efficiency

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 ➢ Output of scraper in bank volume/hr =Optimum loose volume loaded/trip x S x 60/t
x efficiency
➢ Where ,S= Swell factor
T =cycle time/trip in miniutes.
10. What are the uses of excavators?
➢ It have various earthmoving jobs, like laying pipes, removing trees, excavation of
drains, general earth moving jobs of cleaning area, loading, etc,
It is also used for excavation of houses & building foundation, trenches for irrigation,
sewage, cables, gas & oil pipe lines. Maintenance & cleaning of rivers, cannals, irrigation.
It is also used for loading of material like earth, coal, aggregate, etc.
11. What are the types of excavators?
➢ Crawler mounted excavators
➢ Truck mounted excavators
➢ Self propelled excavators
➢ Excavators mounted on barge or rail
➢ Hydraulic excavators
➢ Excavators loader
➢ Bucket wheel excavators
12. Give the advantages of elevating scraper?
➢ Better loading ability
➢ It is self loading one in addition to self propelled capabilities.
➢ The chain rotated by power independent of the travel of the scraper.
➢ It has a variable speed
➢ It has a very good finishing ability.
➢ Pusher not required
➢ It gives uniform compaction
➢ They are capable of loading most materials except rock and boulders.
13. List the factors which will affect the output of the scraper?
➢ When working in hard ground the surface should be pre broken by a ripper or
scarifier
➢ and assistance in cutting should be given by a pushing vehicle.
➢ Where possible the cutting operation should take place down hill to take full
advantage of the weight of the unit.
➢ Haul roads should be kept smooth to enable the machine to obtain maximum speed.
Recommended tyre pressure should be maintained.
➢ Size, distance,Road condition,soil type,Efficiency of engine.
14. What is grader? Give its uses?

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➢ It is used for leveling and smoothening the earth work. Spreading and leveling the
base course in the construction of roads and air fields. This blade can be rotated at
360 0 and also used as
➢ ditching and trenching operation.
➢ Gravel road repairing
➢ Ditch filling or digging
➢ Level or sloped ground finishing
➢ Snow clearance
➢ Land clearance
➢ Base course of spreading and leveling
15. What are the types of tractors?
➢ Crawler type
➢ Wheel type
➢ Two wheeled Four wheeled
16.What is grad ability? The maximum slope of the tractor that can work

17.What is the application of dozer?

➢ Road cleaning
➢ Stripping
➢ Back filling
➢ Ditching
➢ Spreading
➢ Side fills & cuts
18.What does the output of dozer depend on?The output of the dozer depends on:
➢ Size & condition of the dozer.
➢ Distance travelled by the dozer.
➢ Speed of operation.
➢ Characteristics of soil being handled.
➢ Surface on which dozer is operating, soil condition, etc
➢ Efficiency
19.Give some importance of excavators?

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 ➢ Excavators are basically used for soil, it is a digging machine.
➢ The hydraulic system is very productive and efficient.
➢ It is rotated at 3600
➢ This can be fitted with various multipurpose attachments for various works like
laying pipe, removing trees, excavating drain, clearing, loading, etc.
20.Give the application of trenchers?
• Trenchers are the equipment used for excavating trenches or ditching of
variable depth. It is used to trench the water lines, pipe lines, oil line cables,
drainage and sewer. These are usefull for digging canal works.

GENERAL REVIEW TO NOTE

1) Types of earth moving equipment
Classified into following types
Production equipment
Equipment used for digging and moving
Service equipment
Dozers and motor girders
Tractors
➢ Tractors are machine which change the engine energy into tractive energy
➢ These are primarily used for pull or push the loads
➢ They are also used for different purposes by mounting many types of accessories
Types of tractor
➢ Crawler type or track type
➢ Rubber tired or wheel type
➢ The tractor is multi purpose machine
➢ Light models are used for agricultural or short haulage works
➢ Heavy models are employed in earth moving works, cranes, shovels or special rigs
➢ Wheeled types or employed in light but speedy jobs
➢ Main constituents of tractor are engine , clutch ,transmission system, ground drive and
controls
➢ Factors should be considered while selecting a tractor dozer
➢ Size of the dozer for given job the type expected from the track to dozer
➢ The type and condition of haul
➢ distance to be move
Bulldozers

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 ➢ Dozers are machine designed primarily for cutting and pushing the material over short
Distance.
➢ They consist with a front mounted blade controlled by hydraulic cylinder to vary the depth
of cut and rate of leveling depending on the material and application a dozer is frame
mounted unit with a blade, curved in its section, extending in front of the tractor
➢ Bulldozer is most versatile and most important equipment on construction project
➢ Basically its pushing unit but its widely used as multipurpose equipment and can perform
large number of operations with minor changes
Scrapers
➢ Scrapers are the devices to scrap the ground and load it simultaneously, transport it for the
required distance and dump it and then spread it for the required area
➢ The scrapers are designed to dig, load, haul, dump and spread
The scrapers are of three types
• towed type
• conventional type
• self loading or elevating scrapers
Towed type
The towed type scrapers are provided with either cable or hydraulic control It can be operated in
extremely adverse condition Conventional scrapers
➢ These are generally manufactured from 10 to 25cubicmetres
➢ Self loading scrapers
➢ These are twin engine scrapers
➢ It can work completely independently of all other plants
➢ It has the following parts
➢ Bowl
➢ Cutting edge
➢ Apron
➢ Tail gate or ejector
➢ Following or three major operations of scrapers
➢ Loading or digging Transporting Unloading
Selection Of Equipment
➢ Proper selection of construction equipment place a vital role in the speedy and economical
completion of the construction
➢ Following are the main points which should be considered while selection off the
construction equipments
➢ Suitable for job condition
➢ The equipment must meet the requirement of the work climate and working condition
➢ Size of the equipment

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 ➢ Size of the equipment it should be such that must be able to be used with other equipments
If the equipment selected for larger size it will remain idle inmost of the time
Standardization
➢ It is better to have same type and size of equipment in a construction then it is easy to have
spare parts, and to understand its operations Availability of equipment
➢ Availability of spare parts
➢ Multi purpose equipments the selected equipments must be capable of performing various
operations
➢ Availability of know how
➢ The equipments selected should be satisfactorily handled by the available operators and
machine
➢ Use in future projects
The economical aspects
Reliability of the equipments
Service support
➢ Operating requirements
➢ Past performance
➢ Reputation of the manufacturer
➢ Warranty and guaranty offered by the manufacturer
➢ Adequacy of drive mechanism
Excavators
➢ Excavators are basically digging machines having three major components
➢ An under carriage to give mobility
➢ A super structure with operators cabin mounted on either a sloe ring to traverse through
360◦or on a rigid frame
➢ Hydraulically articulated boom or tipper arms with bucket
➢ Types of excavators
➢ Crawler mounted excavators
➢ Truck mounted excavators
➢ Self propelled excavators
➢ Excavators mounted on barge or rail
Compactors
➢ Compaction is the process where by material particles are constrained to pack more closely
together through a reduction of air void content generally by mechanical means
Types of compactors
➢ static smooth wheeled rollers
➢ sheep foot and pad foot rollers
➢ pneumatic tired rollers

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 ➢ vibratory rollers Static compaction equipment
It has several types
➢ towed static smooth compactors
➢ static sheep foot or pad foot compactors
➢ static three wheel self propelled compactors